Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-machine Systems: Proceedings of the IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference, Baden-Baden, Federal Republic of Germany, 27-29 September 1982

Disability interactions (DIX) is a new approach to combining cross-disciplinary methods and theories from Human Computer Interaction (HCI), disability studies, assistive technology, and social development to co-create new technologies, experiences, and ways of working with disabled people. DIX focuses on the interactions people have with their technologies and the interactions which result because of technology use. A central theme of the approach is to tackle complex issues where disability problems are part of a system that does not have a simple solution. Therefore, DIX pushes researchers and practitioners to take a challenge-based approach, which enables both applied and basic research to happen alongside one another. DIX complements other frameworks and approaches that have been developed within HCI research and beyond. Traditional accessibility approaches are likely to focus on specific aspects of technology design and use without considering how features of large-scale assistive technology systems might influence the experiences of people with disabilities. DIX aims to embrace complexity from the start, to better translate the work of accessibility and assistive technology research into the real world. DIX also has a stronger focus on user-centered and participatory approaches across the whole value chain of technology, ensuring we design with the full system of technology in mind (from conceptualization and development to large-scale distribution and access). DIX also helps to acknowledge that solutions and approaches are often non-binary and that technologies and interactions that deliver value to disabled people in one situation can become a hindrance in a different context. Therefore, it offers a more nuanced guide to designing within the disability space, which expands the more traditional problem-solving approaches to designing for accessibility. This book explores why such a novel approach is needed and gives case studies of applications highlighting how different areas of focus--from education to health to work to global development--can benefit from applying a DIX perspective. We conclude with some lessons learned and a look ahead to the next 60 years of DIX. Preface 16 Acknowledgments 18 Terminology 20 History of Disability Interactions 22 1.1 Initial Interactions: Older History with Novel Ideas 22 1.2 Universal Design and Interactions for Varying Ability 24 1.3 Looking Beyond Functionality 27 1.4 Is Accessibility Research Truly Global? 30 1.5 Where Do We Go From Here? 32 Why We Need a Disability Interactions Approach 34 2.1 Why A New Approach? 34 2.2 Issues of Scale 34 2.2.1 Going Beyond Small-Scale Studies 35 2.2.2 Settings and Contexts 37 2.2.3 Multiple Technology Ecosystems 38 2.3 Disability Inclusion as a Wicked Problem 40 2.4 Assistive Technology as Part of a System 42 2.5 Capturing Complexity as a Key Aim 46 The Disability Interaction (DIX)Approach 48 3.1 The DIX Framework: An Overview 49 3.1.1 DIX Principles: An Overview 50 3.1.2 Disability Inclusion Is a Wicked Problem 51 3.1.3 Applied and Basic Research Combined 53 3.1.4 Co-Created Solutions 57 3.1.5 Radically Different Interactions 62 3.1.6 Value and Usefulness 66 3.1.7 Open and Scalable 73 3.2 A Framework: Dimensions of DIX 76 3.2.1 Complexity 79 3.2.2 Wellbeing 80 3.2.3 Power and Participation 81 3.2.4 Innovation 85 3.3 Case Study: DIX within the AT2030 program in Kenya 87 3.4 Conclusion 91 Exploring Geographies: DIX in the Global South 92 4.1 Geographical Imbalances of Disability and AT research 92 4.2 Unpacking Context in the Global South Through HCI Research on Mobile Technology 95 4.3 Understanding the Notion of Context in Disability and AT Access Research in the Global South 100 4.3.1 Interpretations and Experiences of Disability in the Global South 100 4.4 Global South and AT Access 102 4.5 The Role of DIX in Increasing Access and Impact of AT in the Global South 105 4.5.1 Acknowledge the Wicked Problem 105 4.5.2 Taking an ABC Approach 106 4.5.3 Explore Radically Different Interactions 107 4.5.4 Co-Create Research 109 4.5.5 Engage in Valuable and Useful Research 110 4.5.6 Focus on Open and Scalable Innovations 110 4.6 Conclusion 111 Exploring Different Settings: DIX in Education and Employment 112 5.1 Technologies for Inclusive Learning Experiences 114 5.1.1 Developing Novel Educational Technologies for the Classroom 115 5.1.2 Disability and Technology Use in Higher Education 119 5.1.3 The Use of Technology for Remote Education. Implications for Inclusion 122 5.1.4 Beyond Formal Education 124 5.2 Technologies Supporting Work and Access to Employment for People with Disabilities 125 5.2.1 The Impact of Technology on Access to Employment for People with Disabilities 125 5.2.2 Interactions Between People with Disabilities and Technology in the Workplace 127 5.2.3 Remote Work and the Problem of (In)Accessibility 128 5.3 The Role of DIX in Education and Employment 132 5.3.1 Acknowledge the Wicked Problem 132 5.3.2 Taking an ABC Approach 134 5.3.3 Explore Radically Different Interactions 135 5.3.4 Co-Create Solutions 135 5.3.5 Engage in Valuable and Useful Research 135 5.3.6 Focus on Open and Scalable Innovations 135 5.4 Conclusion 136 Exploring Different Settings: DIX in Health and Healthcare 138 6.1 The Value of Health 138 6.2 Aging as Disability? 140 6.2.1 Aging and Digital 141 6.3 Assistive Technology in Health Systems as a Combination of Products and Services 144 6.4 From the WHO to HCI 147 6.5 Promoting Psychological Wellbeing 149 6.6 The Role of DIX in Health 151 6.7 Conclusion 155 Future Disability Interactions 156 7.1 AI and Agentive Technologies 157 7.2 Multisensory Experiences and Mixed Realities 161 7.3 Robot–Human Collaborations 163 7.4 DIX in 2079 165 References 168 Authors’ Biographies 218 Analysis, Design, & Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems presents an examination of the construction and application of a combined network and production systems model. It discusses the computer simulation and experimental results of a fuzzy model of driver behavior. It addresses the ergonomic aspects of working places in control rooms. Offers a new approach to combining cross-disciplinary methods and theories from Human Computer Interaction, disability studies, assistive technology, and social development to co-create new technologies, experiences, and ways of working with disabled people.