Anti-diabetes and Anti-obesity Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals : Safety, Efficacy, and Action Mechanisms

This work presents a systematic review of traditional herbal medicine and their active compounds, as well as their mechanism of action in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity. The side effects and safety of herbal-derived anti-diabetic and anti-obesity phytochemicals are detailed in depth, and the text has a strong focus on current and future trends in anti-diabetic medicinal plants. This unique and comprehensive text is the only current book on the market focusing exclusively on medicinal plants used to combat obesity and diabetes. An introductory chapter focuses on diabetes and obesity and introduces the major causes and main treatments of this increasing epidemic in modern society. Readers are then introduced to medicinal plants, including details on their therapeutic aspects, plus side effects and safety. Following chapters focus on anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medicinal plants, as well as phytogenic natural products in the treatment of each. The text closes by focusing on present and future trends and challenges in these medicinal plants. __Anti-diabetes and Anti-obesity Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals: Safety, Efficacy, and Action Mechanisms__ is a much-needed and truly original work, finally presenting in one place all the necessary information on medicinal plants used in conjunction with obesity and diabetes prevention. Foreword 5 Preface 7 Acknowledgments 8 Contents 9 Abbreviations 12 Part I: Introduction to Diabetes, Obesity and Medicinal Plants 14 Chapter 1: Introduction to Diabetes and Obesity 15 1.1 Introduction 15 1.2 Diabetes 17 1.3 Exercise as a Physiological Mechanism Countering Insulin Resistance 19 1.4 Distributed Control of Blood Glucose 20 1.5 Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Glucose Uptake 20 1.6 Antidiabetic Plant-Derived Drugs 21 1.7 Obesity 22 1.8 Diabesity: The Correlation of Obesity and Diabetes 28 References 29 Chapter 2: Introduction to Medicinal Plant Safety and Efficacy 32 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Historical Aspects 34 2.3 Revival of Interest in Phytomedicine 38 2.4 The Status of Herbal Medicine in the Mediterranean 39 2.5 Safety of Herbal Medicines 40 2.6 Safety Monitoring and Regulatory Status of Herbal Medicines 42 2.7 Herbal Active Compounds 44 2.8 Structure and Classification Secondary Metabolites 45 2.9 Synergistic Actions of Phytomedicines 49 2.10 Preparation Techniques and Administration Form of Herbal Medicines 50 2.11 Therapeutic Properties of Herbal-Based Active Compounds 52 2.12 Examples of Herbal Compounds and Their Pharmacological Properties 60 References 64 Part II: Safety, Efficacy, and Action Mechanisms of Anti-obesity Medicinal Plants 67 Chapter 3: Anti-obesity Medicinal Plants 68 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Appetite Regulation 69 3.3 Enzymes Inhibition 72 3.4 Inhibitors of Adipogenesis and Adipogenic Factors 77 3.5 Stimulators of Thermogenesis 80 3.6 Increase Satiety 80 3.7 Commonly Used Anti-obesity Medicinal Plants 82 References 98 Chapter 4: Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-Related Diseases by Diet and Medicinal Plants 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Strategy to Prevent Inflammatory Responses in Obese Adipose Tissues by Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals 105 4.2.1 Medicinal Plant Diets That Act Through PPARγ-­Dependent Pathways 109 4.2.2 Medicinal Plant Diets That Act Through PPARγ-­Independent Pathways 113 4.3 Medicinal Plants and Phytochemical-Based Strategies to Prevent Obesity-Related Hypertension 122 4.4 The Mediterranean Diet 126 References 132 Chapter 5: Herbal-Derived Anti-obesity Compounds and Their Action Mechanisms 137 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Phytochemical Compounds Used for the Treatment of Obesity 140 5.3 Major Basic Anti-obesity Mechanisms 141 5.4 Targeting Adipose Tissue 144 References 149 Part III: Safety, Efficacy, and Action Mechanisms of Anti-diabetes Medicinal Plants 153 Chapter 6: Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants 154 6.1 Introduction 154 6.2 Herbal-Based Diabetes Mellitus Remedies 155 6.3 Plant Mixtures Used in The Treatment of Diabetes 171 6.4 Antidiabetic Phytochemicals 172 References 174 Chapter 7: Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants and Their Mechanisms of Action 182 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Strategies for the Glycemic Control 186 7.3 Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants and Their Mechanisms of Action 189 7.3.1 Increased Pancreatic Secretion of Insulin: Augmentation of the Pancreas and Increased Insulin Sensitivity 189 7.3.2 Inhibition of Glucose Production in the Liver 194 7.3.3 Enhanced Glucose Uptake in the Muscle and Adipose Tissues 197 7.3.4 Inhibition of Glucose Absorption 202 7.3.5 Inhibition of Diabetes-Related Complications 206 References 213 Part IV: Polyherbal Formulations Used in the Prevention/Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes 221 Chapter 8: Hypoglycemic and Anti-obesity Polyherbal Mixtures 222 8.1 Introduction 222 8.2 The Concept of Synergistic Effects in the Main Traditional Medical Systems 225 8.3 Synergistic Actions of Phytochemicals and Their Action Mechanisms 231 8.4 Clinical and Experimental Studies on Hypoglycemic and Anti-obesity Effects of Herbal Formulations 233 8.5 Commonly Used Herbs in Polyherbal Mixtures 243 8.6 Food Synergy: Diabetes Preventive Components in the Mediterranean Diet 247 8.7 Honey: A Natural Polyherbal Formula 250 References 252 Index 257 Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Introduction to Diabetes and Obesity....Pages 3-19 Introduction to Medicinal Plant Safety and Efficacy....Pages 21-55 Front Matter....Pages 57-57 Anti-obesity Medicinal Plants....Pages 59-93 Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-Related Diseases by Diet and Medicinal Plants....Pages 95-128 Herbal-Derived Anti-obesity Compounds and Their Action Mechanisms....Pages 129-144 Front Matter....Pages 145-145 Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants....Pages 147-174 Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants and Their Mechanisms of Action....Pages 175-213 Front Matter....Pages 215-215 Hypoglycemic and Anti-obesity Polyherbal Mixtures....Pages 217-251 Back Matter....Pages 253-257