Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins))

This widely used text uses a case-based approach to help students master the fundamentals of drug therapeutics. Students will learn the basics of common diseases and disorders and develop practical problem-solving skills for devising and implementing successful drug treatment regimens. Case studies integrated into each chapter illustrate key concepts and principles of therapeutics and give students practice in developing their own evidence-based therapeutic plans. This completely updated Ninth Edition incorporates the latest drug treatments and therapeutic practices and guidelines. New chapters cover pharmacogenomics and osteoporosis. Transplantation is now broken into two chapters to ensure adequate coverage. Culturally competent care issues are now incorporated into many chapters. Over 850 tables provide quick access to comparative drug information, pharmacokinetic properties, treatment options, dosing guidelines, risk factors, and disease and diagnosis information. A companion Website offers the fully searchable text, animations of pathophysiologic concepts, and additional case studies. Applied Therapeutics: THE CLINICAL USE OF DRUGS, Ninth Edition......Page 1 Half Title Page......Page 3 Editors......Page 4 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION......Page 7 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION......Page 9 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FOR THE NINTH EDITION......Page 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR THE NINTH EDITION......Page 11 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 23 CHAPTER 1: Assessment of Therapy and Medication Therapy Management......Page 27 SOURCES OF PATIENT INFORMATION......Page 28 EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND THE PATIENT INTERVIEW......Page 30 OBTAINING A PATIENT HISTORY......Page 34 APPROACH TO AND ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT THERAPY......Page 37 MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY PHARMACY/AMBULATORY SETTING......Page 40 MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT IN THE ACUTE CARE SETTING......Page 44 REFERENCES......Page 45 GENERAL PRINCIPLES......Page 47 ELECTROLYTES AND BLOOD CHEMISTRIES......Page 48 MULTICHEMISTRY PANELS......Page 55 PROTEINS......Page 56 ENZYMES......Page 57 LIVER FUNCTION TESTS......Page 58 HEMATOLOGY......Page 61 URINALYSIS......Page 66 REFERENCES......Page 68 CHAPTER 3: Herbs and Nutritional Supplements......Page 69 INTRODUCTION......Page 70 GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM)......Page 75 GINKGO (GINKGO BILOBA)......Page 78 ST. JOHN’S WORT (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM)......Page 80 ECHINACEA (ECHINACEA PURPUREA)......Page 83 SAW PALMETTO (SERENOA REPENS)......Page 85 GINSENG (PANAX SPP.)......Page 88 GLUCOSAMINE/CHONDROITIN......Page 92 SHARK CARTILAGE......Page 96 ZINC......Page 97 MELATONIN......Page 101 COENZYME Q10......Page 104 REFERENCES......Page 106 CHAPTER 4: Anaphylaxis and Drug Allergies......Page 111 GENERALIZED REACTIONS......Page 116 ORGAN-SPECIFIC REACTIONS......Page 123 PSEUDOALLERGIC REACTIONS......Page 124 LATEX ALLERGY......Page 128 PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS......Page 129 REFERENCES......Page 131 CHAPTER 5: Managing Acute Drug Toxicity......Page 135 GENERAL MANAGEMENT......Page 137 ASSESSMENT OF SALICYLATE INGESTION......Page 140 ASSESSMENT OF IRON INGESTION......Page 143 ASSESSMENT OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANT VERSUS ANTIDEPRESSANT INGESTION......Page 147 ASSESSMENT OF ACETAMINOPHEN INGESTION......Page 153 REFERENCES......Page 156 HOSPICE AND PALLIATIVE CARE......Page 159 SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT......Page 163 PAIN MANAGEMENT......Page 165 REFERENCES......Page 168 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS......Page 171 REFERENCES......Page 181 CHAPTER 8: Pain and Its Management......Page 183 ACUTE PAIN......Page 194 CHRONIC MALIGNANT PAIN......Page 202 CHRONIC NONMALIGNANT PAIN......Page 206 NEUROPATHIC PAIN......Page 208 MYOCARDIAL PAIN......Page 209 RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND ANALGESIA......Page 210 OPIATES IN SPECIAL AGE GROUPS......Page 211 IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 213 HEADACHES......Page 214 REFERENCES......Page 215 CHAPTER 9: Perioperative Care......Page 219 PREOPERATIVE MEDICATIONS......Page 220 INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETIC AGENTS......Page 224 VOLATILE INHALATION AGENTS......Page 227 NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS......Page 230 LOCAL ANESTHETICS......Page 234 CARDIOPLEGIA SOLUTION......Page 236 ANTIEMETIC