Applied Genetics of Humans, Animals, Plants and Fungi, the (2nd Edition)

A concise, clear writing style and a detailed and rich coverage of topics are the reasons that students found the first edition of the book so engaging and useful. Riding on this wave, all chapters within the second edition of this popular book have been thoroughly updated and expanded, especially the human and animal materials. A wider range of animals is covered, including dogs and cats as well as farm animals. The use of cord blood for therapy, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and animal cloning are also explored and dealt with. Contents......Page 10 Preface......Page 8 1.1 Introduction......Page 23 1.2 The aims of applied genetics in humans, animals, plants and fungi; the use of genetic variation; improving the harvest index......Page 30 1.3.1 Alleles, genes, loci, wild-types and mutants......Page 36 1.3.2 Ploidy......Page 39 1.3.3 Genotype and phenotype; homozygotes and heterozygotes; hemizygotes; the time of gene expression......Page 40 1.3.4 Dominance and recessiveness; incomplete dominance and additive action; primes; overdominance; co-dominance; pure breeding......Page 41 1.3.6 Pleiotropy......Page 44 1.3.7 Mutation......Page 45 1.3.8 Recombination; linkage; syntenic and non-syntenic loci; coupling and repulsion arrangements......Page 46 1.3.9 Allelism and the cis/trans test......Page 48 1.3.10 Heritability......Page 51 1.3.11 Selection: natural, sexual, artificial and commercial......Page 52 1.3.12 Populations......Page 53 1.3.13 Polymorphism......Page 55 1.3.14 Random mating......Page 56 Suggested Reading......Page 57 2.1.1 Qualitative characters......Page 59 2.1.3 Autosomal loci with partial dominance, additive action or overdominance......Page 60 2.1.4 X-linked and holandric loci......Page 62 2.2.1 Standard dihybrid ratios......Page 64 2.2.2 Gene interactions such as epistasis causing modified dihybrid ratios......Page 67 2.3 Quantitative characters; quantitative trait loci and polygenes; modifiers; threshold characters......Page 71 2.4 Threshold characters......Page 84 Suggested Reading......Page 86 3.1 Genetic and environmental causes of regression and transgression......Page 87 3.2.2 Phenocopies, conditional mutants and environmental effects......Page 92 3.2.3 Phenotype plasticity......Page 93 3.2.5 Incomplete penetrance......Page 94 3.3 Narrow and broad sense heritabilities; equations, estimation and use; use of twins; realised heritabilities; correlations between characters......Page 96 3.4 Genotype value, phenotype value and breeding value......Page 102 3.5 Estimated Breeding Values (EBV) and Best Linear Unbiased Predictions (BLUP)......Page 105 Suggested Reading......Page 106 4.1 Introduction......Page 108 4.2.1 One locus two alleles......Page 109 4.2.3 Allele segregation at two loci and the importance of recombination frequencies......Page 111 4.2.4 What happens when two pure-breeding but different populations mix?......Page 113 4.3 Genetic drift, fixation and effects of population size......Page 119 4.4 Gene Row and population structure......Page 122 4.5.1 Selection......Page 127 4.5.2 Migration......Page 131 4.5.3 Mutation......Page 132 Suggested Reading......Page 134 5.1 Natural, artificial and sexual selection......Page 136 5.2 Stabilising selection towards uniformity ......Page 138 5.3 Directional selection favouring one extreme ......Page 140 5.4 Cyclic selection alternatively favouring different extremes......Page 141 5.5 Disruptive selection selecting against the average type......Page 142 5.6 Pedigree selection; breed records, prepotent stud males and grading-up......Page 143 5.7 Progeny testing......Page 145 5.8 Half-sib and family selection......Page 147 5.10 Selection for more than one character: tandem selection, independent culling levels