تحلیل آنتن‌های محصور در رادوم، ویرایش دوم

A radome is a structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects microwave and radar antenna from ice, freezing rain, wind, and debris. This new, updated edition to an Artech House classic provides a current, comprehensive overview of the design and analysis of radomes. The second edition includes a wealth of new material, including three new chapters on radome measurement techniques, environmental effects on radomes, and new radome technology. This unique book helps professionals to design radomes for top performance, understand the effect a radome has on a particular antenna's operation, and become knowledgeable about how to specify acceptable radome equipment. Over 130 illustrations and more than 250 equations support key topics throughout the book. A CD-ROM is included in this title! This title also includes powerful codes and highly useful tools that help professionals estimate the electrical performance degradation that may occur when an antenna system is enclosed by a radome. Electrical engineers working in antenna design, telecommunications, and aircraft or missile technologies, as well as graduate students in related courses. Analysis of Radome-Enclosed Antennas Second Edition......Page 2 Contents......Page 6 Foreword......Page 14 Preface......Page 16 Acknowledgments......Page 20 Part I Background and Fundamentals......Page 22 1.1 History of Radome Development......Page 24 1.2 Radome-Antenna Interaction......Page 26 1.2.1 Boresight Error (BSE) and Boresight Error Slope (BSES)......Page 27 1.2.4 Depolarization......Page 28 1.3 Significance of Parameters in Radome Performance......Page 29 1.4.1 Use of Metamaterials......Page 31 1.4.2 Frequency Selective Radomes......Page 32 1.4.3 Concealed Radomes......Page 33 References......Page 34 2.1 Vector Mathematics......Page 36 2.2 Electromagnetic Theory......Page 39 2.3 Matrices......Page 42 2.4 Coordinate Systems and Gimbal Relationships......Page 44 2.5 Specialized Antenna Pointing Gimbals......Page 49 2.5.1 Maritime SATCOM......Page 50 2.5.2 Vehicular Applications......Page 51 2.5.3 Airborne Applications......Page 52 References......Page 53 Selected Bibliography......Page 54 3.1 Directivity and Gain......Page 56 3.2 Radiation from Current Elements......Page 59 3.3 Antenna Array Factor......Page 60 3.4 Linear Aperture Distributions......Page 61 3.5 Two-Dimensional Distributions......Page 66 3.6 Spiral Antennas......Page 69 References......Page 73 4 Radome Dielectric Materials......Page 76 4.1.1 Monolithic Radomes......Page 77 4.1.2 Sandwich Radomes......Page 78 4.2 Inorganic Materials......Page 83 4.3.1 Nonorganic Dual-Mode Materials......Page 88 4.3.2 Organic Dual-Mode Materials......Page 90 4.4 Effect of Radome Material on Antenna Performance......Page 91 4.4.1 Receiver Noise......Page 92 4.4.3 Noise Temperature with Radome......Page 94 References......Page 97 Part II Radome Analysis Techniques......Page 100 5.1 Mathematical Formulation for Radome Wall Transmission......Page 102 5.2.1 Radome Type Definitions......Page 107 5.2.3 Radome Style Definitions......Page 108 5.3.1 Half-Wave Wall Radomes (Style a)......Page 109 5.3.3 A Sandwich Radome (Style c)......Page 112 5.3.4 Multilayer Radomes (Style d)......Page 113 References......Page 118 Appendix 5A: Program WALL Computer Software Listing......Page 119 5.1.3 Transmission for Elliptical Polarization......Page 105 6 Radome Analysis Techniques......Page 124 6.1 Background......Page 125 6.2 Geometric Optics (GO) Approaches......Page 128 6.2.1 GO Receive Mode Calculations......Page 129 6.3 Physical Optics (PO) Approaches......Page 131 6.3.1 PO Receive Mode Calculations......Page 132 6.3.2 PO Transmit Mode Calculations......Page 133 6.4.1 Method of Moments (MOM)......Page 134 6.4.2 Plane Wave Spectra (PWS)......Page 135 6.5 Sources of Computational Error......Page 136 6.5.1 Internal Reflections......Page 137 6.5.2 Wall Model and Statistical