تغذیه حیوانات

The latest edition of this classic text has been reorganised to provide a clear and comprehensive introduction to the science and practice of animal nutrition. Animal Nutrition is split into six main sections covering: The components of food; The digestion and metabolism of nutrients; Quantifying the nutrient content of foods: digestibility, energy and protein values; The nutrient requirements of animals; The nutritional characteristics of foods; and Animal products and human nutrition. The Appendices provides comprehensive tables on the composition of foods and feeding standards for dairy and beef cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry, and horses. The text is supported by key experimental evidence throughout. Quantitative aspects of the subject are clearly explained and illustrated by worked examples. Problems and solutions have now been added to all chapters to aid student learning. Cover......Page 1 Animal Nutrition......Page 2 Contents......Page 6 Preface to the seventh edition......Page 12 Acknowledgements......Page 13 Part 1 The components of foods......Page 20 The animal and its food......Page 22 Water......Page 23 Analysis and characterisation of foods......Page 24 Summary......Page 33 Further reading......Page 34 Classification of carbohydrates......Page 35 Monosaccharides......Page 37 Monosaccharide derivatives......Page 39 Oligosaccharides......Page 42 Polysaccharides......Page 45 Summary......Page 49 Further reading......Page 50 Classification of lipids......Page 51 Fats......Page 52 Glycolipids......Page 62 Phospholipids......Page 63 Waxes......Page 65 Steroids......Page 66 Terpenes......Page 69 Questions......Page 70 Further reading......Page 71 Amino acids......Page 72 Peptides......Page 78 Structure of proteins......Page 79 Classification of proteins......Page 80 Nucleic acids......Page 82 Other nitrogenous compounds......Page 85 Nitrates......Page 86 Summary......Page 87 Further reading......Page 88 introduction......Page 89 Fat-soluble vitamins......Page 93 The vitamin B complex......Page 106 Vitamin C......Page 118 Hypervitaminosis......Page 119 Summary......Page 120 Further reading......Page 121 Functions of minerals......Page 122 Natural and supplementary sources of minerals......Page 126 Acid–base balance......Page 129 Major elements......Page 131 Trace elements......Page 140 Other elements......Page 154 Further reading......Page 155 Part 2 The digestion and metabolism of nutrients......Page 158 Enzymes......Page 160 Classification of enzymes......Page 161 Nature of enzymes......Page 163 Mechanism of enzyme action......Page 165 Specific nature of enzymes......Page 167 Factors affecting enzyme activity......Page 169 Nomenclature of enzymes......Page 173 Further reading......Page 174 Digestion in monogastric mammals......Page 175 Microbial digestion in ruminants and other herbivores......Page 190 Alternative sites of microbial digestion......Page 205 Nutrient digestion and the environment......Page 207 Summary......Page 208 Historical reference......Page 210 Metabolism......Page 211 Energy metabolism......Page 213 Protein synthesis......Page 232 Fat synthesis......Page 238 Carbohydrate synthesis......Page 245 Control of metabolism......Page 251 Summary......Page 252 Further reading......Page 253 Part 3 Quantifying the nutrient content of foods: digestibility, energy and protein values......Page 254 Evaluation of foods: digestibility......Page 256 Measurement of digestibility......Page 257 Validity of digestibility coefficients......Page 262 Digestibility in different sections of the digestive tract......Page 263 Factors affecting digestibility......Page 266 Measurement of mineral availability......Page 270 Questions......Page 271 Further reading......Page 272 Demand for energy......Page 273 Supply of energy......Page 274 Animal calorimetry: methods for measuring heat production and energy retention......Page 281 Utilisation of metabolisable energy......Page 289 Summary......Page 297 Questions......Page 298 Further reading......Page 299 Evaluation of foods: systems for expressing the energy value of foods......Page 300 Energy systems and energy models......Page 301 Energy systems for ruminants......Page 302 Energy systems for pigs and poultry......Page 314 Energy systems for horses......Page 316 Predicting the energy value of foods......Page 317 Summary......Page 319 Further reading......Page 320 Historical