Antennas for Information Super Skyways: An Exposition on Outdoor and Indoor Wireless Antennas (Antennas) (Electronic & Electrical Engineering Research Studies)

The primary goal of this book is to present the salient aspects of antenna principles and technology and relate these to wireless communications applications. It is written from a unique perspective, containing a mix of topics - theory, design and applications of outdoor and indoor antennas adopted in modern wireless communication systems. The authors cover the descriptions of these antennas along with the underlying principles and present the associated design perspectives based on relevant electromagnetic theory and radiation mechanisms. The scope of the book includes industry-oriented research, design and development aspects of wireless antennas. It is also suitable as a course text for students at post- and undergraduate levels. Team DDU Antennas for Information Super Skyways: An Exposition on Outdoor and Indoor Wireless Antennas 1 Cover 1 EDITORIAL FOREWORD 6 PREFACE 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14 Tablf of contents 16 CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 26 1.1 Introduction 26 1.2 Technology of Services "Untied by Wires" 29 1.2.1 A historical perspective and state-of-the-art wireless systems 29 1.2.2 Cellular wireless technology 30 1.3 Wireless Networks 35 1.3.1 Cellular voice networks 36 1.3.2 Personal communication systems and networks 38 1.3.3 Wireless data networks 39 1.3.4 Wireless LAN 40 1.3.5 The BluetoothTM 42 1.3.6 Wireless ATM (WATM) networks 44 1.3.7 Wireless application protocol (WAP) technology 49 1.3.8 Wireless local loop (WLL) 49 1.4 Wireless Systems Other than Cellular Telephony 49 1.5 Satellite-dependent Mobile Systems 50 1.6 Impairments to Wireless Communication 52 1.7 Whither Antennas for Wireless Communications? 54 1.8 Closure 56 References 58 CHAPTER 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND WAVES 60 2.1 Introduction 60 2.2 Concepts of Electromagnetism 60 2.2.1 Electric field 60 2.2.2 Electric current 63 2.2.3 Dielectric media 67 2.2.4 Magnetic field 68 2.2.5 Maxwell's equations 72 2.2.6 Wave equations 72 2.2.7 Transmission-line theory 78 2.3 Electromagnetic Theory 86 2.3.1 Electromagnetic waves 87 2.4 Boundary Conditions in the EM Field 90 2.4.1 Boundary conditions in the vicinity of a current sheet 91 2.4.2 Boundary conditions in the vicinity of infinitely thin linear current filaments 93 2.5 The Poynting Vector 94 2.6 Normal and Surface Impedance Concepts 94 2.7 Transmission Line and Maxwell's Equations 95 2.7.1 EM wave equation in dielectrics and conductors 97 2.7.2 Solution of EM wave equation in Cartesian co-ordinates 100 2.7.3 EM waves at the interface between conductors and dielectrics 103 2.8 Maxwell's Equations in Source-Free Regions 105 2.9 Concluding Remarks 105 References 106 Appendix 2.1 Vector Calculus and Generalised Co-ordinate System 108 CHAPTER 3 RADIATION, ANTENNAS AND EM WAVE PROPAGATION 110 3.1 Introduction 110 3.2 EM Radiation and Antenna Principles 111 3.2.1 Condition for radiation 112 3.2.2 Mechanism of EM radiation 113 3.3 Antenna Parameters 116 3.4 EM Fields in an Unbounded Medium 121 3.4.1 Vector and scalar wave potentials 121 3.5 Current Element as a Radiator 124 3.5.1 Radiation from electric current element 127 3.5.2 EM field produced by a given distribution of applied electric and magnetic currents 128 3.5.3 EM field due to impressed currents varying arbitrarily with time 129 3.5.4 Field of electric current element whose current varies arbitrarily with time 129 3.6 EM Wave Propagation Models of Wireless Communication Channels 130 3.7 Outdoor EM Wave Propagation Models 132 3.7.1 EM