[Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future] Environmental Soil Remediation and Rehabilitation (Existing and Innovative Solutions) ||

This book provides a comprehensive overview of innovative remediation techniques and strategies for soils contaminated by heavy metals or organic compounds (e.g. petroleum hydrocarbons, NAPLs and chlorinated organic compounds). It discusses various novel chemical remediation approaches (in-situ and ex-situ) used alone and in combination with physical and/or thermal treatment. Further, it addresses the recovery of NAPLs, reuse of leaching solutions, and in-situ chemical reduction and oxidation, and explores the chemical enhancement of physical NAPLs recovery from both practical and theoretical perspectives. Also presenting the state-of-the-art in waste-assisted bioremediation to improve soil quality and the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons, the book is a valuable resource for students, researchers and R & D professionals in industry engaged in the treatment of contaminated soils Preface Contents List of Contributors Chapter 1: Contaminant Mobilization from Polluted Soils: Behavior and Reuse of Leaching Solutions 1.1 Context 1.1.1 Treatments of Polluted Soils 1.1.2 Why the Leaching Solutions Should Be Reused? 1.2 Current Knowledge Regarding Contaminant Behavior 1.2.1 Physicochemical Properties and Recalcitrance by Groups of Contaminants 1.2.2 Overview of the Various States of Contaminants, Mechanisms, and Extraction Kinetics 1.2.2.1 Behavior of NAPLs 1.2.2.2 Behavior of Dissolved Contaminants 1.2.2.3 Contaminant Transfer into the Aqueous Phase 1.3 Contaminant Leaching in Water 1.3.1 General Considerations 1.3.2 Organic Contaminants Extraction 1.3.3 Inorganic Contaminants Extraction 1.4 State of Knowledge Regarding Soil Leachate Treatment Technologies that Enable Their Reuse 1.4.1 Physical Treatments 1.4.1.1 Air Stripping 1.4.1.2 Membrane Filtration 1.4.2 Physicochemical Treatments 1.4.2.1 Sorption 1.4.2.2 Precipitation 1.4.2.3 Solvent Extraction 1.4.3 Chemical Treatments 1.4.3.1 Oxidation 1.4.3.2 Reduction 1.4.3.3 Transmetallation 1.4.4 Conclusion 1.5 Example of Field Assessment of Soil Flushing with Reused Solutions (SFWRS) 1.6 Conclusion and Recommendations References Chapter 2: Free Product Recovery of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids in Contaminated Sites: Theory and Case Studies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 NAPL Behavior 2.2.1 Release of Contamination Sources and Behavior of Global Contaminants 2.2.2 Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media 2.2.2.1 Dynamics of Saturated Porous Media 2.2.2.2 Physical Parameters Characterizing Flow in Two-Phase Incompressible Fluids 2.2.3 Numerical Expression: Multiphase Modeling 2.2.3.1 General Model of Multiphase/Multicomponent Flow and Transport in Porous Media 2.2.3.2 Mathematical Models and Formulations of Two-Phase Immiscible Flow in Porous Media 2.3 Techniques for Recovering LNAPL 2.3.1 Free Product Recovery with Groundwater Extraction and Skimming (Downwelling) 2.3.2 Free Product Recovery with Skimming 2.3.3 Combined Vapor Extraction/Groundwater Extraction 2.3.4 Dual-Phase Extraction 2.4 Techniques for Recovering DNAPL 2.4.1 Free Product Recovery with Groundwater Extraction and Skimming (Upwelling) 2.4.2 Waterflooding 2.4.3 Trench Systems 2.5 Improving DNAPL Recovery 2.5.1 Effect of Temperature on DNAPL Recovery 2.5.2 Effect of Surfactant Addition on DNAPL Recovery 2.5.3 Using Surfactant Foam for DNAPL Recovery 2.6 LNAPL and DNAPL Remediation in France 2.7 Case Studies 2.7.1 Case Study 1: LNAPL Recovery 2.7.1.1 Controlling the Contamination Source in Unsaturated Zones 2.7.1.2 Controlling the Contamination Source in Saturated Zones (Free Product) 2.7.1.3 Controlling the Impact of Aqueous Phase in Saturated Zones 2.7.1.