Anxiety Disorders: Theory, Research and Clinical Perspectives (Cambridge Medicine (Hardcover))

Anxiety Disorders Are Amongst The Most Common Of All Mental Health Problems. Research In This Field Has Exploded Over Recent Years, Yielding A Wealth Of New Information In Domains Ranging From Neurobiology To Cultural Anthropology To Evidence-based Treatment Of Specific Disorders. This Book Offers A Variety Of Perspectives On New Developments And Important Controversies Relevant To The Theory, Research, And Clinical Treatment Of This Class Of Disorders. Clinicians Will Find Reviews Of State-of-the-art Treatments For Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Phobias, Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, And Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, As Well As Controversies Over Diagnostic And Treatment Issues. Researchers Will Find In-depth Consideration Of Important Selected Topics, Including Genetics, Neuroimaging, Animal Models, Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theory, And The Impact Of Stressors. This Book Illustrates The Enormous Advances That Have Occurred In Anxiety Research And Describes The Evolving Multi-disciplinary Efforts That Will Shape The Future Of The Field--provided By Publisher. Machine Generated Contents Note: Foreword Jeffrey Lieberman; 1. Introduction: The Need For An Interdisciplinary Approach Helen Blair Simpson, Yuval Neria, Roberto Lewis-fernández And Franklin R. Schneier; Part I. Evolving Concepts Of Anxiety: 2. The Epidemiology Of Anxiety Disorders Jonathan S. Comer And Mark Olfson; 3. Development Of The Nosology Of Anxiety Disorders Michael B. First, Desiree K. Caban And Roberto Lewis-fernández; 4. The Emergence Of Social Phobia As A Major Medical Condition Michael R. Liebowitz; 5. Anxiety As Signal, Symptom And Syndrome Robert A. Glick And Steven P. Roose; 6. New Concepts In The Evolution And Development Of Anxiety Myron A. Hofer; Part Ii. Challenges In Diagnosing Pathological Anxiety: 7. Challenges In Ocd Research: Overcoming Heterogeneity Anthony Pinto, Marco A. Grados And Helen Blair Simpson; 8. Is There A Spectrum Of Social Anxiety Disorder? Franklin R. Schneier And Jami Socha; 9. Co-occurring Anxiety And Depression: Concepts, Significance, And Treatment Implications Patrick J. Mcgrath And Jeffrey M. Miller; 10. Understanding Health Anxiety Kelli Jane K. Harding, Natalia Skritskaya, Emily R. Doherty And Brian A. Fallon; 11. Axis Ii And Anxiety Disorders Matthew J. Kaplowitz And John C. Markowitz; 12. 'idioms Of Distress' (culturally Salient Indicators Of Distress) And Anxiety Disorders Devon E. Hinton And Roberto Lewis-fernández; Part Iii. Understanding The Causes Of Anxiety: 13. Current Status Of Research In The Genetics Of Anxiety Disorders Nicole R. Nugent, Myrna Weissman, Abby Fyer And Karestan C. Koenen; 14. Animal Models Of Anxiety Disorders: Behavioral And Genetic Approaches Jesse W. Richardson-jones, E. David Leonardo, Rene Hen And Susanne E. Ahmari; 15. Role Of The Cortex In The Regulation Of Anxiety States Noelia V. Weisstaub, Caitlin Mcomish, James Hanks And Jay A. Gingrich; 16. Learned Fear And Innate Anxiety In Rodents And Their Relevance To Human Anxiety Disorders Joshua A. Gordon And Avishek Adhikari; 17. Brain Systems Underlying Anxiety Disorders: A View From Neuroimaging Amit Etkin And Tor D. Wager; 18. Cognitive-behavioral Treatment Of Anxiety Disorders: Model And Current Issues James P. Hambrick, Jonathan S. Comer And Anne Marie Albano; 19. The Stressor Criterion A In Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Issues, Evidence, And Implications Bruce Dohrenwend; 20. Attachment, Separation, And Anxiety Disorders Elizabeth Sagurton Mulhare, Angela Ghesquiere And M. Katherine Shear; 21. Non-human Primate Models In Understanding Anxiety Navin A. Natarajan, Ranjeeb Shrestha And Jeremy D. Coplan; Part Iv. Treatment Of Anxiety: Current Status And Controversial Issues: 22. Evidence-based Treatment For Patients With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Questions And Controversies Carolyn Rodriguez And Helen Blair Simpson; 23. Treatment Of Social Anxiety Disorder Franklin R. Schneier, Kristin Pontoski And Richard G. Heimberg; 24. Treatment Of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Gregory M. Sullivan, Eun Jung Suh And Yuval Neria; 25. Panic Disorder Smit S. Sinha And Donald F. Klein; 26. Treatment Of Late-life Generalized Anxiety Disorder Laszlo A. Papp, Ethan E. Gorenstein And Jan Mohlman; 27. Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Best Treatment Options And Practice Hilary B. Vidair And Moira A. Rynn; 28. Brain Stimulation In The Treatment Of Anxiety Disorders Antonio Mantovani And Sarah H. Lisanby; 29. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Approaches To The Treatment Of Anxiety Sapana R. Patel, Anthony J. Tranguch And Philip R. Muskin; 30. The Treatment Of Anxiety Disorders In Primary Care Mayumi Okuda, Sharaf S. Khan, Ana Alicia De La Cruz And Carlos Blanco; 31. Future Directions Helen Blair Simpson, Yuval Neria, Roberto Lewis-fernández And Franklin R. Schneier; Index. Edited By Helen Blair Simpson ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 9 Foreword......Page 15 Preface......Page 17 1.1 Introduction......Page 19 1.2.1 Section 1: Evolving concepts of anxiety......Page 20 1.2.3 Section 3: Understanding the causes of anxiety......Page 21 1.2.4 Section 4: Treatment of anxiety: current status and controversial issues......Page 22 References......Page 23 2.1 Introduction......Page 24 2.2 Anxiety disorders in the general population......Page 25 2.2.2 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)......Page 26 2.2.3 Panic disorder (PD) with and without agoraphobia......Page 27 2.2.5 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)......Page 28 2.2.6 Separation anxiety disorder (SepAD)......Page 29 2.4 Anxiety disorders in primary care......Page 30 2.6 Conclusion and future directions......Page 31 References......Page 32 3.2 Historical conceptualiztions......Page 38 3.3 DSM-I......Page 39 3.4 DSM-II......Page 40 3.5 DSM-III......Page 41 3.6 DSM-III-R......Page 45 3.7 DSM-IV......Page 46 3.8 DSM-IV-TR......Page 52 3.9 DSM-5......Page 53 References......Page 55 4.1.2 My . rst anti-anxiety studies......Page 58 4.1.3 First review paper on social phobia......Page 59 4.1.4 Early clinical trials in social phobia......Page 60 4.2.1 Subsequent medication trials in social anxiety disorder......Page 62 4.2.3 New directions in treatment research......Page 63 4.3 Current controversy: is social anxiety disorder overdiagnosed and overmedicated?......Page 64 4.4 The future of social anxiety disorder......Page 65 References......Page 66 5.2 Psychodynamic theories of signal anxiety......Page 68 5.2.2 Freud’s structural model of signal anxiety and its elaboration in ego psychology......Page 69 5.2.3 Object relations theory and signal anxiety......Page 70 5.3 Neurobiological factors in anxiety as signal, symptom, and syndrome......Page 71 5.4 A clinical approach......Page 73 References......Page 75 6.2 New advances in understanding evolution and development......Page 77 6.2.2 Developmental plasticity and the......Page 79 6.3.1 The separation call......Page 81 6.4 Evolution and development of an anxious temperament......Page 82 References......Page 84 7.2.1.1 Age of onset......Page 87 7.2.1.3 Comorbid obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)......Page 88 7.2.2 Dimensional approaches......Page 89 7.3.1 Potential neurocognitive measures......Page 91 7.3.2 Potential physiological measures......Page 92 7.4 Conclusions and future directions......Page 93 References......Page 94 8.1 Introduction......Page 98 8.2.3 Behavioral inhibition and SAD......Page 99 8.2.4 An evolutionary perspective......Page 100 8.3.2 Autism and Asperger’s syndrome......Page 101 8.3.6 Eating disorders......Page 102 8.4 Conclusions......Page 103 References......Page 104 9.2.2 Comorbid mood and anxiety disorders are extremely common......Page 108 9.2.3 Are those with “anxious depression” di. erent than those with depression alone?......Page 109 9.2.5.2 Is GAD distinct from MDD?......Page 110 9.3.3 Molecular genetic association studies......Page 111 9.4.1 Prognostic implications......Page 112 9.4.3.1 Differential antidepressant e. cacy in unipolar depression......Page 113 9.4.3.4 Second-generation antipsychotics......Page 114 9.4.5 Interaction with other depression subtypes......Page 115 9.5.2 Neurochemical . ndings......Page 116 References......Page 117 10.2 Conceptualization of health anxiety......Page 121 10.2.1 Diagnostic considerations......Page 124 10.4 Etiology......Page 125 10.5 Measures of health anxiety......Page 126 10.5.6 Heightened Illness Concern – Severity Scale......Page 127 10.7.1 Psychotherapies......Page 128 10.7.2 Medication......Page 