An Introduction to Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior (Explore Our New Psychology 1st Editions)

This up-to-date text provides an introductory overview of the nervous system actions and behavioral effects of the major classes of psychoactive drugs, using pedagogy unique among pharmacology texts to make the topic approachable. Available with InfoTrac Student Collections Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title......Page 4 Statement......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Author Biography......Page 8 Brief Contents......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 Preface......Page 21 Ch 1: Introduction to Psychopharmacology......Page 25 Psychopharmacology......Page 26 Why Read a Book on Psychopharmacology?......Page 27 Drugs: Administered Substances That Alter Physiological Functions......Page 28 Psychoactive Drugs: Described by Manner of Use......Page 29 Generic Names, Trade Names, and Street Names for Drugs......Page 30 Drug Effects: Determined by Dose......Page 31 Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacogenetics......Page 34 Psychoactive Drugs: Objective and Subjective Effects......Page 35 Study Designs and the Assessment of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 36 Experimental Validity: Addressing the Quality and Impact of an Experiment......Page 39 Animals and Advancing Medical Research......Page 41 The Regulation of Animal Research......Page 43 Researchers Consider Many Ethical Issues When Conducting Human Research......Page 46 From Actions to Effects: Therapeutic Drug Development......Page 49 Chapter Summary......Page 51 Key Terms......Page 52 Ch 2: The Nervous System......Page 53 Introduction......Page 54 Cells in the Nervous System......Page 55 The Nervous System: Control of Behavior and Physiological Functions......Page 59 Blood Flow in the Brain......Page 72 Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 73 The Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 75 The Nervous System: Rapid Development After Fertilization......Page 76 Genes and the Development and Physiological Processes of Cells......Page 79 From Actions to Effects: Glial Scars and Recovery from Brain Injury......Page 82 Key Terms......Page 84 Ch 3: Neurotransmission......Page 87 Introduction......Page 88 Electrical Events Within a Neuron and the Release of Neurotransmitters......Page 89 Nerve Impulses: Electrical Potential Changes in Neurons......Page 90 Propagation of Action Potentials Down Axons......Page 96 Neurotransmitters: Signaling Molecules for Neuronal Communication......Page 98 Neurotransmission: Neurotransmitter Binding to Receptors......Page 100 Different Types of Neurotransmitters and Communication......Page 104 Monoamine Neurotransmitters: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Serotonin......Page 108 Acetylcholine......Page 113 Nitric Oxide: A Unique Neurotransmitter......Page 116 Other Types of Chemical Transmission in the Nervous System......Page 117 From Actions to Effects: Treating Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 120 Key Terms......Page 123 Ch 4: Properties of Drugs......Page 125 Introduction......Page 126 Pharmacokinetic Properties and Drug Passage Through the Body......Page 127 Pharmacodynamics: Describing the Actions of Drugs......Page 135 Psychoactive Drugs and Receptors......Page 139 Neurotoxins and Damage to the Nervous System......Page 146 Physiological Adaptations to Chronic Drug Use......Page 147 From Actions to Effects: Heroin Tolerance and Environmental Factors......Page 149 Chapter Summary......Page 150 Key Terms......Page 151 Ch 5: Drugs of Abuse......Page 153 Introduction......Page 154 Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification......Page 155 Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction......Page 158 Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction......Page 160 Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry......Page 166 Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems......Page 171 Neurobiology and the Stages of Drug Addiction......Page 174 Psychological and Pharmacological Therapies for Treating Drug Dependence......Page 175 From Actions to Effects: Food Addiction......Page 180 Chapter Summary......Page 181 Key Terms......Page 182 Ch 6: Psychostimulants......Page 183 Introduction......Page 184 Psychostimulants: A Large Variety of Substances......Page 185 Psychostimulants: Herbal Remedies, Prescription Drugs, and Substances of Abuse......Page 186 Instrumental and Recreational Purposes of Psychostimulants......Page 190 Psychostimulant Administration......Page 194 Psychostimulants and Monoamine Neurotransmitters......Page 197 Pharmacological Effects of Psychostimulants......Page 201 