Ancient Rome: From Romulus and Remus to the Visigoth Invasion (The Britannica Guide to Ancient Civilizations)

"Echoes of ancient Roman concepts of governance, law, and society still ring throughout the world today. A stranger to neither war nor wealth, ancient Rome was shaped as much by strife as it was by prosperity. The expansion of the Roman Empire was buoyed by this culture's tendency to embrace traditions of its newly assimilated peoples, making Rome a cradle of endless and enduring possibilities. The history of an exceptional empire is recounted in this sweeping volume."-- Provided by publisher TITLE......Page 4 COPYRIGHT......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 6 INTRODUCTION......Page 11 CHAPTER 1 ROME FROM ITS ORIGINS TO 264 BC......Page 18 EARLY ITALY......Page 19 HISTORICAL SOURCES ON EARLY ROME......Page 20 THE REGAL PERIOD, 753–509 BC......Page 22 THE FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC......Page 24 THE STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS......Page 25 THE DICTATORSHIP......Page 27 THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES......Page 28 THE PLEBEIAN TRIBUNATE......Page 29 MILITARY TRIBUNES WITH CONSULAR POWER......Page 31 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES......Page 32 ROMAN EXPANSION IN ITALY......Page 35 THE SAMNITE WARS......Page 36 THE PYRRHIC WAR, 280–275 BC......Page 38 FIRST PUNIC WAR (264–241 BC)......Page 40 BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS (241–218 BC)......Page 42 SECOND PUNIC WAR (218–201 BC)......Page 43 CAMPAIGNS IN SICILY AND SPAIN......Page 46 THE WAR IN AFRICA......Page 48 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ROMAN HEGEMONY IN THE MEDITERANEAN WORLD......Page 49 ROMAN EXPANSION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN......Page 50 ROMAN EXPANSION IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN......Page 54 EXPLANATIONS OF ROMAN EXPANSION......Page 57 BEGINNINGS OF PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION......Page 58 CITIZENSHIP AND POLITICS IN THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC......Page 59 CULTURE AND RELIGION......Page 62 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY......Page 67 SOCIAL CHANGES......Page 73 ROME AND ITALY......Page 75 AFTERMATH OF VICTORIES......Page 78 THE REFORM MOVEMENT OF THE GRACCHI (133–121 BC)......Page 79 THE PROGRAM AND CAREER OF TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS......Page 80 THE PROGRAM AND CAREER OF GAIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS......Page 82 THE CAREER OF GAIUS MARIUS......Page 84 EVENTS IN ASIA......Page 86 DEVELOPMENTS IN ITALY......Page 87 CIVIL WAR AND THE RULE OF LUCIUS SULLA......Page 88 THE EARLY CAREER OF POMPEY......Page 91 POMPEY AND CRASSUS......Page 93 POLITICAL SUSPICION AND VIOLENCE......Page 95 THE FINAL COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (59–44 BC)......Page 96 POLITICAL MANEUVERS......Page 97 CIVIL WAR......Page 98 THE TRIUMVIRATE AND OCTAVIAN’S ACHIEVEMENT OF SOLE POWER......Page 99 INTELLECTUAL LIFE OF THE LATE REPUBLIC......Page 101 GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC......Page 102 PHILOSOPHY AND POETRY......Page 103 THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE EMPIRE UNDER THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS......Page 105 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRINCIPATE UNDER AUGUSTUS......Page 106 THE ROMAN SENATE AND THE URBAN MAGISTRACIES......Page 108 ADMINISTRATION OF ROME AND ITALY......Page 111 ADMINISTRATION OF THE PROVINCES......Page 112 THE ARMY......Page 114 FOREIGN POLICY......Page 116 ECONOMIC LIFE......Page 118 AUGUSTAN ART AND LITERATURE......Page 119 APPRAISAL OF AUGUSTUS......Page 121 THE SUCCESSION......Page 122 THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS......Page 125 THE EARLY ANTONINE EMPERORS: NERVA AND TRAJAN......Page 128 HADRIAN AND THE OTHER ANTONINE EMPERORS......Page 130 THE EMPIRE IN THE SECOND CENTURY......Page 133 TREND TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY......Page 134 POLITICAL LIFE......Page 135 ROME AND ITALY......Page 136 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PROVINCES......Page 138 THE ARMY......Page 149 CULTURAL LIFE......Page 150 SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS......Page 154 MACRINUS......Page 158 ELAGABALUS AND SEVERUS ALEXANDER......Page 159 RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL LIFE IN THE THIRD CENTURY......Page 160 THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY......Page 162 CULTURAL LIFE FROM THE ANTONINES TO CONSTANTINE......Page 164 MILITARY ANARCHY AND THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE (235–270)......Page 165 THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS......Page 167 DIFFICULTIES IN THE EAST......Page 168 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISIS......Page 169 THE RECOVERY OF THE EMPIRE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DOMINATE (270–337)......Page 171 DIOCLETIAN......Page 173 STRUGGLE FOR POWER......Page 178 THE REIGN OF CONSTANTINE......Page 179 THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER THE FOURTH-CENTURY SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINE......Page 182 THE REIGN OF JULIAN......Page 184 THE REIGN OF VALENTINIAN AND VALENS......Page 185 THE REIGN OF GRATIAN AND THEODOSIUS I......Page 187 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS......Page 189 THE REMNANTS OF PAGAN CULTURE......Page 191 THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH......Page 192 THE ECLIPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST (C. 395–500) AND THE GERMAN MIGRATIONS......Page 194 THE BEGINNING OF GERMANIC HEGEMONY IN THE WEST......Page 195 BARBARIAN KINGDOMS......Page 196 ANALYSIS OF THE DECLINE AND FALL......Page 197 APPENDIX A: TABLE OF ROMAN EMPERORS FROM 27 BC THROUGH AD 476......Page 199 APULIANS......Page 203 BRUTTIANS......Page 204 ETRUSCANS......Page 205 HERNICIANS......Page 207 LATINS......Page 208 LIGURIANS......Page 209 SABINES......Page 210 SICANS......Page 211 VENETIANS......Page 212 VOLSCIANS......Page 213 GLOSSARY......Page 214 ROME FROM ITS ORIGINS TO 264 BC......Page 216 THE LATE REPUBLIC (133–31 BC)......Page 218 THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE (31 BC–AD 193)......Page 219 THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE......Page 220 INDEX......Page 222 TITLE 4 COPYRIGHT 5 CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION 11 CHAPTER 1 ROME FROM ITS ORIGINS TO 264 BC 18 EARLY ITALY 19 HISTORICAL SOURCES ON EARLY ROME 20 THE REGAL PERIOD, 753–509 BC 22 THE FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC 24 THE STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS 25 THE CONSULSHIP 27 THE DICTATORSHIP 27 THE SENATE 28 THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES 28 THE PLEBEIAN TRIBUNATE 29 MILITARY TRIBUNES WITH CONSULAR POWER 31 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES 32 ROMAN EXPANSION IN ITALY 35 THE SAMNITE WARS 36 THE PYRRHIC WAR, 280–275 BC 38 CHAPTER 2 THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC (264–133 BC) 40 FIRST PUNIC WAR (264–241 BC) 40 BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS (241–218 BC) 42 SECOND PUNIC WAR (218–201 BC) 43 CAMPAIGNS IN SICILY AND SPAIN 46 THE WAR IN AFRICA 48 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ROMAN HEGEMONY IN THE MEDITERANEAN WORLD 49 ROMAN EXPANSION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 50 ROMAN EXPANSION IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN 54 EXPLANATIONS OF ROMAN EXPANSION 57 BEGINNINGS OF PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION 58 TRANSFORMATION DURING THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC 59 CITIZENSHIP AND POLITICS IN THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC 59 CULTURE AND RELIGION 62 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 67 SOCIAL CHANGES 73 ROME AND ITALY 75 CHAPTER 3 THE LATE REPUBLIC (133–31 BC) 78 AFTERMATH OF VICTORIES 78 CHANGES IN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION 79 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ILLS 79 THE REFORM MOVEMENT OF THE GRACCHI (133–121 BC) 79 THE PROGRAM AND CAREER OF TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS 80 THE PROGRAM AND CAREER OF GAIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS 82 THE CAREER OF GAIUS MARIUS 84 EVENTS IN ASIA 86 DEVELOPMENTS IN ITALY 87 CIVIL WAR AND THE RULE OF LUCIUS SULLA 88 THE EARLY CAREER OF POMPEY 91 POMPEY AND CRASSUS 93 POLITICAL SUSPICION AND VIOLENCE 95 THE FINAL COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (59–44 BC) 96 POLITICAL MANEUVERS 97 CIVIL WAR 98 THE DICTATORSHIP AND ASSASSINATION OF CAESAR 99 THE TRIUMVIRATE AND OCTAVIAN’S ACHIEVEMENT