American Health: Demographics and Spending of Health Care Consumers - 3rd edition

American Health: Demographics and Spending of Health Care Consumers provides a comprehensive look at the demographics of health care consumers and the services they use, ranging from fish oil supplements to mammograms, from doctor visits to birth control pills. American Health includes detailed health care spending data from the federal government's highly respected Consumer Expenditure Survey and the less well-known Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. It presents the latest data on health care coverage and the reasons why people do not have health insurance. It has the latest information on the growing girth of the population, in pounds and percentages. It examines teen attitudes toward sex and teen and adult use of contraception. It explores the changing attitudes of Americans toward the role of the federal government in providing health care in the United States. American Health is divided into 14 chapters, each examining a different facet of health care. The topics are Addictions, Aging, Alternative Medicine, Attitudes toward Health Care, Births, Coverage and Cost, Deaths, Disability, Diseases and Conditions, Health Care Visits, Hospital Care, Mental Health, Sexual Attitudes and Behavior, and Weight and Exercise. Each chapter includes tables showing the demographics of health care consumers as well as explanatory text and charts revealing the most important trends. Table of Contents......Page 6 List of Tables......Page 9 List of Illustrations......Page 16 Introduction......Page 20 Chap. 1 Addictions......Page 22 Men Are More Likely than Women to Smoke......Page 23 Table 1.1 Cigarette Smoking Status of People Aged 18 or Older by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 24 Table 1.2 Percent Distribution of People Aged 18 or Older by Cigarette Smoking Status, 2008......Page 25 Table 1.3 Current Smokers by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 26 Table 1.4 Cigarette Smoking by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 27 Health Professionals Are Advising Smokers to Quit......Page 28 Table 1.5 Advised to Quit Smoking during Routine Health Checkup, 2007......Page 29 By 11th Grade, Most Teens Have Smoked a Cigarette......Page 30 Table 1.6 Cigarette Use among 12-to-17-Year-Olds, 1999–2004......Page 31 Table 1.8 Attitudes of 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders toward Cigarette Smoking, 1999 and 2009......Page 32 Drinking Varies by Demographics......Page 33 Table 1.9 Alcohol Drinking Status of People Aged 18 or Older by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 34 Table 1.10 Percent Distribution of People Aged 18 or Older by Alcohol Drinking Status, 2008......Page 35 Table 1.11 Alcohol Use by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 36 Table 1.12 Alcohol Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 37 Table 1.13 Binge Drinking and Heavy Alcohol Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 38 Most High School Students Have Tried Alcohol......Page 39 Table 1.15 Alcohol Use by 9th to 12th Graders, 2007......Page 40 Table 1.16 Attitudes of 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders toward Drinking, 1999 and 2009......Page 41 Marijuana Is the Most Commonly Used Illicit Drug......Page 42 Table 1.17 Illicit Drug Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 43 Table 1.18 Lifetime Illicit Drug Use by Type of Drug and Age, 2008......Page 44 Table 1.19 Past Year Illicit Drug Use by Type of Drug and Age, 2008......Page 45 Table 1.20 Past Month Illicit Drug Use by Type of Drug and Age, 2008......Page 46 Thirty-Eight Percent of High School Students Have Smoked Pot......Page 47 Table 1.22 Marijuana Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 48 Table 1.24 Marijuana Use by 9th to 12th Graders, 2007......Page 49 Teen Drug Use Fell in the Past Decade......Page 50 Table 1.25 Drug Use by 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 1999 and 2009......Page 51 Table 1.26 Attitudes of 12th Graders toward Drug Use, 1999 and 2009......Page 52 Most Addicts Do Not Get the Treatment They Need......Page 53 Table 1.27 Treatment for Drug or Alcohol Problems in Past Year, 2008......Page 54 Chap. 2 Aging......Page 56 With Age, Health Problems Grow......Page 57 Table 2.2 Difficulties in Physical and Social Functioning among Adults Aged 55 or Older by Age, 2004–07......Page 58 Table 2.3 Health Care Access among Adults Aged 55 or Older by Age, 2004–07......Page 59 Most Older Americans Can Care for Themselves......Page 60 Table 2.5 People Aged 65 or Older Who Need Help Performing Activities of Daily