An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century (New Approaches to Asian History)

India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh contain one-fifth of humanity, are home to many biodiversity hotspots, and are among the nations most subject to climatic stresses. By surveying their environmental history, we can gain major insights into the causes and implications of the Indian subcontinent's current conditions. This accessible new survey begins roughly 100 million years ago, when continental drift moved India from the South Pole and across the Indian Ocean, forming the Himalayan Mountains and creating monsoons. Coverage continues to the twenty-first century, taking readers beyond independence from colonial rule. The new nations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh have produced rising populations and have stretched natural resources, even as they have become increasingly engaged with climate change. To understand the region's current and future pressing issues, Michael H. Fisher argues that we must engage with the long and complex history of interactions among its people, land, climate, flora, and fauna. The Relatively Young But Rapidly Expanding Field Of Formal Environmental History Informs Us Ever More About Vital Patterns Of Interactions Among Humans, Other Living Beings, And The Material World. Climate Change, Species Extinction, Unequally Distributed And Overstrained Essential Resources (including Clean Air, Energy, Food, Land, And Water), And Other Of Today's Pressing Issues Can Only Be Understood And Mitigated By Understanding The Many Centuries Of Dynamic Changes That Caused Them. The Indian Subcontinent Has A Distinctively Complex Environmental History That Makes It Particularly Vulnerable To Current Environmental Stresses-- Locating And Shaping India's Physical Environment And Living Populations -- Indus And Vedic Relationships With Indian Environments (c.3500 Bce-c.600bce) -- The Environment And Forest-dweller, Late Vedic, Hindu, Jain, Buddhist, And Dravidian Cultures, Societies, And States (c.600 Bce-c.800 Ce) -- Insiders, Jewish, Christian, And Muslim Immigrants, And The Environment (c.700-c.1600) -- Mughal Empire (1526-1707) -- Mughal Imperial Fragmentation, Regional State Rise, Popular Environmental Movements, And Early British Colonial Policies And Institutions (c.1700-1857) -- The British Raj, Mahatma Gandhi, And Other Anti-colonial Movements (1857-1947) -- West And East Pakistan And India Following Independence (1947-71) -- India, Pakistan, And Bangladesh From Stockholm To Rio (1971-92) -- India, Pakistan, And Bangladesh Into The Twenty-first Century -- National, Subcontinental, And Global Issues In South Asia. Michael H. Fisher, Oberlin College. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 257-282) And Index. Locating and Shaping Indias Physical Environment ..............11 Indus and Vedic Relationships with Indian Environments ..............32 1 ..............33 1a and 3 1b Clay impressions from Indus seals ..............38 The Environment and ForestDweller Late Vedic Hindu ..............49 1 ..............51 Insiders Jewish Christian and Muslim Immigrants and ..............77 The Mughal Empire 15261707 ..............93