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis 2.7.1.5 Summary 2.7.1.6 Next Steps 2.7.2 Case Study 2: DNAPL Recovery 2.7.2.1 Installation of Concrete Cubic Compartments 2.7.2.2 Conventional Free Product Recovery and Modeling 2.7.2.3 Free Product Recovery with Upwelling 2.7.2.4 Surfactant Flushing 2.7.2.5 Surfactant Foam Flushing 2.7.2.6 Technical and Economic Analysis 2.7.2.7 Conclusion 2.8 General Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 3: In Situ Thermal Treatments and Enhancements: Theory and Case Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Influence of Temperature on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Organic Pollutants 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature on Solubilization 3.2.2 Effect of Temperature on Volatilization 3.2.2.1 Influence of Temperature on Vapor Pressure 3.2.2.2 Influence of Temperature on the Henry ́s Law Constant 3.2.3 Influence of Temperature on Multiphase Flow 3.2.3.1 Influence of Temperature on Dynamic Viscosity 3.2.3.2 Influence of Temperature on Interfacial Tension 3.2.3.3 Influence of Temperature on Density 3.2.3.4 Effect of Temperature on the Capillary Pressure-Saturation Function 3.2.4 Effects of Temperature on Adsorption onto Solid Phase 3.2.5 Effects of Temperature on NAPL Swelling 3.2.6 Summary 3.3 Heat Transfer in Porous Media 3.3.1 Main Heat Transfer Mechanisms 3.3.1.1 Heat Convection 3.3.1.2 Heat Conduction 3.3.1.3 Heat Radiation 3.3.2 Modeling Heat Transfer in Porous Media 3.3.3 Thermal Properties of Most Common Soils 3.4 Thermal Treatment Techniques 3.4.1 Thermal Conduction Heating 3.4.2 Steam-Enhanced Extraction 3.4.3 Radio Frequency Heating 3.4.4 Electrical Resistance Heating 3.4.5 Free Product Thermal Enhancement Recovery: Hot Water Flooding 3.4.6 Large Diameter Auger Soil Mixing with Steam Injection 3.4.7 In Situ Smoldering Remediation 3.5 Decision-Making in Selecting Main In Situ Thermal Treatment Options 3.6 Case Study: Thermal Conduction Heating in Unsaturated Zone 3.6.1 Context 3.6.2 Description of Treatment Units 3.6.3 Results and Interpretation 3.7 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 4: Comparing the Efficiency of Oxidation, Sparging, Surfactant Flushing, and Thermal Treatment at Different Scales (Ba... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Scale 1: Batch Experiments 4.2.2 Scale 2: Column Experiments 4.2.3 Scale 3: Tank Experiments 4.3 Results of Oxidation in Batch 4.4 Column Results 4.4.1 Major Influencing Parameters 4.4.1.1 Oxidation 4.4.1.2 Surfactant 4.4.1.3 Sparging 4.4.1.4 Thermal Treatment 4.4.2 Comparison of the Removal Yields Reached Under Different Treatment Approaches 4.5 Tank Results 4.5.1 Conditioning Period 4.5.2 Comparison of Treatments 4.5.3 Mass-Flux Relations 4.5.4 Long-Term Predictions 4.6 Scale Comparison 4.7 Conclusions and Perspectives for Field Applications References Chapter 5: Potential Use of Waste-to-Bioenergy By-Products in Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)-Contaminate... 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 TPH Contaminated Soils 5.1.2 How to Overcome the Limitations of Biodegradation Process? 5.1.3 Soil Composting with Digestate as a Bioremediation Strategy and Organic Matter Post-treatment 5.2 Fundamentals of TPH Metabolism 5.2.1 Characteristics of Petroleum Degrading Microorganisms 5.2.2 Biodegradation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 5.2.3 Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons 5.3 The Use of Organic Matter in Bioremediation and Its Environmental Implication 5.3.1 Nutrient Source for Bioremediation 5.3.2 Biological Stability, Nutrient Status, and Native Microflora of Digestate 5.3.3 Field Application of Stabilized Organic Matter 5.3.4 Pathogen Content in Digestate Before and After Composting 5.3.5 Organic Contaminants and Trace Elements Content in Digestate 5.4 Monitoring of Bioremediation Process: How to Predict Bioremediation Efficiency and Evaluate the Residual Toxic Effect? 5.4.1 Chemical Analytical Assays 5.4.2 Molecular Markers and Microbial Analysis 5.4.3 Bioassays 5.4.3.1 Bacterial Assays 5.4.3.2 Phytoassays 5.4.3.3 Invertebrate Assays 5.5 Conclusions References Chapter 6: In Situ Chemical Reduction of Chlorinated Organic Compounds 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chlorinated Solvents 6.