Amos 16.0 user's guide.

Amos 16.0 User's Guide......Page 1 Contents......Page 3 1 Introduction......Page 19 Featured Methods......Page 20 About the Examples......Page 21 Other Sources of Information......Page 22 Acknowledgements......Page 23 Mixture Modeling, Clustering, and Discriminant Analysis......Page 25 Changes to the Program......Page 26 Introduction......Page 27 About the Data......Page 28 Launching Amos Graphics......Page 29 Creating a New Model......Page 30 Specifying the Model and Drawing Variables......Page 31 Naming the Variables......Page 32 Drawing Arrows......Page 33 Constraining a Parameter......Page 34 To Delete an Object......Page 35 Setting Up Optional Output......Page 36 To View Text Output......Page 38 To View Graphics Output......Page 39 Printing the Path Diagram......Page 40 Copying Text Output......Page 41 About the Data......Page 43 Bringing In the Data......Page 44 Specifying the Model......Page 45 Naming the Variables......Page 46 Establishing Covariances......Page 47 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 48 Viewing Text Output......Page 49 Calculating Standardized Estimates......Page 53 Viewing Correlation Estimates as Text Output......Page 54 Distribution Assumptions for Amos Models......Page 55 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 56 Modeling in C#......Page 59 Other Program Development Tools......Page 60 Parameters Constraints......Page 61 Constraining Variances......Page 62 Specifying Equal Parameters......Page 63 Constraining Covariances......Page 64 Moving and Formatting Objects......Page 65 Data Input......Page 66 Viewing Text Output......Page 67 Optional Output......Page 68 Covariance Matrix Estimates......Page 69 Labeling Output......Page 71 Hypothesis Testing......Page 72 Displaying Chi-Square Statistics on the Path Diagram......Page 73 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 75 Timing Is Everything......Page 77 Bringing In the Data......Page 79 Specifying the Model......Page 80 Viewing Text Output......Page 82 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 83 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 85 About the Data......Page 87 Analysis of the Data......Page 88 Specifying the Model......Page 89 Fixing Regression Weights......Page 90 Viewing the Text Output......Page 92 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 94 Viewing Additional Text Output......Page 95 Assumptions about Correlations among Exogenous Variables......Page 97 Equation Format for the AStructure Method......Page 98 About the Data......Page 101 Measurement Model......Page 103 Structural Model......Page 104 Specifying the Model......Page 105 Changing the Orientation of the Drawing Area......Page 106 Creating the Path Diagram......Page 107 Duplicating Measurement Models......Page 108 Results for Model A......Page 110 Model B......Page 113 Results for Model B......Page 114 Testing Model B against Model A......Page 116 Model A......Page 118 Model B......Page 119 About the Data......Page 121 Specifying the Model......Page 122 Results of the Analysis......Page 123 Dealing with Rejection......Page 124 Using Modification Indices......Page 125 Changing the Modification Index Threshold......Page 126 Model B for the Wheaton Data......Page 127 Text Output......Page 128 Graphics Output for Model B......Page 129 Calculating Critical Ratios......Page 130 Results for Model C......Page 134 Parameter Estimates for Model C......Page 135 Multiple Models in a Single Analysis......Page 136 Viewing Fit Statistics for All Four Models......Page 139 Obtaining Optional Output......Page 141 Obtaining Tables of Indirect, Direct, and Total Effects......Page 142 Model A......Page 143 Model B......Page 144 Model C......Page 145 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 146 About the Data......Page 149 Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model......Page 150 Text Output......Page 151 Obtaining Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 153 Graphics Output......Page 154 Stability Index......Page 155 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 156 About the Data......Page 157 A Common Factor Model......Page 158 Identification......Page 159 Drawing the Model......Page 160 Results of the Analysis......Page 161 Obtaining Standardized Estimates......Page 162 Viewing Standardized Estimates......Page 163 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 164 Analysis of Covariance and Its Alternative......Page 165 About the Data......Page 166 Model A for the Olsson Data......Page 167 Identification......Page 168 Requesting Modification Indices......Page 169 Model B for the Olsson Data......Page 170 Results for Model B......Page 171 Model C for the Olsson Data......Page 173 Fitting All Models At Once......Page 174 Model B......Page 175 Model C......Page 176 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 177 Analysis of Several Groups......Page 179 Model A......Page 180 Specifying Model A......Page 181 Text Output......Page 186 Graphics Output......Page 187 Model B......Page 188 Text Output......Page 190 Model A......Page 