and index selection......Page 148 5.10.2 Independent culling levels......Page 149 5.10.3 Index selection, including PTA, PIN and £PLI ......Page 150 5.11 Selection intensities and rates of response to selection; a key equation for selection responses......Page 154 5.12 In vitro selection......Page 156 5.14 Selection for meat characteristics......Page 157 Suggested Reading......Page 160 6.1 Positive and negative assortative mating......Page 162 6.2 Inbreeding and outbreeding and their consequences; inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression......Page 165 6.3 Why breeders often use inbreeding......Page 171 6.4 Wright's inbreeding coefficient F; Wright's equilibrium for genotype frequencies under inbreeding; calculation of F from pedigrees......Page 173 Suggested Reading......Page 182 7.1.1 Revertibility......Page 183 7.1.2 Germ-line and somatic mutations......Page 184 7.1.3 Base substitutions......Page 185 7.1.5 Large deletions......Page 186 7.1.6 Unstable length mutations......Page 187 7.2 Spontaneous and induced mutation; mutagenic agents......Page 188 7.2.1 Spontaneous mutations; mutation mechanisms; varieties or breeds they have produced......Page 189 7.2.2 Induced mutations......Page 192 7.3.2 Repair systems......Page 196 7.3.3 Suppressor mutations......Page 197 7.4 How different types of mutation can complicate population genetics calculations......Page 198 7.5 Using induced mutations......Page 199 Suggested Reading......Page 202 8.1 Recombination, genetic distances and the numbers of progeny needed to get particular recombinants......Page 203 8.2 Types of recombination and their effects; meiotic and mitotic crossovers; interference and map functions......Page 205 8.3 Numbers of types of gamete, and of offspring genotypes and phenotypes, for different numbers of segregating loci......Page 209 8.5 Mapping including physical mapping......Page 210 8.6.1 Pseudodominance......Page 214 8.6.2 Parasexual methods......Page 216 8.6.3 Hybridisation probes......Page 217 8.7 Practical uses of molecular markers in agriculture......Page 218 8.8 Genomics......Page 220 8.9 Human gene sequencing including the HapMap Project......Page 223 Suggested Readings......Page 224 9.1 Introduction......Page 227 9.2 Deletions......Page 229 9.3 Inversions, paracentric and pericentric; their effects on fertility......Page 232 9.4 Duplications and the origin of new genes......Page 235 9.5 Translocations single and multiple......Page 237 Suggested Reading......Page 241 10.1 Background......Page 242 10.2 Changes in ploidy......Page 244 10.3 Monoploids and anther culture......Page 246 10.6 Tetraploids......Page 250 10.8 Loss or gain of single chromosomes: aneuploids, monosomics and trisomics......Page 254 10.9 Chromosome manipulations and substitutions......Page 255 Suggested Reading......Page 258 11.1.2 Numbers, occurrence and transmission......Page 260 11.2 Effects on phenotype and fertility......Page 262 Suggested Reading......Page 264 12.1 Introduction......Page 266 12.2.1 Pedigree studies......Page 268 12.2.2 Twin studies......Page 270 12.2.4 Familial incidence......Page 275 12.3 Single gene characters and disorders and their treatments......Page 277 12.3.1 Autosomal genes......Page 278 12.3.2 X-linked genes......Page 287 12.4 Polygenic and multifactorial disorders......Page 288 12.5 X-inactivation and Barr bodies......Page 290 12.6.1 X-linked diseases......Page 293 12.6.2 Non-X-linked diseases......Page 295 12.7 Causes of human mutation; cancer......Page 296 12.7.2 Chemicals......Page 299 12.7.3 Ionising radiations......Page 302 12.7.4 Temperature......Page 303 12.7.6 Cancer genes......Page 304 12.8.1 Human chromosome methods......Page 305 12.8.2 Autosomal abnormalities......Page 311 12.8.3 Sex chromosome abnormalities......Page 318 12.9 Selection before and after