propagation in a simple LoS link 132 3.7.2 Reflection-specified propagation model 133 3.8 Reflection of EM Wave at a Lossy Surface 135 3.9 EM Wave Bouncing at Roof-Tops of Buildings 136 3.10 Reflections of TM and TE Wave 136 3.11 Height-Gain for Antennas 137 3.12 Reflection of Circularly Polarised EM Waves 138 3.13 Diffraction of EM Waves in Wireless Communication Transmissions 138 3.14 Scattering of EM Waves in Mobile Communication Scenario 139 3.15 Signal Fading 143 3.15.1 Flat-fading 144 3.15.2 Frequency selective fading 145 3.15.3 Fast-fading in indoor links 145 3.15.4 Electromagnetics of fast-fading 146 3.15.5 Macro- and micro-diversity considerations 147 3.16 Antenna Selection and Specifications 148 3.17 Outdoor Antennas: Siting Criteria 151 3.17.1 Antenna installation guidelines 152 3.17.2 Work practices to reduce RF radiation exposure 153 3.18 Antenna Requirements Questionnaire 155 3.19 Concluding Remarks 155 References 164 CHAPTER 4 ANTENNA ELEMENTS IN WIRELESS SYSTEM APPLICATIONS 168 4.1 Introduction 168 Part I 170 4.2 Electromagnetics of Antenna Structures 170 4.2.1 Discrete antenna elements 171 4.2.2 Linear antenna theory 172 4.3 Dipoles in Wireless Communication Systems 199 4.4 Linear Travelling Wave Antennas 201 4.5 Loop Antennas 204 4.5.1 Radiation resistance of a small loop 207 4.5.2 Directivity of a circular loop antenna 207 4.5.3 Fresnel zone and induction zone fields of a radiating magnetic loop 210 4.5.4 Q-factor of a small loop antenna 211 4.5.5 Non-circular loops 213 4.5.6 Radiation efficiency of a loop antenna 213 4.5.7 Loop antennas in wireless communication systems 215 4.5.8 Loop plus dipole antenna 216 4.6 Helical Antennas 217 4.6.1 Transmission modes of helices 218 4.6.2 Radiation modes of helices 219 4.6.3 Axial ratio and conditions for circular polarisation for helix 223 4.6.4 Feed arrangements and physical forms of helical antennas 223 4.6.5 Circumference-spacing chart of helical antennas 226 4.6.6 Helical antennas in wireless applications 227 4.6.7 Land mobile/satellite mobile compatible helix antenna 228 4.6.8 Bifilar/quadrifilar helical antennas 228 4.6.9 Normal mode helical antennas for portable phones 229 4.6.10 Helix antennas used in maritime and aeronautical systems 229 4.7 Spiral Antennas 229 4.7.1 Equiangular antennas 230 4.7.2 Log-periodic antennas 235 4.7.3 Self-complementary antennas 236 4.7.4 Application of log-periodic antennas 237 4.7.5 Spiral antennas used in wireless communication systems 237 4.8 Slot and Aperture Antennas 238 4.8.1 Slot antenna 238 4.8.2 Slots on conducting cylinders 243 4.8.3 Aperture antennas 245 4.8.4 Rectangular aperture on an infinite ground-plane 248 4.9 Horn Antennas 250 4.9.1 Conical horn antennas 250 4.9.2 Rectangular horn antenna 252 4.9.3 Sectoral horns 255 4.10 Reflector Antennas 260 4.10.1 Paraboloidal reflector versus parabolic cylindrical reflector 263 4.10.2 Concept of phase centre 264 4.10.3 Plane sheet reflector 265 4.10.4 Corner reflector antennas 266 4.11 Surface-installed Low Profile Antennas 269 4.11.1 The microstrip as a transmission line 273 Part II 279 4.12 Microstrip Antennas for Wireless Applications 279 4.12.1 Circular and rectangular microstrip patch antennas 280 4.12.2 Dual-frequency patch antennas 282 4.12.3 Circularly polarised microstrip antenna 283 4.12.4 Other versions of microstripline-based antennas of wireless units 284 4.13 Cavity-backed Patch Antenna 286 4.13.1 Loaded and cavity-backed small patch antennas 288 4.14 Multifunctional Patch/Planar Antennas 290 4.15 GPS-DCS Antennas 291 4.16 Printed Antennas 294 4.17 Aperture-coupled Patch Antennas 295 4.17.1 PIFA design considerations 299 4.17.2 PIFA antenna configurations 300 4.18 Active Patch Antennas 