AGENTS AND POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING......Page 240 ANALGESIC AGENTS AND POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT......Page 244 ECONOMIC ISSUES......Page 251 REFERENCES......Page 252 ACID-BASE PHYSIOLOGY......Page 255 METABOLIC ACIDOSIS......Page 258 METABOLIC ALKALOSIS......Page 262 RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS......Page 264 RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS......Page 265 MIXED ACID-BASE DISORDERS......Page 266 REFERENCES......Page 267 BASIC PRINCIPLES......Page 269 DISORDERS IN VOLUME REGULATION......Page 272 DISORDERS IN OSMOREGULATION......Page 274 CLINICAL USE OF DIURETICS......Page 281 POTASSIUM......Page 282 CALCIUM......Page 288 PHOSPHORUS......Page 293 MAGNESIUM......Page 295 REFERENCES......Page 298 CHAPTER 12: Dyslipidemias, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Heart Disease......Page 303 HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA......Page 318 MIXED HYPERLIPIDEMIA......Page 334 REFERENCES......Page 342 CHAPTER 13: Essential Hypertension......Page 347 INTRODUCTION......Page 348 CLINICAL EVALUATION......Page 357 PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT......Page 359 HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT......Page 360 CLINICAL SCENARIOS......Page 366 REFERENCES......Page 386 CHAPTER 14: Peripheral Vascular Disorders......Page 389 RAYNAUD’S PHENOMENON......Page 398 NOCTURNAL LEG MUSCLE CRAMPS......Page 400 REFERENCES......Page 402 GENERAL PRINCIPLES......Page 405 DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS......Page 411 PULMONARY EMBOLISM......Page 419 PREVENTION OF CARDIOGENIC THROMBOEMBOLISM......Page 429 BRIDGE THERAPY......Page 431 DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 432 DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION......Page 436 REFERENCES......Page 438 CHAPTER 16: Ischemic Heart Disease: Anginal Syndromes......Page 441 CHRONIC STABLE EXERTIONAL ANGINA......Page 446 GENERAL MANAGEMENT......Page 449 ANTI-ISCHEMIC DRUG THERAPY......Page 450 VASCULOPROTECTIVE DRUG THERAPY......Page 460 VARIANT ANGINA (CORONARY ARTERY SPASM)......Page 464 SILENT MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA......Page 465 REVASCULARIZATION......Page 466 ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES: UNSTABLE ANGINA AND NON–ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION......Page 470 REFERENCES......Page 472 CHAPTER 17: Myocardial Infarction......Page 475 OVERVIEW OF DRUG AND NONDRUG THERAPY......Page 478 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION......Page 484 TREATMENT......Page 486 POSTINFARCTION ARRHYTHMIAS......Page 495 ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES......Page 496 LONG-TERM THERAPY......Page 497 REFERENCES......Page 499 CHAPTER 18: Heart Failure......Page 501 INTRODUCTION......Page 502 PATIENT EVALUATION......Page 516 TREATMENT......Page 520 REFERENCES......Page 567 CHAPTER 19: Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 573 SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS......Page 577 VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS......Page 589 CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST......Page 599 REFERENCES......Page 603 CHAPTER 20: Hypertensive Crises......Page 607 ACCELERATED AND MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION......Page 608 HYPERTENSIVE URGENCIES......Page 609 HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES......Page 614 REFERENCES......Page 623 INTRODUCTION......Page 627 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 628 HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING......Page 629 DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC FUNCTION AND HEMODYNAMIC INDICES......Page 630 ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF SHOCK AND COMMON MECHANISMS......Page 633 HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK......Page 636 CARDIOGENIC SHOCK......Page 642 SEPTIC SHOCK......Page 653 GLOSSARY......Page 659 REFERENCES......Page 660 ASTHMA......Page 663 ACUTE ASTHMA......Page 671 CHRONIC ASTHMA......Page 683 ANTI-IMMUNOGLOBULIN E THERAPY......Page 692 EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA......Page 693 PATIENT EDUCATION......Page 694 NOCTURNAL ASTHMA......Page 696 DRUG-INDUCED ASTHMA......Page 698 OUTCOMES......Page 699 REFERENCES......Page 700 CHAPTER 23: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 703 DIAGNOSIS AND PATIENT ASSESSMENT......Page 709 GENERAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 710 PHARMACOTHERAPY......Page 711 COPD EXACERBATION......Page 713 STAGE I (MILD) COPD......Page 714 STAGE II (MODERATE) COPD......Page 715 STAGE III (SEVERE) COPD......Page 