Animal locomotion.. The physics of flying, the hydrodynamics of swimming

The physical principles of swimming and flying in animals are intriguingly different from those of ships and airplanes. The study of animal locomotion therefore holds a special place not only at the frontiers of pure fluid dynamics research, but also in the applied field of biomimetics, which aims to emulate salient aspects of the performance and function of living organisms. For example, fluid dynamic loads are so significant for swimming fish that they are expected to have developed efficient flow control procedures through the evolutionary process of adaptation by natural selection, which might in turn be applied to the design of robotic swimmers. And yet, sharply contrasting views as to the energetic efficiency of oscillatory propulsion – especially for marine animals – demand a careful assessment of the forces and energy expended at realistic Reynolds numbers. For this and many other research questions, an experimental approach is often the most appropriate methodology. This holds as much for flying animals as it does for swimming ones, and similar experimental challenges apply – studying tethered as opposed to free locomotion, or studying the flow around robotic models as opposed to real animals. This book provides a wide-ranging snapshot of the state-of-the-art in experimental research on the physics of swimming and flying animals. The resulting picture reflects not only upon the questions that are of interest in current pure and applied research, but also upon the experimental techniques that are available to answer them. Cover Animal Locomotion: The physics of flying, The hydrodynamics of swimming Copyright - ISBN: 3642116329 Preface Table of Contents PART I The hydrodynamics of swimming Swimming hydrodynamics: ten questions and the technical approaches needed to resolve them Introduction Ten questions for swimming hydrodynamics Conclusions A potential-flow, deformable-body model for fluid–structure interactions with compact vorticity: application to animal swimming measurements Introduction Experimental and analytical methods Results Discussion References Wake visualization of a heaving and pitching foil in a soap film Introduction Dimensionless parameterization of a flapping foil Flapping foil mechanism Soap film tunnel Visualization setup Vortex wake symmetry of a flapping foil Concluding remarks References A harmonic model of hydrodynamic forces produced by a flapping fin Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions References Flowfield measurements in the wake of a robotic lamprey Introduction Experiment Results Conclusions References Impulse generated during unsteady maneuvering of swimming fish Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion References Do trout swim better than eels? Challenges for estimating performance based on the wake of self-propelled bodies Introduction Wake flow Wake power Conclusions and prospectus References Time resolved measurements of the flow generated by suction feeding fish Powered control mechanisms contributing to dynamically stable swimming in porcupine puffers (Teleostei: $Diodon holocanthus$) Introduction Experiments Results and discussion Conclusions References Fluid dynamics of self-propelled microorganisms, from individuals to concentrated populations Introduction Collective phenomena: the Zooming BioNematic (ZBN) Coherence of polar and angular order: a novel use of PIV Recruiting into ZBN domains Modeling self-propelled microorganisms Flows and forces Swimming by microscopic organisms in ambient water flow Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions References Water-walking devices Introduction Design principles Rowing Leaping Meniscus climbing Concluding remarks References Flapping flexible fish Introduction Methods Results Discussion References Vortex dynamics in the wake of a mechanical fish Introduction Experimental set-up Results Conclusions References Investigation of flow mechanism of a robotic fish swimming by using flow visualization synchronized with hydrodynamic force measurement Introduction Experimental apparatus and technology Results and analysis Conclusions and Discussion References PART II The physics of flying PIV-based investigations of animal flight Introduction Control volume methods Flight of birds and bats Extensions and variations Conclusions Wing–wake interaction reduces power consumption in insect tandem wings Introduction The mechanical dragonfly model Lift and drag production in tandem wings Induced power during wing phasing Aerodynamic power during wing phasing Aerodynamic efficiency (Figure of Merit) Conclusions References Experimental investigation of some aspects of insect-like flapping flight aerodynamics for application to micro air vehicles Introduction Aims and objectives Experimental setup Uncertainty analysis Results and discussion Conclusions References Design and development considerations for biologically inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles Introduction Knoller–Betz–Katzmayr effect Flow over harmonically plunging airfoils Boundary layer and flow separation control by means of harmonically plunging airfoils Thrust measurements of oscillating airfoils in biplane arrangement Experimental tests of the complete micro air vehicle Summary and outlook References Smoke visualization of free-flying bumblebees indicates independent leading-edge vortices on each wing pair Introduction Experimental details Results Conclusions References The influence of airfoil kinematics on the formation of leading-edge vortices in bio-inspired flight Introduction Background Experimental setup Parameter space Results Conclusions References Wake patterns of the wings and tail of hovering hummingbirds Introduction Phase relationships between hummingbird wings and tail Methods for recording flow features in hovering