Living, 2008......Page 61 Table 2.6 Difficulty Performing Instrumental Activities of Daily Living among Medicare Beneficiaries, 2006......Page 62 Table 2.7 Incontinence among Medicare Beneficiaries, 2006......Page 63 Fewer People Are in Nursing Homes......Page 64 Table 2.8 Number of Nursing Home Residents and Rate of Nursing Home Care, 1977 to 2004......Page 65 Table 2.9 Nursing Home Residents Aged 65 or Older by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004......Page 66 Table 2.10 Nursing Home Residents by Marital Status and Prior Living Arrangement, 2004......Page 67 Chap. 3 Alternative Medicine......Page 68 Millions Turn to Alternative Medicine......Page 69 Table 3.1 Use of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Type and Age, 2007......Page 70 Table 3.3 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Sex, 2007......Page 71 Table 3.5 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Region, 2007......Page 72 Table 3.7 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Health Insurance Status, 2007......Page 73 Table 3.9 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Smoking Status, 2007......Page 74 Table 3.11 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Number of Health Conditions, 2007......Page 75 Table 3.12 Characteristics of Children Who Use Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007......Page 76 Alternative Therapies Are Most Commonly Used for Back Problems......Page 77 Table 3.14 Alternative Medicine Use among Children by Disease or Condition, 2007......Page 78 Table 3.16 Children’s Use of Nonvitamin, Nonmineral Natural Products by Type, 2007......Page 79 We Spend Billions on Alternative Medicine......Page 80 Table 3.17 Total Visits and Out-of-Pocket Costs for Visits to Alternative and Complementary Medicine Practitioners by Type, 2007......Page 81 Table 3.18 Per-Person Visits and Out-of-Pocket Costs of Visits to Alternative and Complementary Medicine Practitioners by Type, 2007......Page 82 Table 3.19 Cost of Alternative and Complementary Medicine Materials and Therapy, 2007......Page 83 Chap. 4 Attitudes toward Health Care......Page 84 Fewer Americans Have Confidence in the Medical Community......Page 85 Table 4.1 Confidence in Medicine, 1978 to 2008......Page 86 Table 4.2 Spending on Improving Nation’s Health, 1978 to 2008......Page 87 Table 4.3 Government Should Help Pay for Medical Care, 1988 and 2008......Page 88 Most People Say Their Health Is Very Good or Excellent......Page 89 Table 4.4 Health Status by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 90 Table 4.5 Health Status of Children by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 91 Table 4.7 Days of Poor Physical Health in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 92 Table 4.9 Days of Activity Limitation in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 93 Table 4.10 Frequent Activity Limitation Days in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 94 Inability to Pay for Health Care Is a Problem for Many......Page 95 Table 4.11 People with Problems Receiving Medical Care by Reason, 2007......Page 96 Table 4.12 People with Problems Receiving Prescriptions by Reason, 2007......Page 97 Table 4.13 People with Problems Receiving Dental Care by Reason, 2007......Page 98 Many Patients Want More Time with Health Care Providers......Page 99 Table 4.14 Attitude toward Scheduling Routine Health Care Appointments among Adults, 2007......Page 100 Table 4.15 Attitude toward Scheduling Routine Health Care Appointments for Children, 2007......Page 101 Table 4.16 Health Care Provider Spent Enough Time with Adult Patient, 2007......Page 102 Table 4.17 Health Care Provider Spent Enough Time with Children and Their Parents, 2007......Page 103 Most Patients Say Providers Always Explain, Listen, and Show Respect......Page 104 Table 4.18 Health Care Provider Explained Things Clearly to Adult Patient, 2007......Page 105 Table 4.19 Health Care Provider Explained Things Clearly to Parents of Patients under Age 18, 2007......Page 106 Table 4.20 Health Care Provider Listened Carefully to Adult Patient, 2007......Page 107 Table 4.21 Health Care Provider Listened Carefully to Parents of Patients under Age 18, 2007......Page 108 Table 4.22 Health Care Provider Showed Respect for What Adult Patient Had to Say, 2007......Page 109 Table 4.23 Health Care Provider Showed Respect for What Parents of Patients under Age 18 Had to Say, 2007......Page 110 Fewer than Half Give Their Health Care Provider the Highest Rating......Page 111 Table 4.24 Adult Patients’ Rating of Health Care Received from Doctor’s Office or Clinic, 2007......Page 112 Table 4.25 Parents’ Rating of Health Care Received by Children at Doctor’s Office or Clinic, 2007......Page 113 Chap. 5 Births......Page 114 Only 65 Percent of Pregnancies Result in Live Births......Page 115 Table 5.2 Pregnancy Outcomes by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2005......Page 116 Americans Support Abortion Rights......Page 117 Table 5.3 Abortions by Selected Characteristics, 1995 to 2005......Page 118 Table 5.4 Support for Legal Abortion by Reason, 1972 to 2008......Page 119 More Women Are Childless......Page 120 Table 5.6 Number of Children Ever Born to Women Aged 40 to 44, 1976 to 2006......Page 121 Table 5.7 Number of Children Ever Born to Women by Age, 2006......Page 122 The Birth Rate Has Risen Since 2000......Page 123 Table 5.9 Average Age of Women When Giving Birth by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990 and 2006......Page 124 Nearly 4 Million Women Gave Birth in 2006......Page 125 Table 5.10 Characteristics of Women Aged 15 to 44 Giving Birth in the Past Year, 2006......Page 126 More than One-Third of Newborns Are Hispanic or Black......Page 127 Table 5.11 Births by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 128 Table 5.12 Births to Hispanics by Age and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 129 Many Births Are to Unmarried Women......Page 130 Table 5.14 Births to Unmarried Women by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 131 Table 5.15 Women Who Have Ever Had a Nonmarital Birth, 2002......Page 132 Forty Percent of Births Are First Births......Page 133 Table 5.16 Births by Age of Mother and Birth Order, 2008......Page 134 Table 5.17 Births by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Birth Order, 2008......Page 135 Older Mothers Are More Likely to Have Caesareans......Page 136 Table 5.18 Births by Age and Method of Delivery, 2006......Page 137 Table 5.19 Births by Age and Plurality, 2006......Page 138 Hispanics Have Higher Fertility Rate......Page 139 Table 5.21 Births to Hispanics by Selected Characteristics and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 140 Breastfeeding Is Increasing......Page 141 Table 5.22 Breastfeeding Trends, 2000 to 2006......Page 142 Chap. 6 Coverage and Cost......Page 144 Health Care Costs Have Grown Rapidly......Page 145 Table 6.2 National Health Care Expenditures by Type of Expenditure, 1960 and 2007......Page 146 Table 6.4 Out-of-Pocket Payments for Personal Health Care Expenditures, 1960 to 2007......Page 147 Table 6.5 Consumer Price Index for Health Care by Type of Product or Service, 2008......Page 148 Table 6.6 Health Care Spending by Country, 2006......Page 149 Fewer Are Covered by Employment-Based Health Insurance......Page 150 Table 6.7 Health Insurance Coverage by Type, 2000 to 2008......Page 151 Table 6.8 Employment-Based Private Health Insurance by Age, 2000 and 2008......Page 152 Table 6.9 People without Health Insurance by Age, 2000 and 2008......Page 153 Hispanics Are Most Likely to Be Uninsured......Page 154 Table 6.10 Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2008......Page 155 Table 6.11 Health Insurance Coverage by Sex, 2008......Page 156 Table 6.12 Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 157 Cost Is the Primary Reason for Being Uninsured......Page 158 Table 6.13 Number Who Lack Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics and Reason, 2008......Page 159 Table 6.14 Percent Who Lack Health Insurance Coverage by Reason, 2008......Page 160 Table 6.15 Percent Who Lack Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 161 Most Children Are Insured through a Family Member’s Employment......Page 162 Table 6.16 Children by Health Insurance Coverage Status, 2008......Page 163 Table 6.17 Percent Distribution of Children by Health Insurance Coverage Status, 2008......Page 164 Table 6.18 Children without Health Insurance, 2008......Page 165 Most Low-Income Workers Do Not Have Access to Employer-Provided Health Insurance......Page 166 Table 6.19 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Medical Benefits......Page 167 Table 6.20 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Outpatient Prescription Drug Coverage......Page 168 Table 6.21 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Dental Insurance......Page 169 Table 6.22 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Vision Benefits......Page 170 Table 6.23 Employee Contributions for Employer-Provided Health Care Coverage, 2009......Page 171 Health Care Spending Rises with Age......Page 172 Table 6.24 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Average Household Spending by Age of Householder......Page 173 Table 6.25 