Ancient China and Its Eurasian Neighbors : Artifacts, Identity and Death in the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE

A book such as this took many people and much time to assemble and accomplish.The collaboration for this volume was formed in Xi’an in 2010 when Profs.Cao, Linduff and Sun met to discuss the material and to travelacross the region together to take a hard look at new materials,new excavations and the topography and overall setting of the beifang. As it has been identified in the past, the beifang stretches from the China Sea across the northern provinces of present-day China, including especially Jilin, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia, to those in the north and west, Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Although we had all been there many times before and conducted fieldwork in the region, after that trip we decided to take on the task of trying to frame an overarching study of the region that even today is at the outskirts of cosmopolitan China and is fragmented because of the vast distances, mix of peoples, languages spoken, lifeways, varied topography and climate conditions. We immediately agreed that the ancient culture area could not be bounded by the current borders of China (the beifang in earlier studies), and we had to account for those who we knew were important players in the landscape of Eastern Asia, including peoples who lived in present-day Mongolia to the north, Kazakhstan to the west, and Russia to the north, west and east. Although we chose to focus primarily on the eastern most region of this enormous area, we hope that our study will also eventually inform understanding of the aforementioned territories. Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors. Artifacts, Identity and Death in the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE 4 Contents 8 List of Figures 10 List of Charts 12 List of Maps 14 Introduction: The Inner Asian Frontier Reconsidered 16 The Reconsidered Inner Asian Frontier 17 1 Shaping the Study of Inner Asian Artifacts and Mental Boundaries 27 Past Scholarship 30 Materialization of Identity in Metal on the Inner Asian Frontier: Artifacts in Action 36 Frontiers or Contact Zones 38 Artifacts as Classificatory on the Inner Asian Frontier 41 Methods and Objectives 44 Technoscapes, Individualscapes, Regionscapes and Lineagescapes 47 2 Technoscapes and the Materialization of Ideas in Metal on the Inner Asian Frontier (c. 3000–1500 BCE) 50 The Emergence and Distribution of Early Metal Use: The Scholarship 53 Inner Asian Frontier Technoscapes 59 Area I: The Western Region Manifest in Gansu and Xinjiang (c. 2500–1500 BCE) 59 Area II: The Central Inner Asian Frontier Manifest in Western and Southern Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shanxi (c. 2800–1500 BCE) 65 Area IIa: Southern Mongolia: Afanasievo and Elunino/Chemurchek (Late Fourth to Second Millennium BCE) 67 Area IIb: Inside China: In Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces 75 Area III: Northeastern Region: Eastern Inner Mongolia, Northern Hebei, and Western Liaoning 78 Area IV: The Eastern Area: The Shandong Peninsula 81 Consequences of These Early Technoscapes: Artifacts in Action 81 3 Identity and Artifacts on the North Central and Northeastern Frontier during the Period of State Expansion in the Late Second and the Early First Millennium BCE 87 The Northeastern Region 90 The Jing, Jin and Tang Alluvial Plain 94 The Liujiahe Tomb: Early Use of Shang Capital-Style Bronze Vessels 95 Tombs in the Upper Chaobai and Luan River Valley 98 Keeping the Local Tradition Alive in Mortuary Practice 101 Local Choice of Bronze Ding and Gui Vessels 102 The Yan Mountainous Region: Ritualized Display of Frontier Identity 104 Bronze Caches at Chaodaogou and Xiaohe’nan 104 Tombs at Baifu 106 The Xibozi Cache 110 The Northern Slopes of the Yan Mountains 112 The Daling and Xiaoling River Valley: The Weiyingzi Culture and Shifting Cultural and Political Landscapes 113 Bronzes in Tombs of the Weiyingzi Culture (c. Late Second to First Millennium BCE) 113 Caches at Kazuo 117 The Shifting Cultural Landscape 117 Southeastern Inner Mongolia: The Upper Xiajiadian Culture (c. 1000–600 BCE) 119 The