Antenna Handbook : Theory, Applications, and Design

Techniques based on the method of modal expansions, the Rayleigh-Stevenson expansion in inverse powers of the wavelength, and also the method of moments solution of integral equations are essentially restricted to the analysis of electromagnetic radiating structures which are small in terms of the wavelength. It therefore becomes necessary to employ approximations based on "high-frequency techniques" for performing an efficient analysis of electromagnetic radiating systems that are large in terms of the wavelength. One of the most versatile and useful high-frequency techniques is the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), which was developed around 1951 by J. B. Keller [1,2,3]. A class of diffracted rays are introduced systematically in the GTD via a generalization of the concepts of classical geometrical optics (GO). According to the GTD these diffracted rays exist in addition to the usual incident, reflected, and transmitted rays of GO. The diffracted rays in the GTD originate from certain "localized" regions on the surface of a radiating structure, such as at discontinuities in the geometrical and electrical properties of a surface, and at points of grazing incidence on a smooth convex surface as illustrated in Fig. 1. In particular, the diffracted rays can enter into the GO shadow as well as the lit regions. Consequently, the diffracted rays entirely account for the fields in the shadow region where the GO rays cannot exist. Front Matter....Pages i-vii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Basics....Pages 3-51 Theorems and Formulas....Pages 53-96 Techniques for Low-Frequency Problems....Pages 97-194 Techniques for High-Frequency Problems....Pages 195-311 Front Matter....Pages 313-313 Radiation from Apertures....Pages 315-346 Receiving Antennas....Pages 347-378 Wire and Loop Antennas....Pages 379-429 Horn Antennas....Pages 431-516 Frequency-Independent Antennas....Pages 517-637 Microstrip Antennas....Pages 639-712 Array Theory....Pages 713-803 The Design of Waveguide-Fed Slot Arrays....Pages 805-842 Periodic Arrays....Pages 843-910 Aperiodic Arrays....Pages 911-947 Reflector Antennas....Pages 949-1072 Lens Antennas....Pages 1073-1131 Front Matter....Pages 1133-1133 Millimeter-Wave Antennas....Pages 1135-1282 Practical Aspects of Phased Array Design....Pages 1283-1312 Beam-Forming Feeds....Pages 1313-1434 Antennas on Aircraft, Ships, or Any Large, Complex Environment....Pages 1435-1534 Front Matter....Pages 1133-1133 Satellite Antennas....Pages 1537-1649 Remote Sensing and Microwave Radiometry....Pages 1651-1702 Antennas for Geophysical Applications....Pages 1703-1728 Antennas for Medical Applications....Pages 1729-1788 Direction-Finding Antennas....Pages 1789-1814 Standard AM Antennas....Pages 1815-1861 TV and FM Broadcast Antennas....Pages 1863-1903 Front Matter....Pages 1905-1905 Transmission Lines and Waveguides....Pages 1907-1962 Propagation....Pages 1963-2018 Antenna Response to Electromagnetic Pulses....Pages 2019-2050 Radome Electromagnetic Design....Pages 2051-2081 Measurement of Antenna Radiation Characteristics on Far-Field Ranges....Pages 2083-2173 Near-Field Far-Field Antenna Measurements....Pages 2175-2205 Back Matter....Pages 2207-2305