303 4.18.1 High-efficiency amplifiers for integration with wireless antennas 306 4.18.2 Active integrated antenna approach 307 4.18.3 Periodic structure approach 307 4.18.4 Combined approach 307 4.19 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 309 4.20 Short Backfire (SBF) Antennas 310 4.21 Dielectric Antennas 311 4.22 Mobile Satellite Antennas 311 4.23 Concluding Remarks 312 References 314 CHAPTER 5 ARRAY ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 322 5.1 Introduction 322 5.2 Theory of Antenna Arrays 324 5.2.1 Linear array of n isotropic point-sources of equal amplitude and spacing 325 5.2.2 Linear broadside array of point-sources 327 5.2.3 Ordinary end-fire array of point-sources 328 5.2.4 End-fire with increased directivity 329 5.2.5 Array with maximum field in an arbitrary direction 330 5.2.6 Direction of nulls and maxima for arrays of n isotropic point-sources of equal amplitude and spacing 330 5.2.7 Two isotropic point-sources of unequal amplitude and any phase difference 335 5.2.8 Non-isotropic similar point-sources and the principle of pattern multiplication 336 5.2.9 Array of non-isotropic and dissimilar point-sources 338 5.3 Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distribution 340 5.3.1 Linear arrays with optimum or Dolph-Tchebyscheff distribution 341 5.4 Planar and Volume Arrays 346 5.5 Feed Techniques for Array Antennas 349 5.5.1 Vertical radiation patterns of arrays versus feed arrangements 351 5.6 Arrays with Parasitic Elements 351 5.6.1 Yagi-Uda array 355 5.6.2 Planar Yagi antenna-like array 357 5.6.3 Slot/aperture arrays 359 5.7 Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays 364 5.8 Phased Arrays 366 5.8.1 Practical considerations in designing microstrip antenna arrays 367 5.8.2 Linear microstrip arrays 368 5.9 Array Techniques for Beamforming/Scanning 369 5.9.1 Lens-based beamformers/scanners 370 5.9.2 Bootlace lens concept and Rotman lens 371 5.9.3 Circuit-specified beamformers 372 5.10 Array Antennas in Wireless Communications 374 5.10.1 Base-station applications 374 5.10.2 Array antennas in mobile units 377 5.11 Concluding Remarks 378 References 380 CHAPTER 6 SMART ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS 382 6.1 Introduction 382 6.1.1 System aspects of smart antenna technology 385 6.2 Channel Models 385 6.2.1 Lee's model 388 6.2.1 A model of discretely disposed, uniform set of evenly-spread scatterers 389 6.2.3 Macrocell model 390 6.2.4 Microcell wideband model 390 6.2.5 Gaussian, wide-sense stationary, uncorrelated scattering (GWSSUS) model 391 6.2.6 Gaussian angle of arrival model 392 6.2.7 Time-varying vector channel model (Rayleigh's model) 392 6.2.8 Typical urban (TU) model 393 6.2.9 Bad urban (BU) model 393 6.2.10 Uniform sectored distribution model 394 6.2.11 Modified Saleh-Valenzuela's model 394 6.2.12 Extended tap delay-time model 394 6.2.13 Spatiotemporal model 395 6.2.14 Measurement-based model 395 6.2.15 Ray-tracing model 395 6.3 Smart Arrays: Antenna and Diversity Gains 396 6.3.1 Diversity combining technique 400 6.3.2 Types of smart antennas 401 6.4 Tracking and Switched Beam Array Techniques 404 6.5 Fixed Beamforming Strategies 405 6.6 Array-Processing through Beamforming 406 6.6.1 Basic beamforming algorithms 407 6.6.2 Adaptive array configurations 410 6.6.3 Switched-beam array configuration 410 6.7 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Techniques 419 6.8 Concluding Remarks 420 References 422 CHAPTER 7 ANTENNAS FOR INDOOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 424 7.1 Introduction 424 7.2 Indoor Ambient versus EM Wave Propagation 425 7.3 Indoor Antennas: Underlying Concepts 434 7.4 Indoor Antenna Characteristics 437 7.5 Indoor Wireless