birth......Page 319 12.10.1 Blood groups and transfusions......Page 321 12.10.2 The ABO blood group......Page 324 12.10.3 The Rhesus blood group......Page 325 12.11 The major histocompatibility complex......Page 327 12.12.1 Amniocentesis......Page 329 12.12.3 Chorionic villus sampling......Page 330 12.12.5 Maternal blood sampling......Page 331 12.12.6 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis......Page 332 12.12.7 Foetal DNA screening......Page 333 12.12.8 Neonatal screening (birth to one month of age)......Page 334 12.12.9 Adult or adolescent screening......Page 335 12.13 Effects of human inbreeding......Page 337 12.14 Genetic counselling......Page 341 12.15 Twins and other multiple births......Page 349 12.16 Mosaics, chimeras and hermaphrodites......Page 356 12.17.1 Introduction......Page 360 12.17.2 Methods for somatic gene therapy......Page 361 12.17.3 Progress......Page 364 12.18 Stem cell therapy including the use of cord blood......Page 367 Suggested Reading......Page 370 13.1.1 Definition of hybrid vigour (heterosis)......Page 375 13.1.2 Explanations of hybrid vigour......Page 376 13.1.3 Typical F1 hybrid breeding programmes......Page 377 13.1.4 Hybrid maize production......Page 380 13.1.5 Hybrid sprout production......Page 383 13.1.7 Hybrid animals......Page 384 13.2.1 Single line selection......Page 385 13.2.3 Bulk population breeding......Page 386 13.3 Selection methods in outbreeders or random-maters......Page 387 13.4 Recurrent backcrossing for gene transfer......Page 390 13.5.1 Interspecific hybrids......Page 391 13.5.2 Intergeneric hybrids......Page 396 13.6 Making polyploids......Page 398 13.7.1 Semi-dwarf wheats and rice - the "Green Revolution"......Page 399 13.7.3 Semi-leafless combining pea......Page 401 13.7.5 Potato breeding and disease-resistance......Page 402 13.7.6 Lime-tolerant Rhododendrons......Page 406 13.7.7 Sugarcane......Page 407 13.7.8 Hops in Britain - dwarf "hedgerow" hops......Page 408 13.7.9 Sheep including cross-breds and Border Leicesters......Page 409 13.7.10 Cattle including Ayrshires (dairy) and Aberdeen-Angus (beef)......Page 411 13.7.11 Peruvian guinea pigs......Page 418 13.7.13 Pig breeding to meet the buyer's specifications; meat quality factors......Page 419 13.8 Breeding for shows; breeds and varieties......Page 421 13.9 Breeding programmes from crosses to selection, to local and national trials, possible commercial release and approved lists......Page 424 13.10 Selection in feral animals; feral and farmed animals......Page 427 13.11 DNA fingerprinting......Page 429 Suggested Reading......Page 430 14.1 Introduction......Page 433 14.2 Restriction endonucleases and ligases......Page 434 14.3 Vectors......Page 436 14.4 Getting a particular piece of DNA into a vector and recognising a clone containing it......Page 438 14.5 Site-directed mutagenesis......Page 440 14.6 Gene targeting; cosuppression; RNA interference in humans animals and plants......Page 441 14.7 Genetic engineering in plants......Page 445 14.8 Genetic engineering in animals......Page 450 14.9 Genetic engineering in micro-organisms......Page 455 14.10 Some dangers of genetic engineering; the amount of genetically engineered crops grown......Page 456 Suggested Reading......Page 461 15.1.1 The forces or processes which increase or maintain genetic variation within a population......Page 464 15.1.3 The interactions of forces or processes affecting the amount of variation within a population......Page 467 15.2 Using a knowledge of the origins of genetic variation to solve a practical problem......Page 468 15.3 The maintenance of polymorphism in populations......Page 469 15.4.1 The need for genetic conservation and the value of some old varieties......Page 472 15.4.2 Conservation programmes and methods of genetic conservation......Page 474 Suggested