مدیریت خشم: رابطه دیپلماتیک پرچالش بین هند و پاکستان

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. The long-awaited revision of the most respected resource on Internal Combustion Engines --covering the basics through advanced operation of spark-ignition and diesel engines. Written by one of the most recognized and highly regarded names in internal combustion engines this trusted educational resource and professional reference covers the key physical and chemical processes that govern internal combustion engine operation and design. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Second Edition, has been thoroughly revised to cover recent advances, including performance enhancement, efficiency improvements, and emission reduction technologies. Highly illustrated and cross referenced, the book includes discussions of these engines’ environmental impacts and requirements. You will get complete explanations of spark-ignition and compression-ignition (diesel) engine operating characteristics as well as of engine flow and combustion phenomena and fuel requirements. Coverage includes: • Engine types and their operation • Engine design and operating parameters • Thermochemistry of fuel-air mixtures • Properties of working fluids • Ideal models of engine cycles • Gas exchange processes • Mixture preparation in spark-ignition engines • Charge motion within the cylinder • Combustion in spark-ignition engines • Combustion in compression-ignition engines • Pollutant formation and control • Engine heat transfer • Engine friction and lubrication • Modeling real engine flow and combustion processes • Engine operating characteristics Contents Preface Acknowledgments Commonly Used Symbols, Subscripts, and Abbreviations a SYMBOLS SUBSCRIPTS NOTATION ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1 Engine Types and Their Operation 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1.2 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS 1.3 ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES 1.4 ENGINE COMPONENTS 1.5 MULTICYLINDER ENGINES 1.6 SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION 1.7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUR-STROKE SI ENGINES 1.8 COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION 1.9 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINES 1.10 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE OPERATION 1.11 FUELS PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 2 Engine Design and Operating Parameters 2.1 IMPORTANT ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS 2.2 GEOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES 2.3 FORCES IN RECIPROCATING MECHANISM 2.4 BRAKE TORQUE AND POWER 2.5 INDICATED WORK PER CYCLE 2.6 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY 2.7 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 2.8 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EFFICIENCY 2.9 AIR/FUEL AND FUEL/AIR RATIOS 2.10 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY 2.11 SPECIFIC POWER, SPECIFC WEIGHT, AND SPECIFIC VOLUME 2.12 CORRECTION FACTORS FOR POWER AND VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY 2.13 SPECIFIC EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS INDEX 2.14 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 2.15 ENGINE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DATA 2.16 VEHICLE POWER REQUIREMENTS PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 3 Thermochemistry of Fuel-Air Mixtures 3.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAMES 3.2 IDEAL GAS MODEL 3.3 COMPOSITION OF AIR AND FUELS 3.4 COMBUSTION STOICHIOMETRY 3.5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION c 3.6 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO COMBUSTION 3.7 CHEMICALLY REACTING GAS MIXTURES PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 4 Properties of Working Fluids 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 UNBURNED MIXTURE COMPOSITION 4.3 GAS PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS 4.4 A SIMPLE ANALYTIC IDEAL GAS MODEL 4.5 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY CHARTS 4.6 TABLES OF PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION 4.7 COMPUTER ROUTINES FOR PROPERTY AND COMPOSITION CALCULATIONS 4.8 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 4.9 EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 5 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 IDEAL MODELS OF ENGINE PROCESSES 5.3 THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS FOR ENGINE PROCESSES 5.4 CYCLE ANALYSIS WITH IDEAL GAS WORKING FLUID WITH c v AND c p CONSTANT 5.5 FUEL-AIR CYCLE ANALYSIS 5.6 OVEREXPANDED ENGINE CYCLES 5.7 AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS OF ENGINE PROCESSES 5.8 COMPARISON WITH REAL ENGINE CYCLES PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 6 Gas Exchange Processes 6.1 INTAKE AND EXHAUST PROCESSES IN THE FOUR-STROKE CYCLE 6.2 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY 6.3 FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND PORTS 6.4 RESIDUAL GAS FRACTION 6.5 EXHAUST GAS FLOW RATE AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION 6.6 SCAVENGING IN TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES 6.7 FLOW THROUGH TWO-STROKE ENGINE PORTS 6.8 SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 7 Mixture Preparation in SI Engines 7.1 SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE MIXTURE REQUIREMENTS 7.2 FUEL METERING OVERVIEW 7.3 CENTRAL (THROTTLE-BODY) FUEL INJECTION 7.4 PORT (MULTIPOINT) FUEL INJECTION 7.5 AIR FLOW PHENOMENA 7.6 FUEL FLOW PHENOMENA: PORT FUEL INJECTION 7.7 DIRECT FUEL INJECTION 7.8 EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSORS 7.9 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS 7.10 LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS AND NATURAL GAS PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 8 Charge Motion within the Cylinder 8.1 INTAKE-GENERATED FLOWS 8.2 MEAN VELOCITY AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS 8.3 SWIRL 8.4 TUMBLE 8.5 PISTON-GENERATED FLOWS: SQUISH 8.6 SWIRL, TUMBLE, SQUISH FLOW INTERACTIONS 8.7 PRECHAMBER ENGINE FLOWS 8.8 CREVICE FLOWS AND BLOWBY 8.9 FLOWS GENERATED BY PISTON CYLINDER-WALL INTERACTION PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 9 Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines 9.