Communication Systems 438 7.5.1 Cordless wireless telephone 439 7.5.2 Wireless LAN (WLAN) 440 7.5.3 Bluetooth technology 446 7.6 Indoor Wireless Antenna Design Considerations 452 7.6.1 Traditional antennas for indoor applications: System-specific aspects 452 7.6.2 Cordless phone antennas 453 7.6.3 Antennas for two-way radios: Indoor deployment considerations 454 7.6.4 Antenna for 2.4 GHZ ISM band 455 7.6.5 PC-card antennas for 2.4 GHz ISM ISM band applications 458 7.6.6 Dual PIFA configurations 460 7.6.7 Dual-band antenna for 2.4 GHz and 5.7 GHz indoor wireless systems 461 7.6.8 Smart antennas for Bluetooth applications 462 7.6.9 Polarisation-switched antennas for indoor applications 467 7.6.10 Implementation of switched-polarisation antenna system 475 7.6.11 Circularly-polarised antennas for FH/CDMA based indoor wireless communication 476 7.6.12 Circularly-polarised patch antenna with switchable polarisation sense using PIN diode switching 478 7.6.13 mart antenna for high capacity indoor wireless systems 479 7.6.14 Smart indoor antenna for PCS receivers 481 7.7 Concluding Remarks 484 References 485 Appendix 7.1 Characteristics of Bluetooth Packets 488 Appendix 7.2 Multiple Indoor Wireless Transmissions 492 CHAPTER 8 BROADBAND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS 500 8.1 Introduction 500 8.2 Broadband Wireless Local Access 501 8.2.1 Local multiple distribution service 501 8.2.2 WLL based on wideband CDMA 513 8.3 Broadband Antennas for Wireless Systems 518 8.3.1 Broadband antennas: Bandwidth considerations 519 8.4 Wideband Techniques in Wireless Antenna Designs 520 8.4.1 Patch antenna with low, unloaded Q substrate 520 8.4.2 Vertically stacked patches 522 8.4.3 Single-plane multiple patches antenna 524 8.5 Indoor Broadband Wireless Antennas 526 8.5.1 An angular diversity antenna system for broadband WLAN 527 8.5.2 Bowtie-tie patch antennas/arrays for broadband indoor wireless communications 528 8.5.3 Broadband antenna with polarisation diversity for WLAN applications 530 8.6 Fractal Antennas 531 8.7 Concluding Remarks 533 References 534 Appendix 8.1 Details on LMDS Evolution 536 Abbreviations and Acronyms 540 Subject Index 546 Team DDU 1 Team DDU......Page 1 EDITORIAL FOREWORD......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 14 Tablf of contents......Page 16 1.1 Introduction......Page 26 1.2.1 A historical perspective and state-of-the-art wireless systems......Page 29 1.2.2 Cellular wireless technology......Page 30 1.3 Wireless Networks......Page 35 1.3.1 Cellular voice networks......Page 36 1.3.2 Personal communication systems and networks......Page 38 1.3.3 Wireless data networks......Page 39 1.3.4 Wireless LAN......Page 40 1.3.5 The BluetoothTM......Page 42 1.3.6 Wireless ATM (WATM) networks......Page 44 1.4 Wireless Systems Other than Cellular Telephony......Page 49 1.5 Satellite-dependent Mobile Systems......Page 50 1.6 Impairments to Wireless Communication......Page 52 1.7 Whither Antennas for Wireless Communications?......Page 54 1.8 Closure......Page 56 References......Page 58 2.2.1 Electric field......Page 60 2.2.2 Electric current......Page 63 2.2.3 Dielectric media......Page 67 2.2.4 Magnetic field......Page 68 2.2.6 Wave equations......Page 72 2.2.7 Transmission-line theory......Page 78 2.3 Electromagnetic Theory......Page 86 2.3.1 Electromagnetic waves......Page 87 2.4 Boundary Conditions in the EM Field......Page 90 2.4.1 Boundary conditions in the vicinity of a current sheet......Page 91 2.4.2 Boundary conditions in the vicinity of infinitely thin linear current filaments......Page 93 2.6 Normal and Surface Impedance Concepts......Page 94 2.7 Transmission Line and Maxwell's Equations......Page 95 2.7.1 EM wave equation in dielectrics and conductors......Page 97 2.7.2 Solution of EM wave equation in Cartesian co-ordinates......Page 100 2.7.3 EM waves at the interface between conductors and dielectrics......Page 103 2.