Rise of Shared Cultural Identity: The Longtoushan Type (c. 1000 to Mid-ninth Century BCE) 121 Formation of Regional Cultural Identity: The Nanshan’gen Type (c. Mid-ninth to Eighth Century BCE) 122 Abundance and Diversity of Bronze Weapons and Horse Ornaments 123 Use of Zhou Capital-Style Bronze Vessels 129 Production of Indigenous Bronze Vessels 131 Variations in Identity Construction in the Northeastern Region 133 The North Central Region 136 The Xicha Culture (c. Eleventh to Mid-tenth Century BCE) 137 Settlements of the Lijiaya Culture (c. 1400–1100 BCE): Lijiaya and Gaohong 142 Bronze Findings on the Jin–Shaan Plateau – Fusion of Central Plain and Frontier Identity in Elite Culture 145 The Selection and Use of Anyang-Style Bronze Vessels 147 Northern-Frontier-Style Bronzes: Similarities and Differences between Bronze Groups 148 Identity in Transition: The Tomb at Linzheyu 149 Assemblages of Bronze Weapons and Tools: Rise of a Distinctive Frontier Identity 153 Northern Identity Redefined: The Peng Lineage and Their Acceptance into the New Zhou Regime in the Linfen Basin 155 Different Modes of Identity Construction in the Central Region of the Inner Asian Frontier 159 4 The Rise of States and the Formation of Group Identities in the Western Regions of the Inner Asian Frontier (c. 1500 to the Eighth Century BCE) 161 The Jing and Wei River Valleys 164 The Rise of a Mixed Economy, Including Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, in Western Guanzhong 165 The Upper Jing River Valley – The Nianzipo Site (1300–1000 BCE) 165 The Lower Jing River Valley 171 The Sunjia Type (Early Phase, Late Second Millennium BCE) 172 Intermingling of Local and Shang Groups: Duanjing Phase II and the Heidouzui Type (Late Second Millennium BCE) 173 Duanjing Phase II Remains 173 The Heidouzui Type 175 The Lower Western Wei River Valley (Baoji Area) – The Liujia Culture (c. Fifteenth Century to c. 1000 BCE) 179 The Upper Wei River Valley – The Siwa Culture (c. 1400–700 BCE) 183 The Qiang- and Jiang-Surnamed Groups 191 Formation of Lineage Groups in the Wei River Valley during the Western Zhou Period 195 A Powerful Northern Enemy of theWestern Zhou – Xianyun 201 Local Communities in Western Gansu and the Qinghai Region 204 The Eastern Hehuang Region – The Xindian Culture (c. 1700–600 BCE) 206 The Western Hehuang Region – The Kayue Culture (c. 1600–500 BCE) 209 The Qaidam Basin – The Nuomuhong Culture (4000 BCE–300 CE) 217 The Hexi Corridor – The Shajing (c. 900–400 BCE) and Shanma Cultures (c. First Millennium BCE) 219 5 Final Statements/Conclusions and Future Challenges 230 The Inner Asian Frontier: A Cultural Crossroads 231 The Formation of Technoscapes on the Inner Asian Frontier 235 Individualscapes, Regionscapes and Lineagescapes from the Late Second to the Early First Millennium BCE 235 The Fluidity of the Scapes 240 Final Summation 241 Glossary of Terms 244 Bibliography 参考书目 252 Index 282 This Volume Examines The Role Of Objects In The Region North Of Early Dynastic State Centers, At The Intersection Of Ancient China And Eurasia, A Large Area That Stretches From Xinjiang To The China Sea, From C.3000 Bce To The Mid-eighth Century Bce. This Area Was A Frontier, An Ambiguous Space That Lay At The Margins Of Direct Political Control By The Metropolitan States, Where Local And Colonial Ideas And Practices Were Reconstructed Transculturally. These Identities Were Often Merged And Displayed In Material Culture. Types Of Objects, Styles, And Iconography Were Often Hybrids Or New To The Region, As Were The Tomb Assemblages In Which They Were Deposited And Found. Patrons Commissioned Objects That Marked A Symbolic Vision Of Place And Person And That Could Mobilize Support, Legitimize Rule, And Bind People Together. Through Close Examination Of Key Artifacts, This Book Untangles The Considerable Changes In Political Structure And Cultural Makeup Of Ancient Chinese States And Their Northern Neighbors. Katheryn M. Linduff, University Of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Yan Sun, Gettysburg College, Pennsylvania, Wei Cao, Shaanxi Normal University, China, Yuanqing Liu, Shaanxi Normal University, China. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 237-266) And Index.