Anthocyanins and Human Health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspects (SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition)

This Brief presents comprehensive coverage of anthocyanins. The text covers the scientific literature and clinical significance of this Flavonoid sub-group, with a special focus on their therapeutic aspects. In focusing on secondary metabolites in plants, this work aims to cover the resulting therapeutic potential for humans by referencing the numerous herbal-derived substances which have been evaluated and the rapidly growing data on the interactions of anthocyanins with the microbiome. __Anthocyanins and Human Health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspects__ covers all angles of biomolecular, in vitro and in vivo anthocyanins from their general chemical structure to their use as a coloring agent. The intake, metabolism and secretion of anthocyanins in the human body are covered in-depth, as are the biosynthetic pathways through which these compounds are synthesized in the natural system. Factors affecting stability and extraction are listed, and health related uses and biological activities are covered in great detail. Present and future trends in anthocyanins research are also presented. Preface -- Abbreviations -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Diet and Herbal-Derived Medicines -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Current Status of Food and Herbal-Based Medicine -- 1.3 Medicinal Plants from Tradition to Evidence-Based Application -- 1.3.1 Nigella sativa -- 1.3.2 Olea europaea -- 1.3.3 Punica granatum -- 1.3.4 Trigonella foenumgraecum -- 1.3.5 Salvia officinalis -- 1.3.6 Ammi visnaga -- 1.3.7 Silybum marianum -- 1.3.8 Inula viscose -- 1.3.9 Portulaca oleracea -- 1.3.10 Eruca sativa -- 1.3.11 Cichorium intybus -- 1.3.12 Allium sativum, Garlic, and Onion (Allium cepa L.) -- 1.3.13 Urtica dioica 1.3.14 Melissa officinalis -- 1.3.15 Pimpinella anisum -- 1.3.16 Chamomilla recutita -- 1.3.17 Zingiber officinale -- 1.3.18 Rosmarinus officinalis -- 1.4 Administering Herbal-Based Treatment -- 1.5 Herbal Active Compounds -- 1.6 Synergistic Actions of Foods and Phytomedicines -- 1.7 Therapeutic Properties of Herbal-Based Active Compounds -- 1.8 Examples of Herbal Compounds and Pharmacological Properties -- 1.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Introduction to Anthocyanins -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Chemical Structure -- 2.2.1 Glycone Moiety and Acylating Acids -- 2.3 Pyranoanthocyanins 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Occurrence of Anthocyanins in Plants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concentration of Anthocyanins in Fruits, Vegetable and Nuts -- 3.2.1 Variation in Anthocyanins Content -- 3.3 Typical New Anthocyanins Found in the Past Years -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Anthocyanins as Natural Colors -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Use of Anthocyanin-Based Colorants -- 4.3 Acylated Anthocyanins as Colorants for the Food Industry -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Anthocyanins Absorption and Metabolism -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Daily Intake 5.3 Anthocyanins Absorption -- 5.3.1 Gastric Absorption -- 5.3.2 Absorption in the Small Intestine -- 5.3.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 5.4 Carbohydrates Moieties Deconjugation -- 5.5 The Influence of Colonic Microflora -- 5.6 Metabolism in Intestinal Mucosa and Tissues -- 5.7 Tissue Distribution -- 5.8 Excretion -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Biosynthesis and Stability of Anthocyanins -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stability of Anthocyanins -- 6.3 Relationships Between Structure and Stability -- 6.4 Factor Affecting Stability of Anthocyanins -- 6.4.1 pH -- 6.4.2 Co-pigmentation Effect 6.4.3 Solvent Effects -- 6.4.4 Temperature -- 6.4.5 Concentration Effects -- 6.4.6 Oxygen -- 6.4.7 Light -- 6.4.8 Enzymes -- 6.4.9 Ascorbic Acid -- 6.4.10 Sugars -- 6.4.11 Sulfites -- 6.5 Stability of Anthocyanins in Food Products -- 6.6 Anthocyanins Degradation in Plants -- 6.7 Drawback and Derivatives of Anthocyanins -- 6.8 Anthocyanins Stabilization Mechanisms -- 6.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: The Role of Anthocyanins in Health as Antioxidant, in Bone Health and as Heart Protecting Agents -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Presumed Health-Promoting Effects of Anthocyanins Annotation This volume presents comprehensive coverage of anthocyanins. It covers the scientific literature and clinical significance of this Flavonoid sub-group, with a special focus on their therapeutic aspects. In focusing on secondary metabolites in plants, it aims to cover the resulting therapeutic potential for humans by referencing the numerous herbal-derived substances which have been evaluated and the rapidly growing data on the interactions of anthocyanins with the microbiome