Annual Documents of Deliveries (mu-Du) to the Central Administration: (Archive L. 2769)

The Central Archive of Ebla (24th century BC) preserved a series of annual documents which allow us to reconstruct on one side the incomes of metals and garments to the Central Administration, and on the other side the expenditures of metals in the shape of objects (weapons, decorative objects, and jewels) for about forty-six years. To date, this documentary sequence is unparalleled in the entire body of cuneiform literature. It encompasses the eleven years of the reign of Irkab-damu (Arrukum being his minister for the last six years), and the thirty-five years of his son Is'ar-damu (when the ministers were first Ibrium, and then his son Ibbi-zikir). This volume includes the annual documents concerning the incomes, together with partial and recapitulative accounts, for a total of 110 texts. Numbers 1 and 2 also register the amounts of silver and gold connected to two previous kings. These metals were hoarded in bars and also in vessels of standard weights. By far, most of the goods were collected yearly by the minister; further silver and garments were delivered by a dozen of "lords" at the head of "gates" (a term that denominate areas which included several villages), and by "overseers" of villages. The city-states which recognized Ebla's hegemony also delivered small tributes. The silver collected during Ibrium's eighteen years amounted to more than 3,571 kg, while Ibbi-zikir delivered personally 2,640 kg of silver and 206 kg of gold of low quality. The remarkable increase of the incomes shows that the administration of the state was still in the process of being organized. The kingdom of Ebla extended from the present Syrian-Turkish border as far as Hama, about 200 km north-south, and Mari dominated the Euphrates valley from the present Syrian-Iraqi border up to Al-Raqqa. This proves that northern Syria must have preceded Mesopotamia in the formation of the regional state by several decades. The Central Archive of Ebla (24th century BC) preserved a series of annual documents which allow us to reconstruct on one side the incomes of metals and garments to the Central Administration, and on the other side the expenditures of metals in the shape of objects (weapons, decorative objects, and jewels) for about forty-six years. To date, this documentary sequence is unparalleled in the entire body of cuneiform literature. It encompasses the eleven years of the reign of Irkab-damu (Arrukum being his minister for the last six years), and the thirty-five years of his son Iš'ar-damu (when the ministers were first Ibrium, and then his son Ibbi-zikir). This volume includes the annual documents concerning the incomes, together with partial and recapitulative accounts, for a total of 110 texts. Numbers 1 and 2 also register the amounts of silver and gold connected to two previous kings. These metals were hoarded in bars and also in vessels of standard weights. By far, most of the goods were collected yearly by the minister; further silver and garments were delivered by a dozen of “lords" at the head of “gates" (a term that denominate areas which included several villages), and by “overseers" of villages. The city-states which recognized Ebla’s hegemony also delivered small tributes. The silver collected during Ibrium’s eighteen years amounted to more than 3,571 kg, while Ibbi-zikir delivered personally 2,640 kg of silver and 206 kg of gold of low quality. The remarkable increase of the incomes shows that the administration of the state was still in the process of being organized. The kingdom of Ebla extended from the present Syrian-Turkish border as far as Ḥama, about 200 km north-south, and Mari dominated the Euphrates valley from the present Syrian-Iraqi border up to Al-Raqqa. This proves that northern Syria must have preceded Mesopotamia in the formation of the regional state by several decades. Images can be downloaded from the publisher's homepage. The copyright of the images is held by Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria - Sapienza Università di Roma Cover Title Pages Table of Contents Foreword Abbreviations References List of the documents and the find spots List of the inventory numbers of the tablets Catalogue of the documents 1. DOCUMENTS OF THE YEARS 1‒7 OF KING IRKAB-DAMU Introduction Texts and commentaries 2. DOCUMENTS OF MINISTER ARRUKUM (Years ca. 7/8‒11/12 of king Irkab-damu) Introduction Texts and commentaries 3. DOCUMENTS OF MINISTER IBRIUM (Years 1‒18 of king Iš‛ar‒damu) Introduction Texts and commentaries 4. DOCUMENTS OF MINISTER IBBI-ZIKIR (Years 19‒36 of King Iš‛ar-damu) Introduction Texts and commentaries Gold and silver stored in bars, vessels, and employed in jars Plating with gold and silver Indexes 1. Personal names 2. Geographical names 3. Divine names Glossary Plates I-LXXV