717 STAGE IV (VERY SEVERE) COPD......Page 718 REFERENCES......Page 720 CHAPTER 24: Acute and Chronic Rhinitis......Page 722 CLASSIFICATION OF RHINITIS......Page 724 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 725 DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF RHINITIS......Page 726 GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS......Page 727 SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS......Page 731 DRUG-INDUCED NASAL CONGESTION......Page 743 IDIOPATHIC RHINITIS......Page 744 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 745 REFERENCES......Page 746 PULMONARY FIBROSIS......Page 750 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE......Page 759 AMIODARONE-INDUCED PULMONARY TOXICITY......Page 760 GEMCITABINE-INDUCED PULMONARY TOXICITY......Page 761 REFERENCES......Page 762 CHAPTER 26: Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 764 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 765 PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT ACID-RELATED DISORDERS......Page 766 DYSPEPSIA......Page 770 PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE......Page 772 HELICOBACTER PYLORI–RELATED PEPTIC ULCER......Page 777 NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG-INDUCED PEPTIC ULCER......Page 781 ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME......Page 784 GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE......Page 785 PEPTIC ULCER BLEEDING......Page 795 STRESS-RELATED MUCOSAL BLEEDING......Page 797 REFERENCES......Page 800 OVERVIEW OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE......Page 806 ULCERATIVE COLITIS......Page 812 CROHN’S DISEASE......Page 818 OVERVIEW OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME......Page 821 REFERENCES......Page 826 PATHOGENESIS OF CIRRHOSIS......Page 830 COMPLICATIONS OF CIRRHOSIS......Page 831 ASCITES......Page 833 ESOPHAGEAL VARICES......Page 839 HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY......Page 845 HEPATORENAL SYNDROME......Page 848 REFERENCES......Page 851 INTRODUCTION......Page 854 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATIC INJURY......Page 855 FORMS OF DRUG-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE......Page 865 HERBAL SUPPLEMENT-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY......Page 870 PATIENT ASSESSMENT......Page 871 REFERENCES......Page 874 DEFINITION......Page 878 PATHOGENESIS......Page 879 CLINICAL EVALUATION......Page 882 PRERENAL AND FUNCTIONAL ACUTE RENAL FAILURE......Page 884 INTRINSIC ACUTE RENAL FAILURE......Page 886 TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES......Page 888 POSTRENAL ACUTE RENAL FAILURE......Page 893 SUPPORTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE......Page 894 REFERENCES......Page 897 INTRODUCTION......Page 900 END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (STAGE 5 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE)......Page 908 DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY......Page 909 FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE COMPLICATIONS......Page 911 ANEMIA OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE......Page 913 CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS......Page 918 SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AND RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY......Page 920 OTHER COMPLICATIONS OF CKD......Page 926 GLOMERULAR DISEASE......Page 928 REFERENCES......Page 933 CHAPTER 32: Renal Dialysis......Page 938 HEMODIALYSIS......Page 939 PERITONEAL DIALYSIS......Page 948 REFERENCES......Page 952 BASIC PRINCIPLES......Page 956 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF SPECIFIC DRUGS IN RENAL FAILURE......Page 960 EFFECT OF RENAL FAILURE ON METABOLIZED DRUGS......Page 976 REFERENCES......Page 979 CHAPTER 34: Kidney and Liver Transplantation......Page 982 TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY......Page 983 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS......Page 986 KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION......Page 992 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION......Page 1006 REFERENCES......Page 1016 HEART TRANSPLANTATION......Page 1020 POSTOPERATIVE COURSE......Page 1021 LUNG TRANSPLANTATION......Page 1026 SECONDARY MALIGNANCY......Page 1029 REFERENCES......Page 1031 CHAPTER 36: Adult Enteral Nutrition......Page 1034 FORMULA SELECTION......Page 1036 TUBE-FEEDING ADMINISTRATION REGIMEN......Page 1044 MONITORING ENTERAL FEEDING......Page 1046 MEDICATIONS AND ENTERAL NUTRITION BY TUBE......Page 1048 PATIENT ASSESSMENT......Page 1049 REFERENCES......Page 1059 MALNUTRITION......Page 1062 PATIENT ASSESSMENT......Page 1063 COMPONENTS OF PARENTERAL NUTRIENT