Reading......Page 482 16.1 Introduction......Page 484 16.2 The release of sterile insects or of fertile insects giving inviable progeny......Page 485 16.3 The breeding of insect-resistant varieties......Page 488 Suggested Reading......Page 491 17.1.1 Plant sexual reproduction......Page 492 17.1.2 Incompatibility in higher plants and ways of overcoming it......Page 499 17.1.3 Crossing methods......Page 503 17.1.4 Getting uniform fruit, seed or bud ripening......Page 505 17.1.5 Somaclonal variation and vegetative propagation; grafting and rootstocks......Page 506 17.1.6 Plant protoplast fusion......Page 516 17.1.7 Gene expression and natural and artificial selection at the haploid stage......Page 517 17.2.1 Sex ratios......Page 518 17.2.2 Flow cytometry for sexing sperm......Page 519 17.2.3 Anatomy, progeny per pregnancy, and temperature effects......Page 521 17.2.4 Breeding seasons and oestrous cycles......Page 523 17.2.5 Sperm; natural and artificial insemination......Page 527 17.2.6 Egg transplantation and embryo freezing......Page 532 17.2.7 Animal cloning......Page 533 17.3 Humans......Page 535 Suggested Reading......Page 538 18.1.1 Life cycles......Page 541 18.1.2 Wild-types and mutants......Page 544 18.1.3 Spores......Page 545 18.1.4 The control of vegetative and sexual fusions......Page 546 18.1.5 Fungal genomics: nuclear, mitochondrial and plasmid......Page 547 18.2 The commercial importance of fungi......Page 549 18.3 Recombination and sexual mapping......Page 550 18.4 The parasexual cycle and parasexual mapping......Page 556 18.5 The induction and isolation of mutants including auxotrophs......Page 563 18.6.1 Aims and methods......Page 566 18.6.2 Different aims in different yeasts......Page 569 18.6.3 Improving baker's yeast......Page 572 18.6.4 Improving enzymes in industrial fungi......Page 576 18.6.5 Penicillin production......Page 579 Suggested Reading......Page 581 19.1.1 Factors of production; types of economic system......Page 584 19.1.2 Price theory......Page 586 19.1.3 Types of competition......Page 592 19.1.4 Inflation......Page 596 19.2.1 Gluts and shortages; how governments intervene in agriculture; European Union policies......Page 597 19.2.2 Seasonal and perishable produce......Page 603 19.2.3 The value of rarities......Page 604 19.2.4 "Health foods" and "organic" products......Page 607 19.2.5 Discounted cashflow assessment of breeding programmes......Page 610 19.2.6 Breeders' rights......Page 612 19.2.7 Breeding or using for niche markets......Page 614 19.2.8 Who does the breeding?......Page 615 Suggested Reading......Page 616 Index......Page 617 Introduction ; Aims Of Applied Genetics ; Revision Of Basic Genetic Concepts And Terminology -- The Inheritance And Analysis Of Qualitative And Quantitative Characters -- Regression, Transgression, Environmental Effects And Heritability ; Correlations Between Characters ; Genotype, Phenotype And Breeding Values -- Population Genetics : Allele Frequencies, Genetic Equilibria, Population Mixing, Genetic Drift And Gene Flow -- Types And Uses Of Selection -- Departures From Random Mating -- Mutation And Its Uses -- Recombination, Mapping And Genomics -- Structural Chromosome Aberrations : Their Origins, Properties And Uses -- Changes In Chromosome Number : Their Effects And Uses -- Supernumerary (b) Chromosomes -- Human And Medical Genetics -- Plant And Animal Breeding Methods And Examples -- Genetic Engineering In Plants, Animals And Micro-organisms -- Genetic Variation In Wild And Agricultural Populations ; Genetic Conservation -- Genetic Methods Of Insect Pest Control -- Reproductive Physiology In Plants, Animals And Humans ; Crossing Methods -- Applied Fungal Genetics -- The Economics Of Agricultural Products And Breeding Programmes. Bernard C. Lamb. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.