Animals and the Shaping of Modern Medicine: One Health and its Histories (Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History)

This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book breaks new ground by situating animals and their diseases at the very heart of modern medicine. In demonstrating their historical significance as subjects and shapers of medicine, it offers important insights into past animal lives, and reveals that what we think of as ‘human’ medicine was in fact deeply zoological. Each chapter analyses an important episode in which animals changed and were changed by medicine. Ranging across the animal inhabitants of Britain’s zoos, sick sheep on Scottish farms, unproductive livestock in developing countries, and the tapeworms of California and Beirut, they illuminate the multi-species dimensions of modern medicine and its rich historical connections with biology, zoology, agriculture and veterinary medicine. The modern movement for One Health – whose history is also analyzed – is therefore revealed as just the latest attempt to improve health by working across species and disciplines. This book will appeal to historians of animals, science and medicine, to those involved in the promotion and practice of One Health today. Preface 7 Contents 10 List of Figures 13 List of Tables 14 Chapter 1 Introduction: Centring Animals Within Medical History 15 1.1 Why Animals? 18 1.2 Writing Animal Histories 21 1.3 Animals in Medical History 25 1.4 One Health and its Histories 28 Bibliography 34 Chapter 2 Doctors in the Zoo: Connecting Human and Animal Health in British Zoological Gardens, c.1828–1890 41 2.1 Disease and Death in the Zoo 46 2.1.1 Public Health 49 2.1.2 Bedside Medicine 53 2.1.3 Hospital Medicine 57 2.2 Comparative Perspectives 60 2.2.1 The Pursuit of Comparative Pathology 63 2.2.2 Tuberculosis and Rickets 68 2.3 Conclusion 72 Bibliography 75 Chapter 3 From Coordinated Campaigns to Watertight Compartments: Diseased Sheep and their Investigation in Britain, c.1880–1920 84 3.1 Coordinated Campaigns 88 3.2 Research Reconfigurations 100 3.3 Watertight Compartments 110 3.4 Conclusion 116 Bibliography 120 Chapter 4 From Healthy Cows to Healthy Humans: Integrated Approaches to World Hunger, c.1930–1965 131 4.1 Cows in Interwar Medicine and Agriculture 135 4.2 War and its Aftermath 142 4.3 Healthy Cows, Healthy Humans 148 4.4 Conclusion 159 Bibliography 162 Chapter 5 The Parasitological Pursuit: Crossing Species and Disciplinary Boundaries with Calvin W. Schwabe and the Echinococcus Tapeworm, 1956–1975 Rachel Mason Dentinger 173 5.1 Pursuing Echinococcus in Beirut: The Parasitology of Calvin W. Schwabe 177 5.2 Echinococcus Leaves the Laboratory: Schwabe’s Parasitology at the Population Level 183 5.3 Following Echinococcus Across the Globe: Schwabe’s Persistent Parasitology 188 5.4 Conclusion 196 Bibliography 199 Chapter 6 Humans, Other Animals and ‘One Health’ in the Early Twenty-First Century 204 6.1 One Health or Many? 209 6.1.1 Calvin Schwabe and One Medicine 211 6.1.2 The Wildlife Conservation Society 216 6.1.3 The Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute 218 6.1.4 The One Health Initiative and Commission 220 6.2 The Animal Subjects of One Health 225 6.2.1 Animals in One Health Research Texts 226 6.2.2 Animals in One Health Imagery 230 6.3 Conclusion 236 Bibliography 238 Chapter 7 Conclusion 248 Appendix: Annotated Bibliography of Animals in the History of Medicine 257 Index 279

This book breaks new ground by situating animals and their diseases at the very heart of modern medicine. In demonstrating their historical significance as subjects and shapers of medicine, it offers important insights into past animal lives, and reveals that what we think of as 'human' medicine was in fact deeply zoological. Each chapter analyses an important episode in which animals changed and were changed by medicine. Ranging across the animal inhabitants of Britain's zoos, sick sheep on Scottish farms, unproductive livestock in developing countries, and the tapeworms of California and Beirut, they illuminate the multi-species dimensions of modern medicine and its rich historical connections with biology, zoology, agriculture and veterinary medicine. The modern movement for One Health – whose history is also analyzed – is therefore revealed as just the latest attempt to improve health by working across species and disciplines. This book will appeal to historians of animals, science and medicine, to those involved in the promotion and practice of One Health today.

Front Matter ....Pages i-xvii Introduction: Centring Animals Within Medical History (Abigail Woods, Michael Bresalier, Angela Cassidy, Rachel Mason Dentinger)....Pages 1-26 Doctors in the Zoo: Connecting Human and Animal Health in British Zoological Gardens, c.1828–1890 (Abigail Woods)....Pages 27-69 From Coordinated Campaigns to Watertight Compartments: Diseased Sheep and their Investigation in Britain, c.1880–1920 (Abigail Woods)....Pages 71-117 From Healthy Cows to Healthy Humans: Integrated Approaches to World Hunger, c.1930–1965 (Michael Bresalier)....Pages 119-160 The Parasitological Pursuit: Crossing Species and Disciplinary Boundaries with Calvin W. Schwabe and the Echinococcus Tapeworm, 1956–1975 (Rachel Mason Dentinger)....Pages 161-191 Humans, Other Animals and ‘One Health’ in the Early Twenty-First Century (Angela Cassidy)....Pages 193-236 Conclusion (Abigail Woods, Michael Bresalier, Angela Cassidy, Rachel Mason Dentinger)....Pages 237-245 Back Matter ....Pages 247-280