FORMULATIONS......Page 1066 PARENTERAL NUTRITION......Page 1067 USE OF PARENTERAL NUTRITION IN SPECIAL DISEASE STATES......Page 1078 REFERENCES......Page 1082 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN......Page 1084 DERMATOLOGIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS......Page 1085 ASSESSING THE DERMATOLOGIC PATIENT......Page 1088 TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS......Page 1090 XEROSIS......Page 1097 DRUG ERUPTIONS......Page 1098 ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS: POISON IVY/OAK/SUMAC......Page 1101 REFERENCES......Page 1102 CHAPTER 39: Acne......Page 1104 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT......Page 1110 MODERATE ACNE......Page 1112 SEVERE ACNE......Page 1113 REFERENCES......Page 1115 CHAPTER 40: Psoriasis......Page 1118 TOPICAL PHARMACOTHERAPY......Page 1119 PHOTOTHERAPY......Page 1122 SYSTEMIC PHARMACOTHERAPY......Page 1123 ALTERNATIVE THERAPY......Page 1124 MILD TO MODERATE (≤20% BODY) PSORIASIS......Page 1125 SEVERE (>20% BODY) PSORIASIS......Page 1127 REFERENCES......Page 1130 PHOTOSENSITIVITY......Page 1132 MINOR BURNS......Page 1146 REFERENCES......Page 1152 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 1154 ACUTE GOUT......Page 1155 HYPERURICEMIA......Page 1160 REFERENCES......Page 1165 CHAPTER 43: Rheumatic Disorders......Page 1168 EARLY AND PROGRESSIVE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS......Page 1178 JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS......Page 1200 OSTEOARTHRITIS......Page 1203 REFERENCES......Page 1207 GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 1212 LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: SYSTEMIC AND DISCOID......Page 1213 DRUG-INDUCED LUPUS......Page 1214 SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA)......Page 1215 REITER’S SYNDROME......Page 1216 CLINICAL USE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS......Page 1217 REFERENCES......Page 1225 CHAPTER 45: Contraception......Page 1228 HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION PHARMACOLOGY......Page 1229 COMBINATION ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS (COC)......Page 1232 CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH AND RING......Page 1245 PROGESTERONE-ONLY PILL (MINIPILL)......Page 1246 LONG-ACTING INJECTIONS: DEPO-PROVERA AND LUNELLE......Page 1247 INTRAUTERINE DEVICES AND INTRAUTERINE SYSTEMS......Page 1248 DIAPHRAGM......Page 1250 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION......Page 1251 REFERENCES......Page 1253 CHAPTER 46: Obstetric Drug Therapy......Page 1256 PREGNANCY......Page 1257 COMMON COMPLAINTS OF PREGNANCY......Page 1262 PREVENTION OF RH D ALLOIMMUNIZATION......Page 1264 DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 1265 HYPERTENSION AND PRE-ECLAMPSIA......Page 1269 INDUCTION OF LABOR......Page 1275 POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE......Page 1278 PRETERM LABOR......Page 1279 TERATOGENICITY......Page 1286 LACTATION......Page 1290 DRUG EXCRETION IN HUMAN MILK......Page 1291 THERAPEUTIC DILEMMAS IN PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN......Page 1294 REFERENCES......Page 1300 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME......Page 1304 DYSMENORRHEA......Page 1312 ENDOMETRIOSIS......Page 1316 PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME AND PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER......Page 1323 REFERENCES......Page 1328 THE TRANSITION THROUGH MENOPAUSE......Page 1332 REFERENCES......Page 1339 CHAPTER 49: Thyroid Disorders......Page 1342 OVERVIEW......Page 1343 THYROID FUNCTION TESTS......Page 1347 HYPOTHYROIDISM......Page 1351 HYPERTHYROIDISM......Page 1360 DRUG-INDUCED THYROID DISEASE......Page 1373 NODULES......Page 1376 REFERENCES......Page 1377 CHAPTER 50: Diabetes Mellitus......Page 1382 INSULIN......Page 1396 TREATMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES: CLINICAL USE OF INSULIN......Page 1400 DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS......Page 1423 TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES: ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS......Page 1426 TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 1441 DRUG-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS......Page 1461 REFERENCES......Page 1462 OCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 1468 PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA......Page 1470 OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS OF DRUGS......Page 1480 COMMON OCULAR DISORDERS......Page 1481 OPHTHALMIC CORTICOSTEROIDS......Page 1487 OCULAR HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS......Page 1488 REFERENCES......Page 1490 CHAPTER 