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Indexed Household Spending by Age of Householder......Page 175 Table 6.26 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Total Spending by Age of Householder......Page 177 Table 6.27 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Market Shares by Age of Householder......Page 179 Table 6.28 Total Spending on All Health Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 182 Insurance Covers Most of the Cost of Physician Visits......Page 183 Table 6.29 Spending on Physician Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 184 Insurance Payments Cover Nearly All Hospital Inpatient Expenses......Page 185 Table 6.30 Spending on Hospital Inpatient Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 186 Table 6.31 Spending on Hospital Outpatient Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 187 Table 6.32 Spending on Emergency Room Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 188 Older Adults Are Most Likely to Buy Prescription Drugs......Page 189 Table 6.33 Spending on Prescription Drugs by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 190 Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses Are Not Covered by Much Insurance......Page 191 Table 6.34 Spending on Optometrist Office Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 192 Table 6.35 Spending on Vision Aids by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 193 Nearly Half the Cost of Dental Visits Is Paid for Out-of-Pocket......Page 194 Table 6.36 Spending on Visits to General Dentists by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 195 Table 6.37 Spending on Orthodontic Office Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 196 Few Americans Visit Chiropractors......Page 197 Table 6.38 Spending on Visits to Nurses or Nurse Practitioners by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 198 Table 6.39 Spending on Chiropractic Office Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 199 Table 6.40 Spending on Home Health Care Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 200 Medicaid Rolls Are Growing......Page 201 Table 6.41 Medicaid Coverage by Selected Characteristics, 2000 and 2008......Page 202 Table 6.42 Medicare Enrollees by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 203 Chap. 7 Deaths......Page 204 Hospice Care Is Expanding......Page 205 Table 7.1 Home Health and Hospice Care Agencies, Patients, and Discharges, 2000 and 2007......Page 206 Leading Causes of Death Differ by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin......Page 207 Table 7.2 Leading Causes of Death, 2006......Page 208 Table 7.4 Leading Causes of Death among Males, 2006......Page 209 Table 7.6 Leading Causes of Death among Blacks, 2006......Page 210 Table 7.8 Leading Causes of Death among Non-Hispanic Whites, 2006......Page 211 Heart Disease Is the Leading Killer of the Oldest Adults......Page 212 Table 7.10 Deaths from the 15 Leading Causes of Death, 2006: Distribution by Age......Page 213 Table 7.11 Deaths from the 15 Leading Causes of Death, 2006: Distribution by Cause......Page 214 Accidents Are the Primary Cause of Death among Children......Page 215 Table 7.13 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 1 to 4, 2006......Page 216 Table 7.15 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 15 to 24, 2006......Page 217 Accidental Deaths Become Less Common with Age......Page 218 Table 7.17 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 35 to 44, 2006......Page 219 Table 7.19 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 55 to 64, 2006......Page 220 The Oldest Adults Die from a Wide Variety of Causes......Page 221 Table 7.21 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 65 to 74, 2006......Page 222 Table 7.23 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 85 or Older, 2006......Page 223 Americans Are Living Longer......Page 224 Table 7.24 Life Expectancy by Age, 1950 to 2007......Page 225 Table 7.25 Life Expectancy by Age and Sex, 2007......Page 226 Table 7.26 Life Expectancy by Sex, Age, and Race, 2007......Page 227 Chap. 8 Disability......Page 228 Most Older Americans Have a Disability......Page 229 Table 8.1 Disability Status of People Aged 15 or Older, 2005......Page 230 Table 8.2 Disability Status of Children under Age 15, 2005......Page 232 Many Have Difficulties in Physical Functioning......Page 233 Table 8.3 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 234 Table 8.4 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 235 Table 8.5 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 236 Table 8.6 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 237 Table 8.7 