An Introduction to Robophilosophy: Cognition, Intelligence, Autonomy, Consciousness, Conscience and Ethics (River Publishers Series in Automation, Control, and Robotics)

Modern robots have arrived at a very matured state both in their mechanical / control aspects and their mental aspects. An Introduction to Robophilosophy explores the philosophical questions that arise in the development, creation, and use of mental - anthropomorphic and zoomorphic- robots that are capable of semiautonomous / autonomous operation, decision making and human-like action, being able to socially interact with humans and exhibit behavior similar to human beings or animals. Coverage first presents fundamental concepts, and an overview of philosophy, philosophy of science, and philosophy of technology. The six principal mental capabilities of modern robots, namely cognition, intelligence, autonomy, consciousness, conscience, and ethics are then studied from a philosophical point of view. They actually represent the product of technological embodiment of cognitive features to robots. Overall, readers are provided a consolidated thorough investigation of the philosophical aspects of these mental capabilities when embedded to robots. This book will serve as an ideal educational source in engineering and robotics courses as well as an introductory reference for researchers in the field of robotics, and it includes a rich bibliography. Front Cover 1 Half Title - An Introduction to Robophilosophy Cognition, Intelligence, Autonomy, Consciousness, Conscience, and Ethics 2 RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN AUTOMATION, CONTROLAND ROBOTICS 3 Title Page - An Introduction to Robophilosophy Cognition, Intelligence, Autonomy, Consciousness, Conscience, and Ethics 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 Preface 14 List of Figures 16 List of Tables 22 List of Abbreviations 24 Gallery of Some Famous Philosophers 26 A Sample of Famous Philosophy Quotes 28 Abstracts 30 Chapter 1 - Background Concepts and Outline of the Book 36 1.1 Introduction 36 1.2 Mental Capabilities of Modern Robots 37 1.2.1 Cognition 38 1.2.2 Intelligence 40 1.2.3 Autonomy 41 1.2.4 Consciousness and Conscience 42 1.2.5 Ethics 44 1.3 Learning and Attention 45 1.3.1 Learning 45 1.3.2 Attention 52 1.4 Outline of the Book 53 1.5 Concluding Remarks 56 References 57 Chapter 2 - Philosophy: Fundamental Issues 60 2.1 Introduction 60 2.2 Feature and Subfields of Philosophy 61 2.2.1 Features Philosophy 61 2.2.2 Subfields of Philosophy 62 2.3 Ontology 64 2.4 Epistemology 66 2.4.1 Rationalism 67 2.4.2 Empiricism 68 2.5 Teleology 70 2.6 Ethics 71 2.6.1 General Issues 71 2.6.2 Ethics Theories 73 2.7 Aesthetics 75 2.8 Concluding Remarks 78 References 79 Chapter 3 - Philosophy of Science and Technology 82 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Philosophy of Science 84 3.2.1 What Is Science? 84 3.2.2 Philosophy of Science: Fundamental Questions 86 3.2.3 Distinguishing between Science and Non-Science, and Falsiability 87 3.3 Rationalism 87 3.4 Empiricism vs. Idealism 89 3.5 Two Other Theories of Confirmation 89 3.5.1 Logical Positivism 90 3.5.2 Paradigm Model 90 3.6 The Questions “Is Science Philosophy?” and “Could Philosophy Be Scientific?” 91 3.7 Philosophy of Technology: General Discussion 92 3.8 Fundamental Questions in Philosophy of Technology and Philosophy of Engineering 94 3.8.1 What Is Technology? 94 3.8.2 The Questions 95 3.9 Concluding Remarks 100 References 101 Chapter 4 - Robot Cognition 104 4.1 Introduction 104 4.2 What Is Cognition? 105 4.3 What Is Cognitive Robotics? 107 4.4 Historical Remarks of Cognitive Science and Cognitive Robotics 108 4.4.1 Cognitive Science 108 4.4.2 Cognitive Robotics 112 4.5 Philosophical Questions about Cognitive Science and Cognitive Robotics 115 4.5.1 Cognitive Science 115 4.5.2 Cognitive Robotics 116 4.6 ATechnical View of Cognitive Robots 119 4.6.1 Cognivist Approaches 119 4.6.2 Emergent Systems Approaches 120 4.6.3 Hybrid Approaches 122 4.7 Cognitive Robot Design Requirements 123 4.8 Concluding Remarks 128 References 128 Chapter 5 - Robot Intelligence 134 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 What Is Intelligence? 