52: Headache......Page 1494 MIGRAINE HEADACHE......Page 1497 CLUSTER HEADACHE......Page 1512 TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE......Page 1515 REFERENCES......Page 1517 PARKINSON’S DISEASE......Page 1522 CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE......Page 1525 TREATMENT OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE......Page 1527 RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME......Page 1544 ESSENTIAL TREMOR......Page 1547 REFERENCES......Page 1549 CHAPTER 54: Seizure Disorders......Page 1554 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY......Page 1561 ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG INTERACTIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 1578 WOMEN’S ISSUES IN EPILEPSY......Page 1581 STATUS EPILEPTICUS......Page 1583 REFERENCES......Page 1586 TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS......Page 1592 PRIMARY PREVENTION......Page 1596 SECONDAY PREVENTION AND TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS......Page 1597 CEREBRAL INFARCTION AND ISCHEMIC STROKE......Page 1603 SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE......Page 1609 REFERENCES......Page 1610 ESTABLISHING THE PRESENCE OF AN INFECTION......Page 1614 ESTABLISHING THE SEVERITY OF AN INFECTION......Page 1615 PROBLEMS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF AN INFECTION......Page 1617 DETERMINING LIKELY PATHOGENS......Page 1618 MICROBIOLOGIC TESTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ORGANISMS......Page 1620 ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION......Page 1627 ANTIMICROBIAL DOSING......Page 1631 PHARMACOKINETICS/PHARMACODYNAMICS......Page 1633 ANTIMICROBIAL FAILURE......Page 1636 REFERENCES......Page 1637 CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS......Page 1640 PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS......Page 1642 OPTIMIZING SURGICAL ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS......Page 1645 REFERENCES......Page 1646 REVIEW OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 1648 MENINGITIS......Page 1650 BRAIN ABSCESS......Page 1668 REFERENCES......Page 1671 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS......Page 1674 STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS ENDOCARDITIS......Page 1676 STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS: PROSTHETIC VALVE ENDOCARDITIS......Page 1683 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENDOCARDITIS......Page 1684 ENTEROCOCCAL ENDOCARDITIS......Page 1689 FUNGAL ENDOCARDITIS CAUSED BY CANDIDA ALBICANS......Page 1694 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLARY ENDOCARDITIS CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA......Page 1695 CULTURE-NEGATIVE ENDOCARDITIS......Page 1696 PROPHYLACTIC THERAPY......Page 1697 HOME INTRAVENOUS ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY......Page 1698 REFERENCES......Page 1699 CHAPTER 60: Respiratory Tract Infections......Page 1704 PNEUMONIA......Page 1708 REFERENCES......Page 1732 CHAPTER 61: Tuberculosis......Page 1736 DIAGNOSIS......Page 1739 TREATMENT OF ACTIVE DISEASE......Page 1743 TREATMENT OF LATENT TB INFECTION......Page 1749 ADVERSE DRUG EFFECTS......Page 1750 SPECIAL TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 1753 REFERENCES......Page 1759 DEFINITIONS......Page 1762 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 1763 TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA......Page 1765 TREATMENT OVERVIEW......Page 1766 VIBRIO SPECIES......Page 1767 SHIGELLA......Page 1769 SALMONELLA......Page 1771 ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7......Page 1775 TRAVELERS’ DIARRHEA......Page 1777 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE-ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA......Page 1780 Cryptosporidium Parvum......Page 1784 REFERENCES......Page 1785 INTRODUCTION......Page 1788 INFECTIONS OF THE BILIARY TRACT......Page 1789 PRIMARY PERITONITIS......Page 1792 SECONDARY PERITONITIS......Page 1795 INFECTIONS AFTER ABDOMINAL TRAUMA AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS......Page 1798 REFERENCES......Page 1799 INTRODUCTION......Page 1802 LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION......Page 1805 ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS......Page 1810 SYMPTOMATIC ABACTERIURIA......Page 1812 ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA......Page 1813 RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS......Page 1814 SPECIAL CASES......Page 1817 ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 1820 GLOSSARY......Page 1822 REFERENCES......Page 1823 CHAPTER 65: Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 1826 GONORRHEA......Page 