129 10.8 Conclusion and future directions......Page 130 References......Page 131 11.2.2 DSM-IV personality disorders......Page 134 11.2.4 Interpreting comorbidity......Page 135 11.2.5 Etiologically determined comorbidity......Page 136 11.3.2 Panic disorder and PDs......Page 137 11.3.5 Obsessive–compulsive disorder and PDs......Page 139 11.3.6 Posttraumatic stress disorder and PDs......Page 140 11.4 Prognostic implications: toxic versus benign comorbidity......Page 141 References......Page 142 12.2 Types of idioms of distress......Page 145 12.2.1 Examples of idioms of distress: Caribbean Latino and Cambodian cases......Page 146 12.3.3 Indicators of life distress......Page 150 12.3.5 Causes of distress......Page 151 12.3.6 Indicators of past exposure to trauma......Page 152 12.4 Clinical evaluation of a patient with an idiom of distress......Page 153 12.5 Conclusions......Page 154 References......Page 155 13.2 Genetic study designs......Page 157 13.3.1 Panic disorder......Page 159 13.3.4 Generalized anxiety disorder......Page 162 13.3.6 Obsessive–compulsive disorder......Page 163 13.4 Genetic overlap among anxiety disorders and intermediary phenotypes......Page 164 13.5 Conclusions......Page 165 References......Page 166 14.2 Types of validity......Page 174 14.3 Animal models of anxiety disorders......Page 175 14.4 Behavioral models of anxiety......Page 176 14.5.1 Knockout and knock-in mice......Page 178 14.5.2 Transgenic mice......Page 179 14.6.1 Using tTA/tetO to “rescue” gene expression......Page 180 14.7 Conclusions......Page 182 References......Page 183 15.2 Neuroanatomy of fear and anxiety......Page 186 15.3 Role of the cortex in humans......Page 187 15.4 Role of the cortex in animal models......Page 188 15.5.2 The serotonin transporter (SERT)......Page 189 15.5.3 The 5-HT1A receptor......Page 190 15.5.4 The 5-HT2A receptor......Page 191 15.6 Conclusions......Page 192 References......Page 193 16.1 Introduction......Page 198 16.2 Once burned, twice shy: the amygdala at the center of a fear circuit......Page 199 16.2.1 Extinction: the neural substrates of overcoming fear learning involve cortical regulation of the amygdala......Page 200 16.2.2 Fear conditioning and extinction as models of anxiety disorders and their treatment......Page 201 16.3 What you already know can hurt you: innate anxiety paradigms reveal additional components of a defensive behavior circuit......Page 202 16.3.1 The effects of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs on innate anxiety tests in rodents......Page 203 16.3.2 Towards a neural circuitry of innate anxiety......Page 204 16.5 Future directions: relevance of the extended anxiety circuit to anxiety disorders in humans......Page 205 References......Page 206 17.2 The “neural reference space” for emotion......Page 210 17.3.1 Fear conditioning as a core model of negative emotional reactivity......Page 211 17.4 The executive working memory system......Page 212 17.5.1 Dissociable roles for the dmPFC and vmPFC in reactivity and regulation......Page 214 17.6 Clinical neuroimaging studies of anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic framework......Page 215 17.8 Treatment studies......Page 217 17.9 Conclusion......Page 218 References......Page 219 18.1 Origins of cognitive–behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders......Page 222 18.3 The role of anxious apprehension......Page 223 18.4 Extending the CBT model to emotion (dys)regulation......Page 225 18.5.1 Matters of measurement......Page 226 18.5.2 What works? Active components of CBT......Page 228 18.5.3 Goal of exposure: how does it work?......Page 229 18.5.5 Beyond the model: other contributors to outcome......Page 230 References......Page 231 19.3 Criterion A issues......Page 234 19.4.1 Are criterion A exposures necessary for the development of the PTSD symptom syndrome?......Page 235 19.4.1.3 Five studies focusing solely ( n = 4) or mainly ( n = 1) on psychiatric patients......Page 236 19.4.1.4 In summary......Page 237 19.4.3 The question of suffciency......Page 238 19.5.2 Major negative events in hazardous situations......Page 239 19.6 Implications......Page 240 References......Page 242 20.2 Defining attachment......Page 245 20.4 Correlates of attachment style......Page 246 20.5 The role of attachment in emotion regulation......Page 247 20.6.2 Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety disorders......Page 