Analgesia and anesthesia for the ill or injured dog and cat

Analgesia and Anesthesiafor the Ill or Injured Dog and Cat provides a comprehensive guide to anesthesia and pain management protocols, specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats. Provides fast access to anesthesia and pain management protocols specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats Takes a case-based structure to make it easy to find and apply relevant information Presents step-by-step clinical procedures and techniques Supplies concise, relevant background information for all drugs recommended in the protocols, highlighting recommendations and cautions for specific patient conditions Includes detailed information for geriatric, pregnant, nursing, and pediatric patients and those with cardiac, liver or kidney pathology Content: Intro Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 General Considerations for Pain Management upon Initial Presentation and during Hospital Stay References Further Reading Chapter 2 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain I. Pain versus Nociception II. The Pain Pathway in Physiologic Pain A. Transduction B. Transmission C. Modulation D. Perception E. Endogenous Analgesic Pathways III. The Pain Pathway in Pathologic Pain A. Transduction B. Transmission C. Modulation D. Perception E. Descending Inhibitory Pathway IV. Specific Types of PainA. Neonatal/Pediatric Pain B. Neuropathic Pain C. Visceral Pain D. Breakthrough Pain E. Stimulus-Evoked/Movement-Evoked Pain References Further Reading Chapter 3 Physiologic and Pharmacologic Applications to Manage Neuropathic Pain I. Physiology of Neuropathic Pain A. The Patient's Experience B. The Quality and Pattern of Altered Sensitivity C. Immune Response Mechanisms in Neuropathic Pain D. Endogenous Descending Facilitatory Systems [8] E. Descending Inhibitory Pathway [9] F. To Summarize Neuropathic Pain II. Clinical Relevance of Physiology to PharmacologyA. Opioids/Opiates B. Tricyclic Antidepressant Analgesic (TCA) Effects C. Gabapentin D. NMDA Receptor Antagonists E. Local Anesthetics F. Alpha2 Adrenergic (Alpha2) Agonists G. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics (NSAIAs) H. Acupuncture III. Diagnosing Neuropathic Pain IV. Neuropathic Pain Associated Conditions A. Neuropathic Pain Associated with Trauma: Accidental and Surgical B. Lumbosacral Lesions C. Spinal Cord Injury D. Potential Sources of Neck and Back Pain in Cats and Dogs V. Primary Lesions of the Peripheral or central Nervous SystemA. Peripheral Nervous System B. Central Pain Syndrome VI. Neuropathic Pain and Management of Visceral Origin VII. Treatment A. Acute Pain Management B. Chronic Neuropathic Pain Management VIII. Future Therapeutic Modalities A. Vanilloid Receptor 1 Antagonists B. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Re‐Uptake Inhibitor Mixed Compound IX. Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 4 Physiology and Pharmacology: Clinical Application to Abdominal and Pelvic Visceral Pain I. Neurophysiology Reviews [1-3] A. Afferent and Efferent InnervationsB. Autonomic Nervous System [4] C. Central Processing [2] D. Peripheral Sensitization E. Central Sensitization (Inflammation-Induced) II. Clinical Relevance of Physiology to Pharmacology A. Dorsal Horn Targets for Analgesics [3] B. Peripheral Sensitization Targets for Analgesics C. Reduction/Modulation of the Transmission of Nociceptive Information D. Epidural Site for Analgesic Administration III. Sources of Abdominal Pain A. Gastrointestinal System B. Urogenital System IV. Pelvis and Perineum [3, 5] A. Pelvis Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 General Considerations for Pain Management upon Initial Presentation and during Hospital Stay -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain -- I. Pain versus Nociception -- II. The Pain Pathway in Physiologic Pain -- A. Transduction -- B. Transmission -- C. Modulation -- D. Perception -- E. Endogenous Analgesic Pathways -- III. The Pain Pathway in Pathologic Pain -- A. Transduction -- B. Transmission -- C. Modulation -- D. Perception -- E. Descending Inhibitory Pathway -- IV. Specific Types of Pain -- A. Neonatal/Pediatric Pain -- B. Neuropathic Pain -- C. Visceral Pain -- D. Breakthrough Pain -- E. Stimulus-Evoked/Movement-Evoked Pain -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 Physiologic and Pharmacologic Applications to Manage Neuropathic Pain -- I. Physiology of Neuropathic Pain -- A. The Patient's Experience -- B. The Quality and Pattern of Altered Sensitivity -- C. Immune Response Mechanisms in Neuropathic Pain -- D. Endogenous Descending Facilitatory Systems [8] -- E. Descending Inhibitory Pathway [9] -- F. To Summarize Neuropathic Pain -- II. Clinical Relevance of Physiology to Pharmacology -- A. Opioids/Opiates -- B. Tricyclic Antidepressant Analgesic (TCA) Effects -- C. Gabapentin -- D. NMDA Receptor Antagonists -- E. Local Anesthetics -- F. Alpha2 Adrenergic (Alpha2) Agonists -- G. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics (NSAIAs) -- H. Acupuncture -- III. Diagnosing Neuropathic Pain -- IV. Neuropathic Pain Associated Conditions -- A. Neuropathic Pain Associated with Trauma: Accidental and Surgical -- B. Lumbosacral Lesions -- C. Spinal Cord Injury -- D. Potential Sources of Neck and Back Pain in Cats and Dogs -- V. Primary Lesions of the Peripheral or central Nervous System A. Brachial Plexus Block via Axillary Approach -- B. Brachial Plexus Block via a Paravertebral Approach -- C. Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Median, Radial, Ulnar Blocks -- V. Thoracic Block -- A. Intercostal Block -- B. Interpleural Block -- C. Epidural Block -- VI. Abdomen, Perineum and Pelvic Limb Blocks -- A. Epidural Block -- B. Femoral and Saphenous Block -- C. Saphenous Block -- D. Sciatic, Common Peroneal and Tibial Block -- E. Peroneal and Tibial Block -- VII. Intra-Articular Block -- VIII. Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (IVRA) or Bier Block -- IX. Wound Management Block -- A. Direct Injection Block -- B. Wound Infusion Catheter Block [15] -- C. Prolonged-Release Bupivacaine -- X. Local Anesthetics for Pediatric Patients -- A. General Considerations -- B. Topical Local Anesthetic Creams -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15 Integrative Techniques for Pain Management -- I. Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine -- A. Acupuncture -- B. Herbal Pain Medication -- II. Manual Therapy Techniques -- III. Animal Physical Rehabilitation -- A. Overview -- B. Cryotherapy -- C. Warm Therapy -- D. Phototherapy (Laser Therapy) -- E. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) -- F. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy and MBST® Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Therapy -- IV. Emotional Component to Pain Management -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16 The Veterinary Technician/Nurse's Role in Pain Management -- I. Analgesic Orders -- II. The Patient Advocate -- A. Ask for Analgesic Orders -- B. Ask for Changes to Analgesics -- Chapter 17 Optimal Nursing Care for the Management of Pain -- I. The Nursing Care Plan -- A. Formulating the Nursing Care Plan for the Painful Patient -- B. Non-Pharmacological Nursing Interventions for Patient Comfort -- II. Formulating the Pain Plan: The Team Approach [5] -- III. Anesthetic Recovery A. Peripheral Nervous System -- B. Central Pain Syndrome -- VI. Neuropathic Pain and Management of Visceral Origin -- VII. Treatment -- A. Acute Pain Management -- B. Chronic Neuropathic Pain Management -- VIII. Future Therapeutic Modalities -- A. Vanilloid Receptor 1 Antagonists -- B. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Re-Uptake Inhibitor Mixed Compound -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4 Physiology and Pharmacology: Clinical Application to Abdominal and Pelvic Visceral Pain -- I. Neurophysiology Reviews [1-3] -- A. Afferent and Efferent Innervations -- B. Autonomic Nervous System [4] -- C. Central Processing [2] -- D. Peripheral Sensitization -- E. Central Sensitization (Inflammation-Induced) -- II. Clinical Relevance of Physiology to Pharmacology -- A. Dorsal Horn Targets for Analgesics [3] -- B. Peripheral Sensitization Targets for Analgesics -- C. Reduction/Modulation of the Transmission of Nociceptive Information -- D. Epidural Site for Analgesic Administration -- III. Sources of Abdominal Pain -- A. Gastrointestinal System -- B. Urogenital System -- IV. Pelvis and Perineum [3, 5] -- A. Pelvis -- B. Scrotum Cat and Dog, Penis Cat -- C. Vulva -- D. Prolapsed Rectum, Perianal Fistulae and Anal Gland Abscess -- V. Visceral Pain Associated with Pelvis, Vertebral and Spinal Cord Injury or Illness -- VI. Modulatory Influences on Visceral Nociception -- A. Pathophysiology of Affective Visceral Co-Morbidities: Review [2] -- References -- Chapter 5 Physiology and Management of Cancer Pain -- References -- Chapter 6 Movement-Evoked and Breakthrough Pain -- References -- Chapter 7 Pain: Understanding It -- I. Objective Markers of Pain -- II. Definitions of Pain Mechanisms -- III. The Outcome of the Inappropriate Management of Pain -- IV. Pain Scoring Systems -- V. Pain Assessment Scales Adapted for Veterinary Patients II. Veterinary-Approved NSAIAs -- III. Indications -- A. Trauma and Post-Operative Pain -- B. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Illness -- C. Miscellaneous Conditions -- D. Pyrexia -- E. Osteoarthritis -- IV. Safety -- V. Contraindications [32] -- VI. Comments and Other Considerations -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12 Pharmacologic and Clinical Principles of Adjunct Analgesia -- I. Injectable Adjunctive Analgesics -- A. Lidocaine -- B. Ketamine [16-18] -- C. Alpha2 Adrenergic Agonists (Alpha2 Agonists) -- D. Maropitant -- II. Oral Adjunctive Analgesics -- A. Amantadine -- B. Gabapentin -- C. Pregabalin -- III. Tricyclic Antidepressants, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors -- A. Mode of Action -- B. Adverse Effects -- C. Amitriptyline -- D. Venlafaxine -- E. Duloxetine -- IV. Corticosteroids (Prednisone, Dexamethasone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone) -- A. Prednisone -- V. Magnesium -- VI. Non-Pharmacologic Modalities for Pain Management -- VII. Case Example of Utilizing Adjunctive Analgesics -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of General Anesthetics -- I. Injectable Anesthetics -- A. General Considerations -- B. Propofol -- C. Alfaxalone -- D. Ketamine with Diazepam or Midazolam -- E. Etomidate -- F. Co-Induction Agents -- II. Inhalational Anesthesia -- A. General Considerations -- B. Cardiovascular Effects -- C. Respiratory Effects -- D. Biotransformation -- E. Potency -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14 Local Anesthetic Techniques -- I. Toxicity of Local Anesthetics -- A. Lidocaine -- B. Bupivacaine -- II. Preparation for Blocks -- III. Head Blocks -- A. Maxillary Block -- B. Rostral Maxillary or Infraorbital Block -- C. Mandibular Block -- D. Alveolar or Mental or Rostral Mandibular Block -- E. Eye Block -- IV. Thoracic Limb Block A. Simple Uni-Dimensional Scales -- B. Multi-Dimensional Composite Scales -- VI. Clinical Utility of Pain Assessment Methods -- VII. Misconceptions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain in Dogs and Cat -- I. Key Points in Assessment of Pain in Animals -- II. Clinical Utility of Pain Assessment Methods -- A Pain Measurement Tools -- III. Assessing Pain -- A. In General -- IV. Dogs: Assessing Pain Behaviours -- V. Cats: Assessing Pain Behaviours -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of Sedatives -- I. Acepromazine -- A. General Considerations for Use -- B. Cardio-Respiratory Effects -- C. Contraindications -- II. Alpha2 Adrenergic Receptor (Alpha2) Agonists -- A. General Considerations for Use -- B. Dexmedetomidine -- III. Benzodiazepines -- A. General Considerations for Use -- B. Co-Induction with Injectable Anesthetics -- References -- Chapter 10 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of Opioid Analgesics -- I. Opioid General Considerations -- A. Sedation -- B. Anti-Nociception -- C. Cardiovascular -- D. Respiratory -- E. Antitussive -- F. Vomiting -- G. Dysphoria -- H. Increased Sphincter Tone and Constipation -- I. Urinary Retention -- J. Hyperthermia -- K. Reversal of Opioids -- II. Mu-Agonists -- A. Morphine -- B. Hydromorphone -- C. Oxymorphone -- D. Fentanyl -- E. Sufentanil/Alfentanil/Remifentanil -- F. Meperidine -- G. Methadone -- III. Partial Mu-Agonists -- A. Buprenorphine -- IV. Kappa-Agonist, Mu-Antagonist -- A. Butorphanol -- V. Oral Opioid Drugs -- A. Tramadol -- References -- Chapter 11 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics -- I. Pharmacology -- A. Cyclooxygenase-1 -- B. Cyclooxygenase-2 -- C. Cyclooxygenase-3 -- D. EP4 Receptor -- E. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) Pathway Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Ill or Injured Dog and Cat provides a comprehensive guide to anesthesia and pain management protocols, specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats. Provides fast access to anesthesia and pain management protocols specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats Takes a case-based structure to make it easy to find and apply relevant information Presents step-by-step clinical procedures and techniques Supplies concise, relevant background information for all drugs recommended in the protocols, highlighting recommendations and cautions for specific patient conditions Includes detailed information for geriatric, pregnant, nursing, and pediatric patients and those with cardiac, liver or kidney pathology Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Ill or Injured Dog and Cat provides a comprehensive guide to anesthesia and pain management protocols, specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats. Provides fast access to anesthesia and pain management protocols specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats; takes a case-based structure to make it easy to find and apply relevant information; presents step-by-step clinical procedures and techniques; supplies concise, relevant background information for all drugs recommended in the protocols, highlighting recommendations and cautions for specific patient conditions; and includes detailed information for geriatric, pregnant, nursing, and pediatric patients and those with cardiac, liver or kidney pathology