1827 PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE......Page 1832 COMPLICATED GONORRHEA......Page 1833 CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS......Page 1835 SYPHILIS......Page 1837 CHANCROID......Page 1842 BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS......Page 1843 VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS......Page 1844 TRICHOMONIASIS......Page 1848 GENITAL HERPES......Page 1849 GENITAL WARTS......Page 1854 REFERENCES......Page 1855 HEMATOGENOUS OSTEOMYELITIS......Page 1860 ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS......Page 1861 SECONDARY OSTEOMYELITIS......Page 1864 OSTEOMYELITIS CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS......Page 1865 CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS......Page 1866 OSTEOMYELITIS ASSOCIATED WITH PROSTHETIC MATERIAL......Page 1868 SEPTIC ARTHRITIS......Page 1869 REFERENCES......Page 1871 CELLULITIS......Page 1874 SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS......Page 1878 NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS......Page 1880 ACUTE TRAUMATIC WOUNDS......Page 1881 HUMAN BITE WOUNDS......Page 1882 TETANUS PROPHYLAXIS......Page 1883 REFERENCES......Page 1884 RISK FACTORS FOR INFECTION......Page 1886 MOST COMMON PATHOGENS......Page 1888 PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST INFECTION......Page 1889 INFECTIONS IN NEUTROPENIC CANCER PATIENTS......Page 1892 EMPIRIC ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY......Page 1893 ANTIBIOTIC DOSING, ADMINISTRATION, AND MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 1898 MODIFYING INITIAL EMPIRIC ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY......Page 1899 REFERENCES......Page 1903 EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1908 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 1909 PHARMACOTHERAPY......Page 1911 DIAGNOSIS......Page 1912 SURROGATE MARKER DATA......Page 1914 ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY......Page 1918 RESISTANCE, VIRAL GENOTYPING, PHENOTYPING, AND VIRAL FITNESS......Page 1929 SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES......Page 1932 KEEPING CURRENT......Page 1936 REFERENCES......Page 1937 CHAPTER 70: Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients......Page 1942 PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA......Page 1948 TOXOPLASMA GONDII ENCEPHALITIS......Page 1953 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS DISEASE......Page 1956 CRYPTOCOCCOSIS......Page 1964 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS......Page 1967 MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX DISEASE......Page 1971 ENTERIC INFECTIONS......Page 1976 HIV WASTING SYNDROME......Page 1979 HIV-ASSOCIATED MALIGNANCIES......Page 1981 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 1983 REFERENCES......Page 1984 MYCOLOGY......Page 1990 ANTIMYCOTICS......Page 1992 SUPERFICIAL AND CUTANEOUS MYCOSES......Page 1994 SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES......Page 1995 SYSTEMIC MYCOSES......Page 1997 REFERENCES......Page 2015 HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS......Page 2018 VARICELLA-ZOSTER INFECTIONS......Page 2025 INFLUENZA......Page 2027 AVIAN FLU......Page 2030 RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS......Page 2031 HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS......Page 2032 WEST NILE VIRUS......Page 2033 SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME......Page 2034 REFERENCES......Page 2035 CHAPTER 73: Viral Hepatitis......Page 2038 CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS......Page 2039 HEPATITIS A VIRUS......Page 2040 HEPATITIS B VIRUS......Page 2046 HEPATITIS D VIRUS......Page 2067 HEPATITIS C VIRUS......Page 2070 HEPATITIS E VIRUS......Page 2082 HEPATITIS G VIRUS......Page 2083 REFERENCES......Page 2084 MALARIA......Page 2090 AMEBIASIS......Page 2097 GIARDIASIS......Page 2099 ENTEROBIASIS......Page 2100 CESTODIASIS......Page 2101 PEDICULOSIS......Page 2104 REFERENCES......Page 2106 LYME DISEASE......Page 2110 ERYTHEMA MIGRANS......Page 2113 LYME DISEASE TREATMENT......Page 2114 ENDEMIC RELAPSING FEVER......Page 2117 OTHER BACTERIAL DISEASES: TULAREMIA......Page 2118 THE RICKETTSIA: ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER, RICKETTSIA PARKERI INFECTION, EHRLICHIOSIS, AND ANAPLASMOSIS......Page 2120 THE PROTOZOA: BABESIOSIS......Page 2123 THE VIRUSES: COLORADO TICK FEVER AND TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS......Page 2125 SUMMARY......Page 2126 REFERENCES......Page 2127 CHAPTER 76: Anxiety Disorders......Page 2130 OVERVIEW......Page 2131 GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER......Page 2135 PANIC DISORDER......Page 