136 5.3 What Is Machine-Robot Intelligence? 140 5.4 Milestones of Machine Intelligence 142 5.5 Philosophical Issues of Machine Intelligence 144 5.6 The Turing Machine Intelligence Test 148 5.7 Other Machine Intelligent Tests 150 5.7.1 General Issues 150 5.7.2 Text Compression Test 152 5.7.3 Psychometric AI Tests 153 5.7.4 C-Test 154 5.7.5 Universal Intelligence Test 154 5.7.6 Symbolic Machine Intelligence Test 156 5.7.7 Multidimensional Machine Intelligence Test 157 5.8 Concluding Remarks 158 References 159 Chapter 6 - Robot Autonomy 164 6.1 Introduction 164 6.2 What Is Autonomy? 165 6.3 What Is Robot Autonomy? 168 6.4 The Levels of Robot Autonomy 170 6.5 Some Philosophical Considerations of Robot Autonomy 177 6.5.1 Freedom of Selecting Goals 177 6.5.2 Intrinsic Ownership of Robot Goals 179 6.5.3 Integration of Body and Control System 179 6.5.4 Relation of Autonomy with Intelligence and Capacity 180 6.6 Concluding Remarks 182 References 183 Chapter 7 - Robot Consciousness 188 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 What Is Consciousness? 190 7.3 Machine – Robot Consciousness 194 7.4 Requirements for Machine – Robot Consciousness 197 7.5 Machine Consciousness Implementation Models 200 7.5.1 The IBCA Model 201 7.5.2 The CLARION Model 204 7.5.3 The ACT-R Model 206 7.5.4 The CERA Model 208 7.5.5 The MANN Model 209 7.6 Machine Consciousness Testing and Measurement: The Con Scale 213 7.7 Concluding Remarks 216 References 217 Chapter 8 - Robot Conscience and Ethics 222 8.1 Introduction 222 8.2 What Is Conscience? 224 8.3 Robot Conscience and Morality 225 8.4 Roboethics 226 8.4.1 General Issues 226 8.4.2 Top-Down Roboethics Approach 228 8.4.3 Bottom-Up Roboethics Approach 230 8.4.4 Human – Robot Symbiosis Roboethics 232 8.4.5 Robot Rights and Moral Status 233 8.5 Medical Roboethics 234 8.5.1 Medical Ethics 235 8.5.2 Robotic Surgery Ethical Issues 236 8.6 Assistive and Socialized Roboethics 239 8.6.1 Assistive Robots 239 8.6.2 Socialized Robots 243 8.7 Ethical Issues of Assistive and Socialized Robots 253 8.7.1 Assistive Robots 253 8.7.2 Socialized Robots 254 8.8 War Roboethics 255 8.8.1 War Ethics 255 8.8.2 The Ethics of Robots inWar 259 8.8.3 Objections about AutonomousWar Robots 261 8.9 Concluding Remarks 262 References 265 Chapter 9 - Architectural Aspects of Cognitive Robots 272 9.1 Introduction 272 9.2 Features and Capabilities of Cognitive Robots Architectures 274 9.3 Taxonomies of Cognitive Intelligent Robot Architectures 278 9.3.1 Taxonomy 1: Hierarchical, Behavior-based, and Hybrid Architectures 278 9.3.2 Taxonomy 2: Symbolic, Emergent, and Hybrid Architectures 282 9.4 The Meta-Cognition Concept in Robotic Systems Architecture 283 9.5 Some Representative Cognitive-Intelligent Robot Control Architectures 286 9.5.1 Hierarchical and Behavior-based Architectures 286 9.5.2 Cognivist Emergent and Hybrid Architectures 290 9.6 A List of Further Cognitive-Intelligent Control Architectures 297 9.7 Evaluation and Validation of Cognitive-Intelligent Architectures 300 9.8 Concluding Remarks 304 References 304 Chapter 10 - Additional Issues 310 10.1 Introduction 310 10.2 Consciousness Theories 311 10.2.1 HOT: Higher-Order Thought Theory 311 10.2.2 GlobalWorkspace Theory 312 10.2.3 Integrated Information Theory 315 10.2.4 Biological Theory 316 10.2.5 Comparison Remarks 317 10.3 Theory of Mind and Robot Development 318 10.3.1 Theory of Mind 318 10.3.2 Leslie’s and Baron-Cohen’s Models of Theory of Mind 319 10.3.3 Developmental Robots 320 10.4 Robot Attention 322 10.4.1 General Issues 322 10.4.2 Shared Attention 324 10.4.3 An Example: Conversational Robot 325 10.5 Further Philosophical and Legal Issues of Mental Robots 329 10.5.1 General Aspects 329 10.5.2 Duty Issues 330 10.5.3 Legal Issues 330 10.5.4 Ethical Issues 331 10.5.5 Philosophical and Ethical Issues of Cyborgs 332 10.6 Concluding Remarks 334 References 336 Index 340 About the Author 344 Back Cover 345