hummingbirds PIV flow field analysis Results of flow measurements Discussion References Characterization of vortical structures and loads based on time-resolved PIV for asymmetric hovering flapping flight Introduction Experimental tools Results and discussion Conclusion References Unsteady fluid–structure interactions of membrane airfoils at low Reynolds numbers Introduction Experimental setup and methods Results Conclusions References Aerodynamic and functional consequences of wing compliance Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References Shallow and deep dynamic stall for flapping low Reynolds number airfoils Introduction Experimental and computational setup Results Conclusion References High-fidelity simulations of moving and flexible airfoils at low Reynolds numbers Introduction Methodology Transitional flow over stationary SD7003 airfoil Transitional flow over plunging SD7003 airfoil Flexible membrane airfoil Summary and conclusions References High-speed stereo DPIV measurement of wakes of two bat species flying freely in a wind tunnel Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusion References Time-resolved wake structure and kinematics of bat flight Introduction Experimental methods Results and discussion Concluding remarks References Experimental investigation of a flapping wing model Introduction Methods and materials Results Discussion Conclusions References Aerodynamics of intermittent bounds in flying birds Introduction Methods Results Discussion References Experimental analysis of the flow field over a novel owl based airfoil Introduction Construction of an artificial owl based wing Experimental setup and measurement techniques Results and discussion Conclusion and outlook References The aerodynamic forces and pressure distribution of a revolving pigeon wing Introduction Methods Results and discussion References Author Index pt. 1. The hydrodynamics of swimming. Swimming hydrodynamics : ten questions and the technical approaches needed to resolve them / George V. Lauder A potential-flow, deformable-body model for fluid-structure interactions with compact vorticity : application to animal swimming measurements / Jifeng Peng, John O. Dabiri Wake visualization of a heaving and pitching foil in a soap film / Florian T. Muijres, David Lentink A harmonic model of hydrodynamic forces produced by a flapping fin / David N. Beal, Promode R. Bandyopadhyay Flowfield measurements in the wake of a robotic lamprey / Marcus Hultmark, Megan Leftwich, Alexander J. Smits Impulse generated during unsteady maneuvering of swimming fish / Brenden P. Epps, Alexandra H. Techet Do trout swim better than eels? : challenges for estimating performance based on the wake of self-propelled bodies / Eric D. Tytell Time resolved measurements of the flow generated by suction feeding fish / Steven W. Day, Timothy E. Higham, Peter C. Wainwright Powered control mechanisms contributing to dynamically stable swimming in porcupine puffers (Teleostei: Diodon holocanthus) / Alexis M. Wiktorowicz, Dean V. Lauritzen, Malcolm S. Gordon Fluid dynamics of self-propelled microorganisms, from individuals to concentrated populations / Luis H. Cisneros ... [et al.] Swimming by microscopic organisms in ambient water flow / M.A.R. Koehl, Matthew A. Reidenbach Water-walking devices / David L. Hu, Manu Prakash, Brian Chan, John W.M. Bush Flapping flexible fish : periodic and secular body reconfigurations in swimming lamprey, Petromyzon marinus / Robert G. Root ... [et al.] Vortex dynamics in the wake of a mechanical fish / Christoph Brücker, Horst Bleckmann Investigation of flow mechanism of a robotic fish swimming by using flow visualization synchronized with hydrodynamic force measurement / Guang-Kun Tan ... [et al.]. pt. 2. The physics of flying. PIV-based investigations of animal flight / Geoffrey R. Spedding, Anders Hedenström Wing-wake interaction reduces power consumption in insect tandem wings / Fritz-Olaf Lehmann Experimental investigation of some aspects of insect-like flapping flight aerodynamics for application to micro air vehicles / Salman A. Ansari ... [et al.] Design and development considerations for biologically inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles / Kevin D. Jones, Max F. Platzer Smoke visualization of free-flying bumblebees indicates independent leading-edge vortices on each wing pair / Richard James Bomphrey, Graham K. Taylor, Adrian L.R. Thomas The influence of airfoil kinematics on the formation of leading-edge vortices in bio-inspired flight / David Rival, Tim Prangemeier, Cameron Tropea Wake patterns of the wings and tail of hovering hummingbirds / Douglas L. Altshuler ... [et al.] Characterization of vortical structures and loads based on time-resolved PIV for asymmetric hovering flapping flight / T. Jardin, Laurent David, A. Farcy Unsteady fluid-structure interactions of membrane airfoils at low Reynolds numbers / P. Rojratsirikul, Z. Wang, I. Gursul Aerodynamic and functional consequences of wing compliance / Andrew M. Mountcastle, Thomas L. Daniel Shallow and deep dynamic stall for flapping low Reynolds number airfoils / Michael V. Ol ... [et al.] High-fidelity simulations of moving and flexible airfoils at low Reynolds numbers / Miguel R. Visbal, Raymond E. Gordnier, Marshall C. Galbraith High-speed stereo DPIV measurement of wakes of two bat species flying freely in a wind tunnel / Anders Hedenström ... [et al.] Time-resolved wake structure and kinematics of bat flight / Tatjana Y. Hubel ... [et al.] Experimental investigation of a flapping wing model / Tatjana Y. Hubel, Cameron Tropea Aerodynamics of intermittent bounds in flying birds / Bret W. Tobalske, Jason W.D. Hearn, Douglas R. Warrick Experimental analysis of the flow field over a novel owl based airfoil / Stephan Klän ... [et al.] The aerodynamic forces and pressure distribution of a revolving pigeon wing / James R. Usherwood.