2150 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER AND SPECIFIC PHOBIAS......Page 2155 POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND ACUTE STRESS DISORDER......Page 2158 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER......Page 2161 REFERENCES......Page 2168 SOCIETAL IMPACT......Page 2172 THE SLEEP STAGES......Page 2173 DYSSOMNIAS......Page 2175 IN A MEDICALLY ILL PATIENT......Page 2180 IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS......Page 2183 IN THE ELDERLY......Page 2185 AGE-RELATED EFFECTS ON HYPNOTIC DISPOSITION......Page 2186 SLEEP APNEA......Page 2187 NARCOLEPSY......Page 2188 RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME AND PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS DURING SLEEP......Page 2190 PEDIATRIC INSOMNIA......Page 2191 FORMULARY MANAGEMENT OF HYPNOTICS......Page 2192 REFERENCES......Page 2193 EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 2196 ETIOLOGY (NEUROBIOLOGY)......Page 2197 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 2198 TREATMENT......Page 2202 CONSIDERATIONS IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS......Page 2224 REFERENCES......Page 2225 INTRODUCTION......Page 2230 MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER......Page 2240 DRUG MANAGEMENT......Page 2241 REFERENCES......Page 2262 INTRODUCTION......Page 2268 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT......Page 2271 TREATMENT OF ACUTE MANIA......Page 2272 TREATMENT OF ACUTE BIPOLAR DEPRESSION......Page 2281 MAINTENANCE THERAPY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER......Page 2283 REFERENCES......Page 2285 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA......Page 2288 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 2289 PHARMACOTHERAPY......Page 2290 REFERENCES......Page 2295 DEFINITIONS: EATING AND RELATED DISORDERS......Page 2298 EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 2301 ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 2302 INITIAL ASSESSMENT......Page 2305 TREATMENT APPROACHES......Page 2306 ANOREXIA NERVOSA......Page 2308 BULIMIA NERVOSA......Page 2311 OBESITY......Page 2314 REFERENCES......Page 2319 DEFINITIONS......Page 2322 URINE SCREENING......Page 2323 OPIOIDS......Page 2324 SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS......Page 2331 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS......Page 2333 DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS: PHENCYCLIDINE, KETAMINE, AND DEXTROMETHORPHAN......Page 2336 HALLUCINOGENS......Page 2337 MARIJUANA......Page 2340 INHALANTS......Page 2341 REFERENCES......Page 2343 ALCOHOL CONTENT AND DEFINITIONS......Page 2346 NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROBEHAVIOR......Page 2348 MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ETHANOL INTOXICATION......Page 2350 MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL......Page 2352 MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE......Page 2356 DISULFIRAM......Page 2358 ACAMPROSATE......Page 2361 NALTREXONE......Page 2362 OTHER DRUG THERAPY......Page 2364 DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 2365 REFERENCES......Page 2367 CHAPTER 85: Tobacco Use and Dependence......Page 2370 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOBACCO USE AND DEPENDENCE......Page 2371 PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR TREATING TOBACCO USE AND DEPENDENCE......Page 2382 NONCIGARETTE FORMS OF TOBACCO......Page 2393 REFERENCES......Page 2397 CHAPTER 86: Anemias......Page 2400 IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA......Page 2402 MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS......Page 2407 SICKLE CELL ANEMIA......Page 2411 ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE......Page 2414 REFERENCES......Page 2417 OVERVIEW......Page 2420 DRUG-INDUCED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA......Page 2421 DRUG-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA......Page 2426 DRUG-INDUCED NEUTROPENIA......Page 2430 DRUG-INDUCED APLASTIC ANEMIA......Page 2433 DRUG-INDUCED AUTOIMMUNE PURE RED CELL APLASIA......Page 2435 REFERENCES......Page 2436 INTRODUCTION TO NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS......Page 2440 TREATMENT......Page 2452 HANDLING OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS......Page 2466 REFERENCES......Page 2468 CHAPTER 89: Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy and Targeted Agents......Page 2472 COMMON AND ACUTE TOXICITIES......Page 2473 SPECIFIC ORGAN TOXICITIES......Page 2490 LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS OF CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 2504 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 2506 