Annual plant : sources of fibres, nanocellulose and cellulosic derivatives : processing, properties and applications

This book gives an overview of the processing, properties, and applications of fibers and cellulose derivatives obtained from annual plant materials in the formation of non-wood source of pulp. The book comprises illustrations and tables summarizing the latest research on the production of fibers and cellulose derivatives using several key methods and/or characterization techniques. This book collates the information and knowledge of new ways to prepare cellulosic derivatives and describe the concepts and architecture of fibers obtained from annual plants. This book caters to researchers, policymakers, and industrial practitioners who are interested in natural fibers as a way to preserve the forest resource and to satisfy the increasing demand in pulps. Preface Contents About the Editors Characterization and Comparative Evaluation of Structural, Chemical, Thermal, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Plant Fibers 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Characterization 3 Structural Aspects 3.1 Chemical Composition 3.2 Microfibrillar Angle 3.3 Density 3.4 Aspect Ratio 4 Mechanical Properties 4.1 Mechanical Properties of Untreated Plant Fibers 4.2 Mechanical Properties of Treated Plant Fibers 5 FTIR Spectrum Analysis 6 X-ray Diffraction Analysis 7 Microscopic Analysis 8 Thermogravimetric Analysis 9 Conclusions References Chemical Characterization of Natural Species and Study of Their Application for Papermaking 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Composition of Some Lignocellulosic Raw Materials 2.1 Cellulose 2.2 Hemicellulose 2.3 Lignin 2.4 Extractives 2.5 Ash 2.6 Alkali, Cold and Hot Water Solubility 2.7 Chemical Composition of Some Lignocellulosic Natural Species 3 Pulping Processes and Fiber Properties 3.1 Pulping Processes 3.2 Fiber Properties 4 Papermaking Process and Properties of Paper from Natural Species 4.1 Papermaking Process 4.2 Properties of Paper from Natural Species 5 Conclusion References Recent Developments in Pretreatment Strategies on Annual Plant Residues for Bioethanol Production: Technological Progress and Challenges 1 Introduction 2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Structure and Composition 3 Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Biomass 3.1 Physical Pretreatments 3.2 Chemical Pretreatments 3.3 Physico-chemical Pretreatments 3.4 Biological Pretreatments 3.5 Combined Pretreatments 4 Biological Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 5 Cell Immobilization 6 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) Technology 7 Evolutionary Engineering 8 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering 9 Conclusion References Nanocellulose from Date Palm: Production, Properties and Applications 1 Introduction 2 Date Palm Tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) 2.1 Anatomy and Morphology 2.2 Production Status 2.3 Traditional Uses of Date Palm 3 Date Palm Tree Lignocellulose Fiber 3.1 Composition 3.2 Chemical and Physical Structures 4 Date Palm Tree Nanocelluloses and Its Modification 4.1 Preparation and Pre-treatments 4.2 Properties and Applications 5 Conclusions References Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibril from annual Plant 1 Introduction 2 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF): Definition, Properties, and Applications 3 Production Methods of Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) 3.1 Chemical Pre-treatments 3.2 Mechanical Disintegration Processes 4 Characterization Techniques and Quality Assessment of CNF 4.1 Microscopy-Based Analysis 4.2 Rheology 4.3 Thermal Analysis 4.4 Mechanical Characterization 4.5 Structural Analysis 5 Conclusions References Characterization of Nanocellulose Obtained from Cactus 1 Introduction 2 Cactus as a Natural Resource 2.1 Origin, History, and Social Impact of Cactus 2.2 Characteristics of Cactus Plant 2.3 Chemical Composition of Cactus Plant 3 Nanocellulose Production Methods 3.1 Cellulose Microfibers from Cactus 3.2 Cellulose Nanofibers from Cactus 3.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals from Cactus 4 Characterization of Nanocellulose 4.1 Structural Analysis 4.2 Crystalline Structure 4.3 Thermal Behaviour 4.4 Morphological Properties 4.5 Colloidal Stability 4.6 Rheological Behaviour 5 Potential Applications of Nanocellulose 6 Conclusions References Corn Crop Residues as Source to Obtain Cellulose Nanocrystals 1 The Corn Plant 2 Composition of Vegetable Fibers 2.1 Cellulose 2.2 Hemicellulose 2.3 Lignin 3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) 4 Using Corn Residues to Obtain Cellulose Nanocrystals 5 Conclusion References Recent Nanocelullose Applications for Sustainable Agriculture—A Review 1 Historical Evolution of Nanocellulose in Agriculture 2 Nanocellulose for Agricultural Resources 2.1 Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) 2.2 Controlled Release Formulations (CRFs) of Pesticides 2.3 Water Conditioning of Soils 2.4 Water (Bio)Remediation 3 Nanocellulose for Agricultural Products 3.1 Protective Coating of Food 3.2 Enhanced Food Packaging Films 3.3 Future Perspective in Nanocellulose