OF SOLE POWER 99 INTELLECTUAL LIFE OF THE LATE REPUBLIC 101 GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 102 LAW AND HISTORY 103 PHILOSOPHY AND POETRY 103 CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE (31 BC–AD 193) 105 THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE EMPIRE UNDER THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS 105 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRINCIPATE UNDER AUGUSTUS 106 THE ROMAN SENATE AND THE URBAN MAGISTRACIES 108 ADMINISTRATION OF ROME AND ITALY 111 ADMINISTRATION OF THE PROVINCES 112 THE ARMY 114 FOREIGN POLICY 116 ECONOMIC LIFE 118 AUGUSTAN ART AND LITERATURE 119 APPRAISAL OF AUGUSTUS 121 THE SUCCESSION 122 GROWTH OF THE EMPIRE UNDER THE FLAVIANS AND ANTONINES 125 THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS 125 THE EARLY ANTONINE EMPERORS: NERVA AND TRAJAN 128 HADRIAN AND THE OTHER ANTONINE EMPERORS 130 THE EMPIRE IN THE SECOND CENTURY 133 TREND TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY 134 POLITICAL LIFE 135 ROME AND ITALY 136 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PROVINCES 138 THE ARMY 149 CULTURAL LIFE 150 CHAPTER 5 THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE 154 THE DYNASTY OF THE SEVERI (AD 193–235) 154 SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 154 CARACALLA 158 MACRINUS 158 ELAGABALUS AND SEVERUS ALEXANDER 159 RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL LIFE IN THE THIRD CENTURY 160 THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY 162 CULTURAL LIFE FROM THE ANTONINES TO CONSTANTINE 164 MILITARY ANARCHY AND THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE (235–270) 165 THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS 167 DIFFICULTIES IN THE EAST 168 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISIS 169 THE RECOVERY OF THE EMPIRE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DOMINATE (270–337) 171 DIOCLETIAN 173 STRUGGLE FOR POWER 178 THE REIGN OF CONSTANTINE 179 THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER THE FOURTH-CENTURY SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINE 182 THE REIGN OF JULIAN 184 THE REIGN OF VALENTINIAN AND VALENS 185 THE REIGN OF GRATIAN AND THEODOSIUS I 187 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 189 THE REMNANTS OF PAGAN CULTURE 191 THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 192 THE ECLIPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST (C. 395–500) AND THE GERMAN MIGRATIONS 194 THE BEGINNING OF GERMANIC HEGEMONY IN THE WEST 195 BARBARIAN KINGDOMS 196 ANALYSIS OF THE DECLINE AND FALL 197 APPENDIX A: TABLE OF ROMAN EMPERORS FROM 27 BC THROUGH AD 476 199 APPENDIX B: ANCIENT ITALIC PEOPLES 203 AEQUIANS 203 APULIANS 203 AURUNCIANS 204 BRUTTIANS 204 ETRUSCANS 205 HERNICIANS 207 LATINS 208 LIGURIANS 209 MARSIANS 210 MESSAPIANS 210 PICENES 210 SABINES 210 SAMNITES 211 SICANS 211 SICELS 212 UMBRIANS 212 VENETIANS 212 VESTINIANS 213 VOLSCIANS 213 GLOSSARY 214 BIBLIOGRAPHY 216 GENERAL WORKS 216 ROME FROM ITS ORIGINS TO 264 BC 216 THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC (264–133 BC) 218 THE TRANSFORMATION OF ROME AND ITALY DURING THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC 218 THE LATE REPUBLIC (133–31 BC) 218 THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE (31 BC–AD 193) 219 THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE 220 INDEX 222 1615301070,9781615301072,1615302077,9781615302079 The innovation and progress that characterize modernity often eclipse the accomplishments of ages past. However, close examination of ancient civilizations reveals a sophistication in both thought and accomplishment that in some ways surpasses what is observed in the present. The books in this series detail the ancient lifestyles and cultures that have produced concepts and technologies still in use today. Illustrations complement the text and instill excitement for the achievements of these rich and highly developed societies. Presents a time of intrigue, invention, and empire building and introduces the people from the Caesars and warriors to the patricians and plebeians who built, governed, conquered, and inhabited the territories under Roman rule. Traces the history and development of ancient Rome, exploring the political, social, philosophical, economic, and cultural factors that shaped the Roman people and discussing its lasting impact on the modern world