REFERENCES......Page 2507 CHAPTER 90: Hematologic Malignancies......Page 2512 HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES: ADULT DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION......Page 2513 ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA......Page 2514 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA......Page 2519 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA......Page 2521 NON–HODGKIN LYMPHOMA......Page 2524 HODGKIN LYMPHOMA......Page 2528 MULTIPLE MYELOMA......Page 2529 HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES: PEDIATRIC ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA OF CHILDHOOD......Page 2533 PEDIATRIC NON–HODGKIN LYMPHOMA......Page 2546 REFERENCES......Page 2549 CHAPTER 91: Solid Tumors......Page 2556 ADULT TUMORS BREAST CANCER......Page 2557 COLON CANCER......Page 2562 LUNG CANCER......Page 2565 OVARIAN CANCER......Page 2569 BLADDER CANCER......Page 2570 MELANOMA......Page 2571 PROSTATE CANCER......Page 2573 TESTICULAR CANCER......Page 2575 PEDIATRIC SOLID TUMORS......Page 2577 NEUROBLASTOMA......Page 2578 WILMS’ TUMOR......Page 2580 OSTEOSARCOMA......Page 2582 RHABDOMYOSARCOMA......Page 2583 REFERENCES......Page 2585 OVERVIEW......Page 2590 AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION......Page 2592 ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION......Page 2595 COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION......Page 2600 GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE......Page 2605 INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS......Page 2610 ISSUES OF SURVIVORSHIP AFTER HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION......Page 2616 REFERENCES......Page 2617 MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION ISSUES IN CHILDREN......Page 2622 INFANT CARE......Page 2624 VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS......Page 2627 GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX......Page 2630 SEDATION AND ANALGESIA......Page 2632 UNIQUE PEDIATRIC DISORDERS......Page 2637 IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA......Page 2638 NEPHROTIC SYNDROME......Page 2640 REFERENCES......Page 2642 CHAPTER 94: Neonatal Therapy......Page 2644 NEONATAL PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 2645 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME......Page 2652 BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA......Page 2657 PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS......Page 2662 NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS......Page 2667 NEONATAL SEPSIS AND MENINGITIS......Page 2671 CONGENITAL INFECTIONS......Page 2676 APNEA......Page 2679 PERIVENTRICULAR–INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE......Page 2682 NEONATAL SEIZURES......Page 2683 NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME......Page 2687 SEDATION AND PARALYSIS DURING VENTILATION......Page 2690 USE AND ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATIONS......Page 2692 REFERENCES......Page 2694 GUIDELINES......Page 2700 HEPATITIS B......Page 2703 PERTUSSIS......Page 2704 POLIO......Page 2705 HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE b......Page 2706 VARICELLA VACCINE......Page 2707 TETANUS TOXOID AND RABIES VACCINE......Page 2708 INFLUENZA......Page 2709 ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATIONS......Page 2710 REFERENCES......Page 2711 OTITIS MEDIA......Page 2714 PHARYNGITIS AND GROUP A β-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION......Page 2720 CROUP......Page 2723 BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 2724 KAWASAKI DISEASE......Page 2726 PEDIATRIC URINARY TRACT INFECTION......Page 2728 REFERENCES......Page 2732 FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE MAINTENANCE......Page 2736 INFANT NUTRITION......Page 2741 REFERENCES......Page 2754 GENETIC BASIS......Page 2758 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS......Page 2759 DIAGNOSIS......Page 2762 THERAPY......Page 2764 FUTURE THERAPIES......Page 2770 REFERENCES......Page 2772 CHAPTER 99: Geriatric Drug Use......Page 2776 REFERENCES......Page 2793 CHAPTER 100: Geriatric Dementias......Page 2796 ALZHEIMER DISEASE......Page 2798 LEWY BODY DEMENTIAS......Page 2805 VASCULAR DEMENTIAS......Page 2806 BEHAVIORAL DISTURBANCES IN DEMENTIA......Page 2809 REFERENCES......Page 2812 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION......Page 2816 BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA......Page 2830 URINARY INCONTINENCE......Page 2838 REFERENCES......Page 2843 OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 2848 REFERENCES......Page 2864 DRUG INDEX......Page 2868 INDEX......Page 2908 SUPPLEMENTAL CASE......Pa