Based Food Protection 4 Nanocellulose in Agricultural Infrastructures 4.1 Efficient Energy System (EES) Management 4.2 Enhanced Durability and/or Recyclability of Agricultural Features References Alternative Adhesives for Composites Made of Annual Plants 1 Introduction 2 Biopolymers 2.1 Casein 2.2 Polylactic Acid 2.3 Starch 2.4 Soybean 2.5 Chitosan 2.6 Tannins 3 Mineral Binders 3.1 Portland Cement 3.2 Lime and Hydraulic Lime 3.3 Gypsum 3.4 Geopolymers References Annual Plant Reinforced Biocomposite Fiberboards—Investigation on Mechanical Properties 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Natural Fibers 3 Properties of Natural Fibers 3.1 Properties of Non-wood Fibers 3.2 Properties of Wood 4 Mechanical Properties of Fiberboards 4.1 Fiberboards from Flax Fibers 4.2 Fiberboards from Hemp Fibers 4.3 Fiberboards from Ramie Fibers 4.4 Fiberboards from Kenaf Fibers 4.5 Fiberboards from Jute Fibers 4.6 Fiberboards from Sisal Fibers 4.7 Fiberboards from Coir 4.8 Fiberboards from Banana 4.9 Fiberboards from Oil Palm Biomass 4.10 Fiberboards from Rice Straw/Husk 4.11 Fiberboards from Canola Straw 4.12 Fiberboards from Wheat Straw 4.13 Fiberboards from Bagasse Fibers 4.14 Fiberboards from Bamboo Fibers 4.15 Fiberboards from Wood 5 Conclusions References Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted from Annual Plants 1 Introduction 2 Cellulose Nanocrystals from Annual Plants Fibers 2.1 Structure of Annual Plant Fibers 2.2 Cellulose Extraction 2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals Extraction 3 Cellulose Nanocrystals Properties 3.1 Morphology and Crystallinity 3.2 Mechanical Properties 3.3 Thermal Properties 3.4 Rheological Properties 4 Nanocomposites Based Cellulose Nanocrystals 4.1 Processing Techniques 4.2 Effect of Modified CNC Reinforced Plastic Composites 4.3 Nanocomposite’s Performance Enhancement Mechanisms 5 Conclusions References Advances in the Production of Cellulose Nanomaterials and Their Use in Engineering (Bio)Plastics 1 Introduction 2 Production Routes for Cellulose Nanomaterials 2.1 Cellulose Nanofibrils 2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals 2.3 Two Families with Different Properties 3 Cellulose Nanomaterials in Engineering (Bio)Plastics 3.1 Modification of CNM for Thermoplastic Composites 3.2 CNM as Reinforcing Agents in Thermoplastic Composites 3.3 CNM as Interfacial Agent in Thermoplastic Blends and Composites 4 Conclusions References An Overview on the Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanocellulose 1 Introduction 2 Application of Nanocellulose in Drug Delivery 2.1 Oral Delivery 2.2 Ocular Delivery 2.3 Pulmonary Delivery 2.4 Parenteral Delivery 2.5 Dermal Delivery 2.6 Transdermal Delivery 2.7 Implantable Delivery Systems 3 Future Prospects 4 Conclusion References Preparation and Characterization of Cellulosic Derivatives from Annual Plant 1 Introduction 2 Types of Cellulose Derivatives Isolated from Annual Plants 2.1 Cellulose Microfiber (CMF) 2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 2.3 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) 3 Progress in Different Techniques of Extraction of Cellulose from Annual Plants 3.1 Pre-treatments 3.2 Bleaching 3.3 Acid Hydrolysis 3.4 Mechanical Process 3.5 Post-treatments 4 Characterization of Cellulosic Derivatives from Annual Plants 4.1 Morphology 4.2 Thermal Stability 4.3 Chemical Structure 4.4 Rheology Behavior 4.5 Surface Charge Density 4.6 Zeta Potential Measurement 5 Conclusions References Structure and Properties of Cellulose and Its Derivatives 1 Introduction 2 Cellulose and Its Derivatives Sources 3 Structure of Cellulose and Its Derivatives 3.1 Molecular Structure 3.2 Supramolecular Structure 3.3 Morphological Structure 4 Properties of Cellulose Derivatives 4.1 Chemical Properties 4.2 Thermal Stability 4.3 Rheological Properties 4.4 Optical Properties 5 Conclusions References Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste for the Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous Solution 1 Introduction 2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 3 Processing Techniques for of Activated Carbon Obtainment 3.1 Carbonization 3.2 Activation 4 Different Forms of Activated Carbon 4.1 Activated Carbon Powder (CAP) 4.2 Granular Activated Carbon (CAG) 4.3 Extruded Activated Carbon 4.4 Activated Carbon Fabric (CAT) 5 Structure and Texture of Activated Carbon 6 Function Surface of Activated Carbon 7 Application of Activated Carbon for Wastewater Treatment 7.1 Dyes 7.2 Heavy Metals 7.3 Pharmaceutical Products (PPs) 8 Conclusion References Valorization of Annual Plants in Removing Synthetic Dyes 1 Introduction 2 Synthetic Dyes 2.1 Chemical Structure and Classification 2.2 Source of Dyes in the Environment 2.3 Global Dyes Market 2.4 Toxicity and Environmental Impact 3 Annual Plants for Dye Removal 3.1 Annual Plant Availability 3.2 Plant Based–Adsorbents 3.3 Annual Plant–Based Coagulants/Flocculants 3.4 Advantages and Drawbacks 4 Conclusion and Prospects References Schinus Molle: Currently Status and Opportunity 1 Introduction 2 Anacardiaceae Family 3 Schinus Molle 3.1 Botanical Description 3.2 Local Common Names 3.3 Description 3.4 Geographical Distribution 3.5 Applications 4 Conclusion References