248 20.6.3 Cognitive response style as a mediator between attachment and anxiety disorders......Page 249 20.7.1 Separation anxiety disorder......Page 250 20.8 Conclusions......Page 252 References......Page 253 21.3 Parental separation models......Page 257 21.4 Variable foraging demand model......Page 258 21.5 Brain lesion model......Page 261 21.6 Stress inoculation and resilience......Page 262 References......Page 263 22.2.1 Which is the most efficacious treatment, SRI monotherapy, CBT (ERP) monotherapy, or combination therapy?......Page 267 22.2.3 What is known about time to response for SRI?......Page 268 22.2.5 What are psychopharmacological augmentation strategies for partial response to SRIs?......Page 269 22.3.2 How effective is ERP for OCD?......Page 270 22.3.4 Are there ways to enhance ERP to improve patient outcome?......Page 271 References......Page 273 23.2 Cognitive–behavioral therapy CBT) and other psychosocial treatments......Page 278 23.2.4 Group versus individual CBT......Page 279 23.3.1 Serotonergic medications......Page 280 23.3.4 Other medications......Page 281 23.4.1 Evidence from clinical trials......Page 282 23.4.2 Hypotheses and study design for combined treatment......Page 283 23.4.3 Studies of D-cycloserine as CBT enhancer......Page 284 References......Page 285 24.1 Introduction......Page 289 24.4.1 Which SSRI is most effective for PTSD?......Page 290 24.4.4 Tricyclic antidepressants and monamine oxidase inhibitors......Page 291 24.4.9 NMDA receptor system......Page 292 24.7 Psychotherapy questions and controversies......Page 293 24.7.2 Effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral approaches......Page 294 24.7.4 Current controversy over optimal psychotherapies for PTSD......Page 295 References......Page 296 25.2 Diagnostic and clinical overview......Page 302 25.3 Methodological issues in panic disorder treatment research......Page 303 25.4.2 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs)......Page 304 25.4.4 Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)......Page 305 25.4.5 Benzodiazepines......Page 306 25.6.2 Cognitive–behavioral therapy......Page 307 25.7 Direct comparisons of antidepressant pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy......Page 308 25.8.1 Combination of antidepressant pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy......Page 309 References......Page 310 26.2 Treatment of adults with generalized anxiety disorder......Page 315 26.4 Pharmacotherapy for late-life GAD......Page 316 26.5.1 Cognitive–behavioral therapy for late-life GAD......Page 318 26.5.2 Flexible, multimodal treatments......Page 319 References......Page 320 27.2 Child anxiety: what is normal and what is not......Page 324 27.3.1.1 CBT trials......Page 325 27.3.1.3 Trial comparing CBT and medication......Page 330 27.3.3.3 Trial comparing CBT and medication......Page 331 27.3.5.2 Medication trials......Page 332 27.3.7.1 CBT and BT......Page 333 27.4.2 Best medication practice......Page 334 27.5 Future directions......Page 335 References......Page 336 28.2 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)......Page 341 28.3.1 TMS and rTMS background......Page 342 28.3.2.2 Panic disorder......Page 343 28.3.2.4 Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)......Page 344 28.4 Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)......Page 345 28.5.1 DBS in the treatment of obsessive– compulsive disorder (OCD)......Page 346 28.6 Conclusions......Page 349 References......Page 350 29.2 Mind–body medicine......Page 354 29.2.3 Yoga......Page 355 29.2.7 Implications for clinical practice......Page 356 29.3.3 Passion flower......Page 358 29.4 Manipulative and body-based therapies......Page 359 29.5.2 Energy psychology approaches......Page 360 References......Page 362 30.2 Pharmacological treatments......Page 366 30.3 Pharmacotherapy and cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT)......Page 367 30.4 Integrated treatments......Page 368 30.5 Other approaches......Page 370 30.8 Future directions......Page 371 References......Page 372 31.2 What is an anxiety disorder?......Page 374 31.3 What causes anxiety and anxiety disorders?......Page 375 31.4 Which treatments work?......Page 377 31.5 Concluding remarks......Page 379 Index......Page 380 Foreword / Jeffrey Lieberman 1. Introduction : the need for an interdisciplinary approach / Helen Blair Simpson ... [et al.] Part I. Evolving Concepts of Anxiety 2. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders / Jonathan S. Comer and Mark Olfson 3. Development of the nosology of anxiety disorders / Michael B. First, Desiree K. Caban and Roberto Lewis-Ferna ndez 4. The emergence of social phobia as a major medical condition / Michael R. Liebowitz 5. Anxiety as signal, symptom and syndrome / Robert A. Glick and Steven P. Roose 6. New concepts in the evolution and development of anxiety / Myron A. Hofer Part II. Challenges in Diagnosing Pathological Anxiety 7. Challenges in OCD research : overcoming heterogeneity / Anthony Pinto, Marco A. Grados and Helen Blair Simpson 8. Is there a spectrum of social anxiety disorder? / Franklin R. Schneier and Jami Socha 9. Co-occurring anxiety and depression : concepts, significance, and treatment implications / Patrick J. McGrath and Jeffrey M. Miller 10. Understanding health anxiety / Kelli Jane K. Harding ... [et al.] 11. Axis II and anxiety disorders / Matthew J. Kaplowitz and John C. Markowitz 12. 'Idioms of distress' (culturally salient indicators of distress) and anxiety disorders / Devon E. Hinton and Roberto Lewis-Ferna ndez Part III. Understanding the Causes of Anxiety 13. Current status of research in the genetics of anxiety disorders / Nicole R. Nugent ... [et al.] 14. Animal models of anxiety disorders : behavioral and genetic approaches / Jesse W. Richardson-Jones ... [et al.] 15. Role of the cortex in the regulation of anxiety states / Noelia V. Weisstaub ... [et al.] 16. Learned fear and innate anxiety in rodents and their relevance to human anxiety disorders / Joshua A. Gordon and Avishek Adhikari 17. Brain systems underlying anxiety disorders : a view from neuroimaging / Amit Etkin and Tor D. Wager 18. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders : model and current issues / James P. Hambrick, Jonathan S. Comer and Anne Marie Albano 19. The stressor Criterion A in post-traumatic stress disorder : issues, evidence, and implications / Bruce Dohrenwend 20. Attachment, separation, and anxiety disorders / Elizabeth Sagurton Mulhare, Angela Ghesquiere and M. Katherine Shear 21. Non-human primate models in understanding anxiety / Navin A. Natarajan, Ranjeeb Shrestha and Jeremy D. Coplan Part IV. Treatment of Anxiety: Current Status and Controversial Issues 22. Evidence-based treatment for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: questions and controversies / Carolyn Rodriguez and Helen Blair Simpson 23. Treatment of social anxiety disorder / Franklin R. Schneier, Kristin Pontoski and Richard G. Heimberg 24. Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder / Gregory M. Sullivan, Eun Jung Suh and Yuval Neria 25. Panic disorder / Smit S. Sinha and Donald F. Klein 26. Treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder / Laszlo A. Papp, Ethan E. Gorenstein and Jan Mohlman 27. Childhood anxiety disorders : best treatment options and practice / Hilary B. Vidair and Moira A. Rynn 28. Brain stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders / Antonio Mantovani and Sarah H. Lisanby 29. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to the treatment of anxiety / Sapana R. Patel, Anthony J. Tranguch and Philip R. Muskin 30. The treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care / Mayumi Okuda ... [et al.] 31. Future directions / Helen Blair Simpson ... [et al.] "Anxiety disorders are amongst the most common of all mental health problems. Research in this field has exploded over recent years, yielding a wealth of new information in domains ranging from neurobiology to cultural anthropology to evidence-based treatment of specific disorders. This book offers a variety of perspectives on new developments and important controversies relevant to the theory, research, and clinical treatment of this class of disorders. Clinicians will find reviews of state-of-the-art treatments for panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as controversies over diagnostic and treatment issues. Researchers will find in-depth consideration of important selected topics, including genetics, neuroimaging, animal models, contemporary psychoanalytic theory, and the impact of stressors. This book illustrates the enormous advances that have occurred in anxiety research and describes the evolving multi-disciplinary efforts that will shape the future of the field"--Résumé de l'éditeur