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF PROCESS 9.2 THERMODYNAMICS OF SI ENGINE COMBUSTION 9.3 FLAME STRUCTURE AND SPEED 9.4 CYCLIC VARIATIONS IN COMBUSTION, PARTIAL BURNING, AND MISFIRE 9.5 SPARK IGNITION 9.6 ABNORMAL COMBUSTION: SPONTANEOUS IGNITION AND KNOCK PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 10 Combustion in Compression-Ignition Engines 10.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF PROCESS 10.2 TYPES OF DIESEL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS 10.3 DIESEL ENGINE COMBUSTION 10.4 FUEL SPRAY BEHAVIOR 10.5 IGNITION DELAY 10.6 MIXING-CONTROLLED COMBUSTION 10.7 ALTERNATIVE COMPRESSION-IGNITION COMBUSTION APPROACHES PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 11 Pollutant Formation and Control 11.1 NATURE AND EXTENT OF PROBLEM 11.2 NITROGEN OXIDES 11.3 CARBON MONOXIDE 11.4 HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS 11.5 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS 11.6 EXHAUST GAS TREATMENT PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 12 Engine Heat Transfer 12.1 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER 12.2 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER 12.3 HEAT TRANSFER AND ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE 12.4 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER 12.5 RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER 12.6 MEASUREMENTS OF INSTANTANEOUS HEAT-TRANSFER RATES 12.7 THERMAL LOADING AND COMPONENT TEMPERATURES PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 13 Engine Friction and Lubrication 13.1 BACKGROUND 13.2 DEFINITIONS 13.3 FRICTION FUNDAMENTALS 13.4 MEASUREMENT METHODS 13.5 ENGINE FRICTION DATA 13.6 MECHANICAL FRICTION COMPONENTS 13.7 PUMPING FRICTION 13.8 ACCESSORY POWER REQUIREMENTS 13.9 ENGINE FRICTION MODELING 13.10 OIL CONSUMPTION 13.11 LUBRICANTS PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER 14 Modeling Real Engine Flow and Combustion Processes 14.1 PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS 14.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR AN OPEN THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM 14.3 INTAKE AND EXHAUST FLOW MODELS 14.4 THERMODYNAMIC-BASED IN-CYLINDER MODELS 14.5 FLUID-MECHANIC-BASED MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELS REFERENCES CHAPTER 15 Engine Operating Characteristics 15.1 ENGINE DESIGN OBJECTIVES 15.2 ENGINE PERFORMANCE 15.3 OPERATING VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SI ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY, AND EMISSIONS 15.4 SI ENGINE COMBUSTION SYSTEM DESIGN 15.5 VARIABLES THAT AFFECT DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY, AND EMISSIONS 15.6 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES 15.7 NOISE, VIBRATION, AND HARSHNESS 15.8 ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND FUELS SUMMARY PROBLEMS REFERENCES APPENDIX A Unit Conversion Factors APPENDIX B Ideal Gas Relationships B.1 IDEAL GAS LAW B.2 THE MOLE B.3 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES B.4 MIXTURES OF IDEAL GASES APPENDIX C Equations for Fluid Flow through a Restriction C.1 LIQUID FLOW C.2 GAS FLOW REFERENCES APPENDIX D Data on Working Fluids Index **Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.****The long-awaited revision of the most respected resource on Internal Combustion Engines --covering the basics through advanced operation of spark-ignition and diesel engines.**Written by one of the most recognized and highly regarded names in internal combustion engines this trusted educational resource and professional reference covers the key physical and chemical processes that govern internal combustion engine operation and design.__Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Second Edition,__has been thoroughly revised to cover recent advances, including performance enhancement, efficiency improvements, and emission reduction technologies. Highly illustrated and cross referenced, the book includes discussions of these engines' environmental impacts and requirements. You will get complete explanations of spark-ignition and compression-ignition (diesel) engine operating characteristics as well as of engine flow and combustion phenomena and fuel requirements.Coverage includes:- Engine types and their operation- Engine design and operating parameters- Thermochemistry of fuel-air mixtures- Properties of working fluids- Ideal models of engine cycles- Gas exchange processes- Mixture preparation in spark-ignition engines- Charge motion within the cylinder- Combustion in spark-ignition engines- Combustion in compression-ignition engines- Pollutant formation and control- Engine heat transfer- Engine friction and lubrication- Modeling real engine flow and combustion processes- Engine operating characteristics