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 105 References......Page 106 Appendix 2.1 Vector Calculus and Generalised Co-ordinate System......Page 108 3.1 Introduction......Page 110 3.2 EM Radiation and Antenna Principles......Page 111 3.2.1 Condition for radiation......Page 112 3.2.2 Mechanism of EM radiation......Page 113 3.3 Antenna Parameters......Page 116 3.4.1 Vector and scalar wave potentials......Page 121 3.5 Current Element as a Radiator......Page 124 3.5.1 Radiation from electric current element......Page 127 3.5.2 EM field produced by a given distribution of applied electric and magnetic currents......Page 128 3.5.4 Field of electric current element whose current varies arbitrarily with time......Page 129 3.6 EM Wave Propagation Models of Wireless Communication Channels......Page 130 3.7.1 EM propagation in a simple LoS link......Page 132 3.7.2 Reflection-specified propagation model......Page 133 3.8 Reflection of EM Wave at a Lossy Surface......Page 135 3.10 Reflections of TM and TE Wave......Page 136 3.11 Height-Gain for Antennas......Page 137 3.13 Diffraction of EM Waves in Wireless Communication Transmissions......Page 138 3.14 Scattering of EM Waves in Mobile Communication Scenario......Page 139 3.15 Signal Fading......Page 143 3.15.1 Flat-fading......Page 144 3.15.3 Fast-fading in indoor links......Page 145 3.15.4 Electromagnetics of fast-fading......Page 146 3.15.5 Macro- and micro-diversity considerations......Page 147 3.16 Antenna Selection and Specifications......Page 148 3.17 Outdoor Antennas: Siting Criteria......Page 151 3.17.1 Antenna installation guidelines......Page 152 3.17.2 Work practices to reduce RF radiation exposure......Page 153 3.19 Concluding Remarks......Page 155 References......Page 164 4.1 Introduction......Page 168 4.2 Electromagnetics of Antenna Structures......Page 170 4.2.1 Discrete antenna elements......Page 171 4.2.2 Linear antenna theory......Page 172 4.3 Dipoles in Wireless Communication Systems......Page 199 4.4 Linear Travelling Wave Antennas......Page 201 4.5 Loop Antennas......Page 204 4.5.2 Directivity of a circular loop antenna......Page 207 4.5.3 Fresnel zone and induction zone fields of a radiating magnetic loop......Page 210 4.5.4 Q-factor of a small loop antenna......Page 211 4.5.6 Radiation efficiency of a loop antenna......Page 213 4.5.7 Loop antennas in wireless communication systems......Page 215 4.5.8 Loop plus dipole antenna......Page 216 4.6 Helical Antennas......Page 217 4.6.1 Transmission modes of helices......Page 218 4.6.2 Radiation modes of helices......Page 219 4.6.4 Feed arrangements and physical forms of helical antennas......Page 223 4.6.5 Circumference-spacing chart of helical antennas......Page 226 4.6.6 Helical antennas in wireless applications......Page 227 4.6.8 Bifilar/quadrifilar helical antennas......Page 228 4.7 Spiral Antennas......Page 229 4.7.1 Equiangular antennas......Page 230 4.7.2 Log-periodic antennas......Page 235 4.7.3 Self-complementary antennas......Page 236 4.7.5 Spiral antennas used in wireless communication systems......Page 237 4.8.1 Slot antenna......Page 238 4.8.2 Slots on conducting cylinders......Page 243 4.8.3 Aperture antennas......Page 245 4.8.4 Rectangular aperture on an infinite ground-plane......Page 248 4.9.1 Conical horn antennas......Page 250 4.9.2 Rectangular horn antenna......Page 252 4.9.3 Sectoral horns......Page 255 4.10 Reflector Antennas......Page 260 4.10.1 Paraboloidal reflector versus parabolic cylindrical reflector......Page 