Английский язык. Часть II: Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов факультета «Водные биоресурсы и аквакультура»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ Unit 1 Text A Ichthyology Text B 16th–17th century Unit 2 Text A Modern Era Text B Careers in Ichthyology Unit 3 Text A Description of the Fish Text B Description of the Fish (Continuation) Unit 4 Text A The Most Widely Cultured Groups of Fishes Carps will spawn naturally in ponds, though hatcheries are often maintained. Hormones may be injected into the adults to induce spawning. Eggs and milt may be obtained by manual stripping. The eggs are maintained in a hatchery and the young fish are stocked into nursery ponds. The system is relatively simple. Carp are able to tolerate fairly wide ranges in environmental conditions, so the technology required for their culture is not highly sophisticated. The second most widely cultured group of fishes in the world today is the tilapias. Tilapias are native to the Middle East and North Africa, but have been introduced throughout the tropical world and into many subtropical areas. Most species die when water temperatures fall below 10C. Therefore, culture in temperature climates depends on production of a crop during the warm months and maintenance of brook stock in warm water (often in indoor heated holding facilities) during winter. Various species of tilapia are under culture around the world today, primarily in the tropics. All off the popular ones are known for their rapid growth, ease of production and heartiness. Tilapias are extremely tolerant of poor water quality, reproduce readily in almost any environment and reach market size within several months. Most species feed on a combination of plants and animals, and they do not require high cost prepared feeds unless they are being reared at high densities where natural food supplies become exhausted. Tilapias are popular in subsistence culture in much of Africa, the Far East and Latin America. Commercial production is highly developed in Israel, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Jamaica and various other nations. Гормоны можно вводить взрослым особям; выводить четыре вида карпа в одном пруду; тиляпии выносливы к воде плохого качества; нереститься; белый амур и толстолобик; вводить гормоны взрослым особям; поддерживать потомство в теплой воде; требовать дорогого готового корма; вызывать нерест; культивируемый и большеголовый карп; удобрять пруды; тиляпии; аквакультура как пропитание; запасы пищи истощаются; сложная технология. 3. Китайские карпы включают культивируемого карпа, большеголового карпа, толстолобика и белого амура. 4. Китайцы в совершенстве овладели искусством разведения карпов (to have a perfect command of smth) 10. Карпов кормят либо готовым кормом, либо пруды удобряют органическими удобрениями, которые способствуют быстрому росту растительных и животных организмов. 11. Тиляпии - вторая группа широко культивируемых рыб в мире, однако тиляпии очень чувствительны к изменению температуры воды. 12.Тиляпии - теплолюбивый вид (warm water) рыб, они погибают, когда температура воды опускается ниже 50F (10°C). Text B Trout Unit 5 Text A Саrp Text B Carp (Commercial Breeding) Unit 6 Text A Salmon Text B Whitefish Unit 7 Text A New Fish Discovered in the Bellingshausen Sea Text B Genetics and Reproduction Many aquatic species broadcast their eggs and sperm into water. The fertilized eggs will become members of the plankton community. Upon hatching, the larval animals may continue to swim about in the plankton until they grow sufficiently large to enter the benthos or nekton community. This type of reproductive scenario is typical of shrimp, crabs, lobsters, oysters and certain types of fishes (red drum and striped bass). More specialized reproductive modes are used by many of the species of aquaculture interest. Channel catfish lay eggs in adhesive masses (about 30.000 eggs). Tilapia males construct shallow nests in pond bottoms into which eggs are deposited and fertilized. After fertilization, the female picks up the eggs in her mouth and retains them until after the fry hatch and are able to survive on their own. Trout and salmon lay their eggs in shallow nests (known as reds) constructed in the gravel bottoms of lakes and streams. In order to control reproduction in the hatchery environment, the aqua culturist must understand how the species of interest behaves under natural conditions. Those conditions can be replicated then. In some instances, however, culture environments have been set up to duplicate natural conditions, but the brood animals refuse to spawn. Under those circumstances, hormone injections can be used to induce spawning. Once fertilized eggs are obtained, they need to be incubated under the proper conditions (temperature and light may be important, as are dissolved oxygen level and, in the case of marine fishes, salinity, among others). Eggs of trout, salmon and catfish are relatively large and resilient, so high water flow rates are tolerated. At the same time, some exchange of water is required to dilute waste products like ammonia which are produced by developing eggs and larvae. Some eggs hatch into larvae within 24-48 hours after fertilization, while others may require several weeks or even months of incubation. Generally, warm water species develop and hatch quickly, while coldwater species require considerable time periods for development. Exercise 1. Read the text B and answer the following questions to the text: 1. Is it necessary to have all components of the life cycle of the species under control? 