191 Model B......Page 192 Multiple Model Input......Page 193 About the Data......Page 195 Specifying a Figure Caption......Page 196 Text Output for Model A......Page 199 Graphics Output for Model A......Page 201 Model B for Girls and Boys......Page 202 Text Output......Page 204 Graphics Output......Page 207 Model C for Girls and Boys......Page 208 Results for Model C......Page 211 Model A......Page 212 Model C......Page 213 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 214 About the Data......Page 215 Naming the Groups......Page 216 Specifying the Data......Page 217 Text Output......Page 218 Graphics Output......Page 219 Model B for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls......Page 220 Text Output......Page 222 Graphics Output......Page 223 Model A......Page 226 Model B......Page 227 Means and Intercept Modeling......Page 229 Mean Structure Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 230 Text Output......Page 232 Model B for Young and Old Subjects......Page 234 Multiple Model Input......Page 236 Model A......Page 237 Model B......Page 238 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 239 Assumptions Made by Amos......Page 241 Specifying the Model......Page 242 Text Output......Page 243 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 245 Factor Means......Page 249 Specifying the Model......Page 250 Understanding the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 252 Graphics Output......Page 253 Model B for Boys and Girls......Page 255 Comparing Models A and B......Page 257 Model A......Page 258 Model B......Page 259 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 260 Assumptions......Page 261 About the Data......Page 262 Specifying the Model......Page 263 Text Output......Page 265 Model B......Page 267 Results for Model B......Page 269 Model C......Page 270 Results for Model C......Page 271 Model D......Page 272 Results for Model D......Page 273 Fitting Models A Through E in a Single Analysis......Page 275 Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 276 Model Y......Page 277 Results for Model Y......Page 279 Model Z......Page 280 Results for Model Z......Page 281 Model A......Page 282 Model B......Page 283 Model C......Page 284 Model D......Page 285 Model E......Page 286 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 287 Models X, Y, and Z......Page 288 Incomplete Data......Page 289 About the Data......Page 290 Specifying the Model......Page 291 Saturated and Independence Models......Page 292 Text Output......Page 293 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 295 Fitting the Factor Model (Model A)......Page 296 Fitting the Saturated Model (Model B)......Page 297 Computing the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Statistic and P......Page 301 Performing All Steps with One Program......Page 302 Missing Data......Page 303 About the Data......Page 304 Model A......Page 305 Text Output......Page 307 Model B......Page 310 Output from Models A and B......Page 311 Model A......Page 312 Model B......Page 313 The Bootstrap Method......Page 315 A Factor Analysis Model......Page 316 Results of the Analysis......Page 317 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 321 Bootstrap Approach to Model Comparison......Page 323 Five Models......Page 324 Text Output......Page 328 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 330 Estimation Methods......Page 331 About the Model......Page 332 Text Output......Page 335 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 338 About the Model......Page 339 Specifying the Model......Page 340 Selecting Program Options......Page 342 Performing the Specification Search......Page 343 Viewing Generated Models......Page 344 Viewing Parameter Estimates for a Model......Page 345 Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 346 Viewing the Akaike Weights......Page 347 Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 348 Using Bayes Factors to Compare Models......Page 349 Rescaling the Bayes Factors......Page 351 Examining the Short List of Models......Page 352 Viewing a Scatterplot of Fit and Complexity......Page 353 Adjusting the Line Representing Constant Fit......Page 355 Viewing the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 356 Adjusting the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 357 Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for C......Page 358 Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for Other Fit Measures......Page 359 Viewing the Scree Plot for C......Page 360 Viewing the Scree Plot for Other Fit Measures......Page 362 Specification Search with Many Optional Arrows......Page 364 Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 365 Performing the Specification Search......Page 366 Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 367 Limitations......Page 368 About the Model......Page 369 Opening the Specification Search Window......Page 370 Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 371 Performing the Specification Search......Page 373 Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 374 