263 4.10.2 Concept of phase centre......Page 264 4.10.3 Plane sheet reflector......Page 265 4.10.4 Corner reflector antennas......Page 266 4.11 Surface-installed Low Profile Antennas......Page 269 4.11.1 The microstrip as a transmission line......Page 273 4.12 Microstrip Antennas for Wireless Applications......Page 279 4.12.1 Circular and rectangular microstrip patch antennas......Page 280 4.12.2 Dual-frequency patch antennas......Page 282 4.12.3 Circularly polarised microstrip antenna......Page 283 4.12.4 Other versions of microstripline-based antennas of wireless units......Page 284 4.13 Cavity-backed Patch Antenna......Page 286 4.13.1 Loaded and cavity-backed small patch antennas......Page 288 4.14 Multifunctional Patch/Planar Antennas......Page 290 4.15 GPS-DCS Antennas......Page 291 4.16 Printed Antennas......Page 294 4.17 Aperture-coupled Patch Antennas......Page 295 4.17.1 PIFA design considerations......Page 299 4.17.2 PIFA antenna configurations......Page 300 4.18 Active Patch Antennas......Page 303 4.18.1 High-efficiency amplifiers for integration with wireless antennas......Page 306 4.18.4 Combined approach......Page 307 4.19 Dielectric Resonator Antennas......Page 309 4.20 Short Backfire (SBF) Antennas......Page 310 4.22 Mobile Satellite Antennas......Page 311 4.23 Concluding Remarks......Page 312 References......Page 314 5.1 Introduction......Page 322 5.2 Theory of Antenna Arrays......Page 324 5.2.1 Linear array of n isotropic point-sources of equal amplitude and spacing......Page 325 5.2.2 Linear broadside array of point-sources......Page 327 5.2.3 Ordinary end-fire array of point-sources......Page 328 5.2.4 End-fire with increased directivity......Page 329 5.2.6 Direction of nulls and maxima for arrays of n isotropic point-sources of equal amplitude and spacing......Page 330 5.2.7 Two isotropic point-sources of unequal amplitude and any phase difference......Page 335 5.2.8 Non-isotropic similar point-sources and the principle of pattern multiplication......Page 336 5.2.9 Array of non-isotropic and dissimilar point-sources......Page 338 5.3 Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distribution......Page 340 5.3.1 Linear arrays with optimum or Dolph-Tchebyscheff distribution......Page 341 5.4 Planar and Volume Arrays......Page 346 5.5 Feed Techniques for Array Antennas......Page 349 5.6 Arrays with Parasitic Elements......Page 351 5.6.1 Yagi-Uda array......Page 355 5.6.2 Planar Yagi antenna-like array......Page 357 5.6.3 Slot/aperture arrays......Page 359 5.7 Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays......Page 364 5.8 Phased Arrays......Page 366 5.8.1 Practical considerations in designing microstrip antenna arrays......Page 367 5.8.2 Linear microstrip arrays......Page 368 5.9 Array Techniques for Beamforming/Scanning......Page 369 5.9.1 Lens-based beamformers/scanners......Page 370 5.9.2 Bootlace lens concept and Rotman lens......Page 371 5.9.3 Circuit-specified beamformers......Page 372 5.10.1 Base-station applications......Page 374 5.10.2 Array antennas in mobile units......Page 377 5.11 Concluding Remarks......Page 378 References......Page 380 6.1 Introduction......Page 382 6.2 Channel Models......Page 385 6.2.1 Lee's model......Page 388 6.2.1 A model of discretely disposed, uniform set of evenly-spread scatterers......Page 389 6.2.4 Microcell wideband model......Page 390 6.2.5 Gaussian, wide-sense stationary, uncorrelated scattering (GWSSUS) model......Page 391 6.2.7 Time-varying vector channel model (Rayleigh's model)......Page 392 6.2.9 Bad urban (BU) model......Page 393 6.2.12 Extended tap delay-time model......Page 394 6.2.15 Ray-tracing model......Page 395 6.3 Smart Arrays: Antenna and Diversity