references......Page 321 Crude protein......Page 322 Digestible crude protein......Page 324 Determination of endogenous nitrogen......Page 325 Measures of protein quality for monogastric animals......Page 327 Measures of food protein used in practice in the feeding of pigs and poultry......Page 334 Measures of food protein used in practice in the feeding of horses......Page 336 Measures of protein quality for ruminant animals......Page 337 The UK metabolisable protein system......Page 350 Feed into Milk......Page 352 Summary......Page 356 Questions......Page 357 Further reading......Page 358 Part 4 The nutrient requirements of animals......Page 360 Feeding standards for maintenance and growth......Page 362 Nutrient requirements for maintenance......Page 364 Nutrient requirements for growth......Page 380 Nutrient requirements for wool production......Page 392 Mineral and vitamin requirements for maintenance and growth......Page 394 Nutritional control of growth......Page 397 Summary......Page 400 Historical reference......Page 402 Feeding standards for reproduction......Page 403 Nutrition and the initiation of reproductive ability......Page 404 Plane of nutrition, fertility and fecundity......Page 406 Egg production in poultry......Page 410 Nutrition and the growth of the foetus......Page 414 Summary......Page 421 Further reading......Page 422 Lactation......Page 424 Sources of milk constituents......Page 425 Nutrient requirements of the lactating dairy cow......Page 429 Nutrient requirements of the lactating goat......Page 459 Nutrient requirements of the lactating ewe......Page 463 Nutrient requirements of the lactating sow......Page 468 Nutrient requirements of the lactating mare......Page 472 Summary......Page 476 Questions......Page 477 Further reading......Page 478 Voluntary intake of food......Page 480 Food intake in monogastric animals......Page 481 Food intake in ruminants......Page 487 Prediction of food intake......Page 493 Summary......Page 495 Further reading......Page 496 Part 5 The nutritional characteristics of foods......Page 498 Pastures and grazing animals......Page 500 Grasses......Page 501 Legumes......Page 510 Other forages......Page 513 Summary......Page 516 Further reading......Page 517 Silage, ensilage and silos......Page 518 Role of plant enzymes in ensilage......Page 519 Role of microorganisms in ensilage......Page 520 Nutrient losses in ensilage......Page 524 Classification of silages......Page 525 Nutritive value of silages......Page 530 Whole crop cereal and legume silages......Page 536 Summary......Page 538 Further reading......Page 539 Hay......Page 540 Artificially dried forages......Page 545 Straws and related by-products......Page 546 Further reading......Page 551 Roots......Page 552 Tubers......Page 556 Questions......Page 558 Further reading......Page 559 The nutrient composition of grains......Page 560 Barley......Page 562 Maize......Page 570 Oats......Page 572 Wheat......Page 573 Other cereals......Page 574 Cereal processing......Page 577 Summary......Page 580 Further reading......Page 581 Oilseed cakes and meals......Page 582 Oilseed residues of minor importance......Page 594 Leguminous seeds......Page 595 Animal protein concentrates......Page 598 Milk products......Page 603 Single-cell protein......Page 604 Synthetic amino acids......Page 605 Non-protein nitrogen compounds as protein sources......Page 606 Summary......Page 610 Further reading......Page 611 Antibiotics......Page 613 Probiotics......Page 615 Oligosaccharides......Page 618 Enzymes......Page 619 Organic acids......Page 621 Spray-dried plasma......Page 623 Modifiers of rumen fermentation......Page 624 Summary......Page 625 Further reading......Page 626 Part 6 Animal products and human nutrition......Page 628 Comparative nutrition......Page 630 The contribution of animal products to human requirements......Page 632 Objections to the use of animal products......Page 636 Future trends in the consumption of animal products......Page 641 Further reading......Page 642 Appendix 1: Solutions to numerical questions......Page 644 Appendix 2: Notes on tables......Page 650 Index......Page 684 Animal Nutrition is a core text for undergraduates in Animal Science, Veterinary Science, Agriculture, Biology and Biochemistry studying this subject. It also provides a standard reference text for agricultural advisers, animal nutritionists and manufacturers of animal feeds.--COVER