Viewing the Short List of Models......Page 377 Heuristic Specification Search......Page 378 Performing a Stepwise Search......Page 379 Viewing the Scree Plot......Page 380 Limitations of Heuristic Specification Searches......Page 381 Model 24a: Modeling Without Means and Intercepts......Page 383 Opening the Multiple-Group Analysis Dialog Box......Page 384 Viewing the Parameter Subsets......Page 386 Viewing the Generated Models......Page 387 Fitting All the Models and Viewing the Output......Page 388 Customizing the Analysis......Page 389 Specifying the Model......Page 390 Removing Constraints......Page 391 Generating the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 392 Fitting the Models......Page 393 Viewing the Output......Page 394 About the Model......Page 397 Constraining the Latent Variable Means and Intercepts......Page 398 Generating Cross-Group Constraints......Page 399 Viewing the Text Output......Page 401 Examining the Modification Indices......Page 402 Modifying the Model and Repeating the Analysis......Page 403 Bayesian Estimation......Page 405 Selecting Priors......Page 407 Estimating the Covariance......Page 408 Results of Maximum Likelihood Analysis......Page 409 Bayesian Analysis......Page 410 Examining the Current Seed......Page 412 Changing the Current Seed......Page 413 Changing the Refresh Options......Page 415 Assessing Convergence......Page 416 Diagnostic Plots......Page 418 Bivariate Marginal Posterior Plots......Page 424 Changing the Confidence Level......Page 427 Learning More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 428 More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 429 About the Data......Page 430 Fitting a Model by Maximum Likelihood......Page 431 Changing the Number of Burn-In Observations......Page 432 The Wheaton Data Revisited......Page 443 Indirect Effects......Page 444 Estimating Indirect Effects......Page 445 Bayesian Analysis of Model C......Page 447 Additional Estimands......Page 448 Inferences about Indirect Effects......Page 451 The Stability of Alienation Model......Page 457 Numeric Custom Estimands......Page 463 Dragging and Dropping......Page 467 Defining a Dichotomous Estimand......Page 477 About the Example......Page 481 Performing Multiple Data Imputation Using Amos Graphics......Page 482 Analyzing the Imputed Data Files Using SPSS......Page 489 Step 2: Ten Separate Analyses......Page 490 Step 3: Combining Results of Multiply Imputed Data Files......Page 491 Further Reading......Page 493 About the Data......Page 495 Analyzing the Data......Page 497 Performing a Regression Analysis......Page 498 Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 501 Imputation......Page 504 General Inequality Constraints on Data Values......Page 508 About the Data......Page 509 Specifying the Data File......Page 511 Recoding the Data within Amos......Page 512 Specifying the Model......Page 520 Fitting the Model......Page 521 MCMC Diagnostics......Page 524 Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 526 Posterior Predictive Distributions for Latent Variables......Page 531 Imputation......Page 536 About the Data......Page 541 Performing the Analysis......Page 544 Specifying the Data File......Page 546 Specifying the Model......Page 550 Fitting the Model......Page 552 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 555 Latent Structure Analysis......Page 557 About the Data......Page 559 Performing the Analysis......Page 560 Specifying the Data File......Page 562 Specifying the Model......Page 565 Constraining the Parameters......Page 566 Fitting the Model......Page 568 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 571 Latent Structure Analysis......Page 573 Label Switching......Page 574 First Dataset......Page 577 Second Dataset......Page 579 The Group Variable in the Dataset......Page 580 Performing the Analysis......Page 581 Specifying the Data File......Page 583 Specifying the Model......Page 586 Fitting the Model......Page 587 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 592 Improving Parameter Estimates......Page 593 Prior Distribution of Group Proportions......Page 595 Label Switching......Page 596 A Notation......Page 597 B Discrepancy Functions......Page 599 C Measures of Fit......Page 603 DF......Page 604 P......Page 605 Rules of Thumb......Page 607 NCP......Page 608 RMSEA......Page 609 Rule of Thumb......Page 610 AIC......Page 611 BIC......Page 612 ECVI......Page 613 Comparisons to a Baseline Model......Page 614 NFI......Page 615 RFI......Page 616 TLI......Page 617 Parsimony Adjusted Measures......Page 618 GFI......Page 619 AGFI......Page 620 HOELTER......Page 621 RMR......Page 622 Selected List of Fit Measures......Page 623 D Numeric Diagnosis of Non-Identifiability......Page 625 E Using Fit Measures to Rank Models......Page 627 F Baseline Models for Descriptive Fit Measures......Page 631 Zero-Based Rescaling......Page 633 Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Sum = 1)......Page 634 Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Max = 1)......Page 635 Bibliography......Page 637 Index......Page 649