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 6.2.2 Toxicity 6.2.3 Transport and Fate Processes in Groundwater 6.2.3.1 Advection 6.2.3.2 Diffusion 6.2.3.3 Dissolution 6.2.3.4 Volatilization 6.2.3.5 Sorption 6.2.4 Degradation Mechanisms 6.3 Chemical Reduction of Chlorinated Organic Compounds 6.3.1 Reductants Used 6.3.2 Zero-Valent Iron 6.3.2.1 History, Reactivity, and Characterization 6.3.2.2 Nanoscale and Microscale Particles 6.3.2.3 Polymetallic Particles 6.3.2.4 Sulfidated Particles 6.3.2.5 Combination of Iron-Based Particles with Other Techniques 6.3.2.6 Toxicity 6.3.3 Stoichiometric Requirement 6.3.4 Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Dechlorination Pathways 6.3.4.1 Rate Equations Homogeneous Approach Heterogeneous Approach Linear Model Freundlich Isotherm Langmuir Isotherm 6.3.4.2 Degradation Pathways 6.3.5 Influence of Operating Conditions and Medium Composition 6.3.5.1 pH 6.3.5.2 Temperature 6.3.5.3 Surfactant 6.3.5.4 Medium Composition 6.4 Injection of Reductants 6.4.1 Injection of Dissolved Reductants 6.4.2 Injection of Gases 6.4.3 Injection of Particular Solids 6.5 Case Study 6.5.1 Laboratory Experiments 6.5.2 In Situ Implementation 6.5.2.1 The Large Area 6.5.2.2 Investigation of the Natural Attenuation in the Large Area 6.5.2.3 The Small Area 6.5.2.4 Investigation of the Natural Attenuation in the Small Area 6.5.2.5 Synthesis on the Natural Attenuation and State of the Two Areas Before Treatment 6.5.3 Treatment on the Demonstration Site 6.5.3.1 Treatment Principle and Calculation of Reagent Concentrations to be Injected 6.5.3.2 Line 1: Dithionite Solution Alone Evolution of the Total Content of COCs Evolution of Alkalinity Expressed as Bicarbonate and of Chloride Content Evolution of TCE, cis-1,2-DCE, 1,1-DCE, and VC Content 6.5.3.3 Line 2: nZVI Alone Evolution of the Total Content of COCs Evolution of Alkalinity Expressed as Bicarbonate and of Chloride Content Evolution of TCE, cis-1,2-DCE, 1,1-DCE, and VC Content 6.5.3.4 Line 3: nZVI and Dithionite Evolution of the Total Content of COCs (tCOCs) Evolution of Alkalinity Expressed as Bicarbonate and of Chloride Content Evolution of TCE, cis-1,2-DCE, 1,1-DCE, and VC Content 6.5.3.5 Case Study Overview 6.6 Summary References Chapter 7: The Nature of Manganese Oxides in Soils and Their Role as Scavengers of Trace Elements: Implication for Soil Remedi... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Structural Variety of Manganese Oxides Found in Soils, Their Relationships, and Their Affinity for Trace Elements 7.2.1 Main Mn Oxides Identified in Soils 7.2.2 Association of Main Soil Mn Oxides with Trace Metals 7.2.3 Relation Between Layered and Tunnel Structures: Mechanisms, Relevance for Soils and Implication for Soil Mn Reactivity 7.2.3.1 Influence of the Chemical Composition of Layered Precursor 7.2.3.2 Mechanisms of Transformation at the Crystal Scale 7.2.3.3 Possible Influence of Light on the Phyllomanganate to Tectomanganate Transformation 7.2.3.4 Implication for the Geochemical Cycle of Trace Elements 7.2.4 Reactivity Toward Redox-Sensitive Elements 7.3 Layered Manganese Oxides: Origin of the Reactivity and Difficulties of Characterization 7.3.1 Structural Characteristics Responsible for the Reactivity of Layered Mn Oxides 7.3.2 Kinetics of Ion Uptake and Oxidation 7.3.3 An Introduction to the Use of Powder X-Ray Diffraction to Determine the Origin of Layer Charge 7.4 Potential Uses for Remediation 7.4.1 Use of Mn Oxides for Oxidation of both Organic and Inorganic Compounds 7.4.2 Use of Mn Oxides as Sorbent Agents for Trace Metals and Metalloids 7.4.2.1 Efficiency 7.4.2.2 Feedback on a 50-Year-Old Case Study 7.4.3 Use of Mn Oxides as Reactive Sorbent Agents for Specific Organic Compounds 7.4.4 Types of Useful Mn Oxides for Soil Remediation 7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References