Gains......Page 396 6.3.1 Diversity combining technique......Page 400 6.3.2 Types of smart antennas......Page 401 6.4 Tracking and Switched Beam Array Techniques......Page 404 6.5 Fixed Beamforming Strategies......Page 405 6.6 Array-Processing through Beamforming......Page 406 6.6.1 Basic beamforming algorithms......Page 407 6.6.3 Switched-beam array configuration......Page 410 6.7 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Techniques......Page 419 6.8 Concluding Remarks......Page 420 References......Page 422 7.1 Introduction......Page 424 7.2 Indoor Ambient versus EM Wave Propagation......Page 425 7.3 Indoor Antennas: Underlying Concepts......Page 434 7.4 Indoor Antenna Characteristics......Page 437 7.5 Indoor Wireless Communication Systems......Page 438 7.5.1 Cordless wireless telephone......Page 439 7.5.2 Wireless LAN (WLAN)......Page 440 7.5.3 Bluetooth technology......Page 446 7.6.1 Traditional antennas for indoor applications: System-specific aspects......Page 452 7.6.2 Cordless phone antennas......Page 453 7.6.3 Antennas for two-way radios: Indoor deployment considerations......Page 454 7.6.4 Antenna for 2.4 GHZ ISM band......Page 455 7.6.5 PC-card antennas for 2.4 GHz ISM ISM band applications......Page 458 7.6.6 Dual PIFA configurations......Page 460 7.6.7 Dual-band antenna for 2.4 GHz and 5.7 GHz indoor wireless systems......Page 461 7.6.8 Smart antennas for Bluetooth applications......Page 462 7.6.9 Polarisation-switched antennas for indoor applications......Page 467 7.6.10 Implementation of switched-polarisation antenna system......Page 475 7.6.11 Circularly-polarised antennas for FH/CDMA based indoor wireless communication......Page 476 7.6.12 Circularly-polarised patch antenna with switchable polarisation sense using PIN diode switching......Page 478 7.6.13 mart antenna for high capacity indoor wireless systems......Page 479 7.6.14 Smart indoor antenna for PCS receivers......Page 481 7.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 484 References......Page 485 Appendix 7.1 Characteristics of Bluetooth Packets......Page 488 Appendix 7.2 Multiple Indoor Wireless Transmissions......Page 492 8.1 Introduction......Page 500 8.2.1 Local multiple distribution service......Page 501 8.2.2 WLL based on wideband CDMA......Page 513 8.3 Broadband Antennas for Wireless Systems......Page 518 8.3.1 Broadband antennas: Bandwidth considerations......Page 519 8.4.1 Patch antenna with low, unloaded Q substrate......Page 520 8.4.2 Vertically stacked patches......Page 522 8.4.3 Single-plane multiple patches antenna......Page 524 8.5 Indoor Broadband Wireless Antennas......Page 526 8.5.1 An angular diversity antenna system for broadband WLAN......Page 527 8.5.2 Bowtie-tie patch antennas/arrays for broadband indoor wireless communications......Page 528 8.5.3 Broadband antenna with polarisation diversity for WLAN applications......Page 530 8.6 Fractal Antennas......Page 531 8.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 533 References......Page 534 Appendix 8.1 Details on LMDS Evolution......Page 536 Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 540 Subject Index......Page 546 The primary goal of this text is to present the salient aspects of antenna technology and relate these to working applications. It contains a mix of topics; covering the analytical aspects of indoor and outdoor antennas and their relevance to wireless/mobile communications, along with descriptions of the underlying principles and the associated antenna design considerations. The scope of the book covers industry-oriented research, design and development of wireless antennas and is suitable as a course text for students at postgraduate and undergraduate level.