2. Why are wild bloodstock obtained? 3. Is the life cycle from the egg through adult controlled by aqua culturist? 4. Does aquaculture species require certain conditions for reproduction? 5. What is the key to inducing spawning? Exercise 2. Translate the sentences: 1. Необходимо держать все составляющие жизненного цикла аквакультуры под контролем. 2. У нас нет достаточных знаний, для того чтобы выращивать в неволе рыбу до взрослого состояния. 3. Каждый вид аквакультуры для репродукции требует определённых условий. 4. Нерест можно вызвать изменением температуры, увеличением или снижением количества дневного света, либо сочетанием этих условий. 5. Оплодотворённые яйца станут частями планктонного сообщества. Unit 8 Text A Fisheries In the simplest definition, a fishery is a union of fishes and humans. Fisheries involve the taking of living organisms from water for human use, primarily as food. Other uses for these resources include the manufacture of jewelry, furs, purses, buttons, drugs and the pursuit of pleasure. Fisheries exist for species other than fin fish and shellfish, including such things as seaweeds, sponges, corals, jelly fish, sea urchins, frogs and turtles. Fisheries supply industries and provide occupations and recreation. In all, people are major predators upon fishes, shellfishes and other aquatic organisms, and have been for many thousands of years. There is little reason to think of fisheries as “unnatural” sources of loss to living aquatic resources. Predation, whether by humans or not, is a rule in aquatic ecosystems rather than an exception. The sustaining principle in fisheries is that organisms are generally able to reproduce enough to repopulate following heavy losses, whether those losses are due to predation, environmental extremes, or other causes. Humans can be extremely effective predators, however, and we now have the capability to harvest stocks beyond their abilities to recover. We also realize that, and we can adjust our predatory impacts over the short term in order to maximize them over the long term. This idea, sacrificing the short-term gain to assure greater success over the long term, brings forth a host of conflicts among participants in a fishery. Most of these conflicts are unique to human predators. The scale and degree of capitalization of fisheries varies considerably-from heavily capitalized, “high-tech” off shore operations where much of the product is processed at sea and sold throughout the world, to “low-tech” near shore operations, often operating at subsistence levels and without the benefit of refrigeration, commercial long distance transportation and product processing. Fisheries of the latter type are common in developing countries that have fishery resources but lack a sophisticated economic infrastructure. Such fisheries are called artisan fisheries. Finally, we have the practice of fishing for pleasure. This spectrum of possibilities offers a great challenge to fishery scientists owing to the wide range of separate, often conflicting uses of fishery resources. 4. Человек является главным потребителем водных организмов. Text B History of Fisheries Океанический промысел; истощение запасов; обезглавленная и потрошеная рыба; кошельковый промысел; замораживание в плиточном морозильном аппарате; оценка органолептических качеств; максимально допустимый вылов; обработка рыбы; установление 200 - мильной зоны; состав улова; замораживание в потоке воздуха; промысловые районы; ярусный промысел; прибрежные государства; рыбная мука; прибрежный промысел; донный трал. Unit 9 Text A Fishery and Ecological Problems Text B Laminaria Culture in Japan Vocabulary List Unit 10 Text A Fish Adaptations Text B Fish Adaptations (continuation) Vocabulary List Unit 11 Text A Fish Adaptations (continuation) Vocabulary List Text B Examples of Symbiosis Vocabulary List Unit 12 Text A Marine Symbiosis: Clownfish and Anemones Vocabulary List Text B Marine Symbiosis: Clownfish and Anemones (Continuation) Vocabulary List зооксантелла, симбиотическая (бурая), obligate (adj) – облигатный, обязательный, водоросль требующий определенных условий lunar (adj) – лунный Unit 13 Text A Fish migration Vocabulary List Text B Crab Migration Vocabulary List Unit 14 Text A Crustacean Migration Investigation Vocabulary List Text B Studying the Daily Movements of Krill in the Southern Ocean (Continuation) Vocabulary List Unit 15 Text A (1) Fish Health Management Text A (2) Fish Medicine Text B Fish Physiology Unit 16 Text A Necropsy and Diagnostic Techniques Text B Environmentally Induced Fish Diseases Text C Head and Lateral Line Erosion Disease (HLLD or HLLE) – Hole-in-the-Head Disease Unit 17 Text A Diseases (Aquatic Organisms and Parasites) Vocabulary List Text B Parasitic Diseases Unit 18 Text A Dissolved Gases Text B Nitrogenous Compounds 1. Бобылева С.В., Жаткин Д.Н. Английский язык для экологов и биотехнологов М. Из-во «Флинта», Изв-во «Наука» 2008. 2. Дьякова Н.П. Английский язык. Сборник текстов и упражнений для студентов старших курсов специальностей 301800 “Промышленное рыболовство”, 311700 “Водные биоресурсы и аквакультура” и направления 552400 “Технология продуктов питания”. Петропавловск-Камчатский, Камчат ГТУ, 2004 . 3. Комарова Е.Н. Английский язык для специальностей «Зоотехния» и « Ветеринария» М. Изд-во: Академия, 2010. 4. Blacks Student Veterinary Dictionary, Edited by Edward Borden, 2007. 5. The Merck Veterinary Manual,Eighth Edition, 1998.