From Actions to Effects: Psychostimulant Addiction......Page 209 Chapter Summary......Page 213 Key Terms......Page 214 Ch 7: Nicotine and Caffeine......Page 215 Nicotine: Key Psychoactive Ingredient in Tobacco......Page 216 Discovery of Tobacco......Page 220 Pharmacokinetic Properties and Tobacco Use......Page 222 Nicotine and Nervous System Functioning......Page 224 Nicotine’s Potent Pharmacological Effects......Page 228 Environmental, Genetic, and Receptor Differences Between Light and Heavy Tobacco Users......Page 236 From Actions to Effects: Why People Smoke and How They Quit......Page 238 Caffeine......Page 239 Caffeine Absorption, Duration, and Interaction with Other Psychoactive Drugs......Page 242 Caffeine: Antagonist for Adenosine Receptors......Page 243 Tolerance and Dependence During Sustained Caffeine Use......Page 244 From Actions to Effects: Why People Consume Caffeinated Products......Page 245 Chapter Summary......Page 246 Key Terms......Page 247 Ch 8: Alcohol......Page 249 Alcohol: The Most Commonly Used Depressant Substance......Page 250 Alcohol Production Through Fermentation and Distillation......Page 251 The History of Alcohol Consumption......Page 254 Pharmacokinetic Factors and Alcohol’s Effects......Page 255 Alcohol and Central Nervous System Functioning......Page 257 Pharmacological Effects of Alcohol......Page 261 Psychosocial Interventions, Therapeutic Drugs, and Alcohol Use Disorders......Page 272 From Actions to Effects: Hangover......Page 276 Key Terms......Page 278 Ch 9: GHB, Inhalants, and Anesthetics......Page 279 Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate......Page 280 Inhalants......Page 290 From Actions to Effects: Stimulus Properties of GHB and Toluene......Page 296 Chapter Summary......Page 297 Key Terms......Page 298 Ch 10: Opioids......Page 299 Introduction......Page 300 Opioids: Natural and Synthetic......Page 301 History of Opium Use......Page 303 Pharmacokinetic Properties and Opioid Abuse......Page 304 Opioid Drug Interactions with the Endogenous Opioid System......Page 306 Opioid Drugs: Classification by Receptor Action......Page 308 Opioid System Interactions with Reward, Pain, and Stress Systems......Page 310 Opioid Reinforcing and Analgesic Effects......Page 313 From Actions to Effects: Pharmacological Approaches for Treating Opioid Addiction......Page 320 Key Terms......Page 322 Ch 11: Cannabinoids......Page 323 Introduction......Page 324 Historical Use of Cannabis......Page 326 Methods of Cannabis Preparation......Page 328 Cannabinoid Compounds and the Endocannabinoid System......Page 330 Cannabinoids and CB1 and CB2 Receptors......Page 331 Physiological Effects of Cannabinoids......Page 333 Behavioral Effects of Cannabinoids......Page 334 Subjective Effects of Cannabinoids......Page 335 Cannabinoid Tolerance and Dependence......Page 337 Cannabis and Risk of Lung Disease......Page 339 From Actions to Effects: Medical Marijuana......Page 340 Key Terms......Page 342 Ch 12: Psychedelic Drugs......Page 343 Introduction......Page 344 Hallucinogens......Page 345 LSD’s Mild Physiological Effects and Profound Hallucinogenic Effects......Page 350 Mixed Stimulant–Psychedelic Drugs......Page 353 Recreational Use of Dissociative Anesthetics......Page 365 Other Psychedelic Drugs......Page 372 From Actions to Effects: Synesthesia......Page 374 Chapter Summary......Page 375 Key Terms......Page 376 Ch 13: Treatments for Depression and Bipolar Disorder......Page 377 Introduction......Page 378 Depression......Page 379 Bipolar Disorder......Page 395 From Actions to Effects: Pharmacogenetic Factors and Treatment Response in Depression......Page 401 Chapter Summary......Page 402 Key Terms......Page 403 Ch 14: Treatments for Anxiety Disorders......Page 405 DSM Definitions of Anxiety Disorders......Page 406 The Amygdala’s Role in Anxiety......Page 409 Anxious Feelings, the Amygdala, and the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 411 Stress and the HPA Axis......Page 412 Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Drugs and the Treatment of Anxiety......Page 415 From Actions to Effects: How Do Antidepressant Drugs Reduce Anxiety?......Page 425 Key Terms......Page 430 Ch 15: Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 431 Schizophrenia......Page 432 Schizophrenia’s Complex Neurobiological Profile......Page 436 A Brief History of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment......Page 438 Antipsychotic Drugs and the Treatment of Schizophrenia......Page 439 Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 441 From Actions to Effects: Antipsychotic Drug Actions and Dopamine Neurotransmission in Schizophrenia......Page 449 Key Terms......Page 452 References......Page 453 Subject Index/Glossary......Page 485