Variations......Page 140 References......Page 141 Part III Computer Implementation......Page 146 7 Ray Trace Approaches......Page 148 7.1.1 Rationale for Choosing a Particular Shape......Page 149 7.1.2 Mathematical Modeling of the Tangent Ogive Shape......Page 152 7.1.3 Determining the Intercept Point of a Ray with the Tangent Ogive Wall......Page 155 7.1.4 Computation of Surface Normal Vector at the Intercept Point......Page 159 7.2 Hemispherical Radome Shapes......Page 161 7.3.2 POLY Polynomial Regression Subroutine......Page 163 7.3.3 Determining Intercept Point and Surface Normal Vectors......Page 164 7.4 Wave Decomposition at the Intercept Point......Page 165 References......Page 167 Appendix 7A: Program OGIVE Software Listing......Page 168 Appendix 7B: Program POLY Software Listing......Page 170 Appendix 7C: Program ARBITRARY Software Listing......Page 172 Appendix 7D: Program DECOMPOSE Computer Listing......Page 174 8 Radome-Enclosed Guidance Antennas......Page 178 8.1 Definitions of Boresight Error (BSE) and Boresight Error Slope(BSES)......Page 180 8.2 Calculation of Antenna Patterns and Monopulse Error Voltagesfor an Antenna Without a Radome......Page 183 8.3.1 General Approach......Page 192 8.3.2 Computation of the Antenna Pattern Space Phase Terms......Page 195 8.3.6 Compute Angle of Incidence......Page 196 8.3.8 Perform an Antenna Aperture Integration......Page 197 8.4.1 Rain Erosion of Missile Radomes......Page 199 8.4.2 Aerothermal Heating......Page 200 8.4.3 Radome Effects on Conscan Antennas......Page 201 References......Page 202 Selected Bibliography......Page 204 9.1.1 Single Mode Spiral Antennas......Page 206 9.1.2 Multimode Spiral Antennas......Page 211 9.2 Large Parabolic Antennas......Page 213 9.3 Air-Supported Radomes......Page 214 9.4 Metal Space Frame Radomes......Page 215 9.4.1 Dielectric Wall Losses......Page 216 9.4.2 Frame Blockage Losses......Page 217 9.4.3 Pointing Errors......Page 218 9.5 Dielectric Space Frame Radomes......Page 219 9.6 Radome Enclosed Phased-Array Antennas......Page 220 References......Page 224 Selected Bibliography......Page 225 Part IV Radome Specifications and Environmental Degradations......Page 226 10.2 Specifying Radomes for Terrestrial and Marine SATCOMAntennas......Page 228 10.3.1 Outdoor Test Facilities......Page 229 10.3.2 Use of Indoor Anechoic Chambers......Page 231 10.3.3 Use of Compact Range......Page 233 10.3.4 Near-Field Testing Options......Page 235 References......Page 236 Selected Bibliography......Page 237 11.1 Rain Erosion......Page 238 11.1.1 Rain Erosion Paints......Page 239 11.1.2 Rain Erosion Boots......Page 240 11.2.1 Lighting Strike Damage......Page 241 11.2.2 Use of Lightning Diverters......Page 242 11.2.3 Antistatic Systems......Page 244 11.3 Radome Impact Resistance......Page 245 References......Page 248 Appendix A Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems......Page 250 Appendix B Propagation Constant and WaveImpedance for Arbitrary Media......Page 252 Appendix C Multilayer Propagation and Fresnel Transmission and Reflection Coefficients......Page 258 Appendix D Radiation from Elemental Currents......Page 262 Appendix E Program TORADOME Software Listing......Page 268 Appendix F Operations Manual for Programs Provided with Book......Page 302 About the Author......Page 306 Index......Page 308 "This updated edition to an Artech House classic provides a current, comprehensive overview of the design and analysis of radomes. The second edition includes a wealth of new material, including three chapters on radome measurement techniques, environmental effects on radomes, and new radome technology. This unique book helps professionals design radomes for top performance, understand the effect a radome has on a particular antenna's operation, and become knowledgeable about how to specify acceptable radome equipment. Over 130 illustrations and more than 250 equations support key topics throughout the book."--Jacket