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Educational Attainment, 2008......Page 238 Nearly 11 Million Need Personal Assistance to Function......Page 239 Table 8.8 Need for Assistance, 2005......Page 240 Many Children Have a Learning Disability......Page 241 Table 8.9 Children with a Learning Disability or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 2008......Page 242 Table 8.10 Children Receiving Special Education or Early Intervention Services by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 243 Chronic Health Conditions Often Limit Activities......Page 244 Table 8.11 Limitations in Usual Activities due to Health Problems by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 245 Table 8.12 Limitations in Work Activity due to Health Problems by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 246 Chap. 9 Diseases and Conditions......Page 248 Serious Diseases Are More Common among the Elderly......Page 249 Table 9.1 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 250 Table 9.2 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 251 Table 9.3 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Age, 2008......Page 252 Biological Differences between Men and Women Are behind Disease Patterns......Page 253 Table 9.4 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 254 Table 9.5 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 255 Table 9.6 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Sex, 2008......Page 256 Prevalence of Many Diseases Is Highest among Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks......Page 257 Table 9.7 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 258 Table 9.8 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 259 Table 9.9 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 260 Low Incomes Are Related to Health Problems......Page 261 Table 9.10 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 262 Table 9.11 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 263 Table 9.12 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Household Income, 2008......Page 264 Higher Education Is Linked to Better Health......Page 265 Table 9.13 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Education, 2008......Page 266 Table 9.14 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Education, 2008......Page 267 Table 9.15 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Education, 2008......Page 268 Hypertension Rate Has Risen......Page 269 Table 9.17 Hypertension by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 270 Table 9.18 People with High Blood Pressure by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 271 Prevalence of High Cholesterol Is Declining......Page 272 Table 9.20 High Cholesterol by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 273 Table 9.21 Cholesterol Status by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 274 Diabetes Is Increasingly Common......Page 275 Table 9.22 Diabetes by Selected Characteristics, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 276 Table 9.23 People with Diabetes by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 277 Many Americans Report Health Problems......Page 278 Table 9.24 People with Asthma by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 279 Table 9.25 People with Arthritis by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 280 Table 9.26 People with Heart Disease by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 281 Table 9.27 Cancer Survival Rates, 1975–77 to 1999–2005......Page 282 Most Have Been Tested for Health Problems......Page 283 Table 9.28 People Aged 50 or Older Who Have Ever Had a Colonoscopy by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 284 Table 9.29 Men Who Have Had Prostate Cancer Screening by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 285 Table 9.30 Women Who Have Had a Pap Test by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 286 Table 9.31 Women Who Have Had a Mammogram by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 287 AIDS Hits Minorities Hard......Page 288 Table 9.32 Cumulative AIDS Cases by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, through 2007......Page 289 Table 9.33 Cumulative AIDS Cases by Sex and Transmission Category, through 2007......Page 290 Flu Shots Have Become Increasingly Popular......Page 291 Table 9.34 Influenza Vaccination among Adults by Age, 1989 to 2007......Page 292 Children’s Health Problems Vary by Age, Sex, and Race......Page 293 Table 9.35 Health Conditions among Children by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 294 Table 9.36 Distribution of Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics of Children, 2008......Page 295 Table 9.37 Percent of Children with Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 296 Prescription Drug Use Is Increasing......Page 297 Table 9.38 Prescription Drug Use by Sex and Age, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 298 Table 9.39 Prescription Drug Use by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 299 Some Health Conditions Are More Costly than Others......Page 300 Table 9.40 Number of Health Events by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 301 Table 9.41 Number of People Experiencing Health Events by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 302 Table 9.42 Cost of Health Events by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 303 Table 9.43 Average Expense Per Health Event, by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 304 Table 9.44 Average Expense Per Person Experiencing Health Event, by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 305 Chap. 10 Health Care Visits......Page 306 Physician Visits Have Declined......Page 307 Table 10.1 Health Care Visits, 1996 to 2006......Page 308 Table 10.2 Delayed Medical Care, 1997 and 2007......Page 309 Table 10.3 Did Not Get Prescriptions, 1997 and 2007......Page 310 Table 10.5 Health Care Visits by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 311 Table 10.6 Health Care Visits by Sex, 2006......Page 312 Women Are More Likely than Men to Visit Health Care Providers......Page 313 Table 10.7 Number of Office Visits to a Health Care Professional by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 314 Table 10.8 Percent Distribution of Office Visits to Health Care Professionals by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 315 Table 10.9 Length of Time since Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 316 Table 10.10 Percent Distribution by Length of Time since Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional, 2008......Page 317 Teenagers Are Least Likely to Visit a Doctor Frequently......Page 318 Table 10.11 Problems with Health Care Access for Children by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 319 Table 10.12 Percent of Children with Problems Accessing Health Care, 2008......Page 320 Table 10.13 Length of Time since Child’s Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 321 Table 10.14 Percent Distribution of Children by Length of Time since Child’s Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional, 2008......Page 322 Women Seek Health Care More Often than Men......Page 323 Table 10.15 Physician Office Visits by Sex and Age, 2006......Page 324 Table 10.16 Physician Office Visits by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 2006......Page 325 Preventive Care Visits Are Most Common among the Young......Page 326 Table 10.17 Physician Office Visits for Preventive Care, 2006......Page 327 Table 10.18 Physician Office Visits by Major Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 328 Table 10.19 Physician Office Visits by Detailed Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 329 Table 10.20 Physician Office Visits by Major Disease Category and Primary Diagnosis Group, 2006......Page 330 Most Doctor Visits include a Blood Pressure Reading......Page 331 Table 10.21 Physician Office Visits by Services Provided, 2006......Page 332 Table 10.22 Blood Pressure Measurements by Selected Characteristics, 2006......Page 333 Table 10.23 Physician Office Visits by Education Services and Nonmedication Treatments Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 334 Most Doctor Visits Last Less than 15 Minutes......Page 335 Table 10.24 Physician Office Visits by Time Spent with Physician, 2006......Page 336 Table 10.25 Physician Office Visits by Continuity of Care, 2006......Page 337 Most Patients Prefer to See a Doctor......Page 338 Table 10.26 Physician Office Visits by Providers Seen, 2006......Page 339 Drugs Are Prescribed at Most Doctor Visits......Page 340 Table 10.27 Physician Office Visits by Drug Therapy and Physician Specialty, 2006......Page 341 Table 10.28 Number of Unique Prescriptions and Refills Purchased by Selected Characteristics, 2006......Page 342 Table 10.29 Medications Most Frequently Prescribed during Physician Office Visits by Therapeutic Class, 2006......Page 343 Table 10.30 Twenty-Five Drug Brands on Which Households Spend the Most, 2007......Page 344 Table 10.31 Ten Drug Brands Prescribed the Most by Number of Purchases, 2007......Page 345 Most People See a Dentist Regularly......Page 346 Table 10.32 Length of Time since Last Dental Visit by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 347 Table 10.33 Percent Distribution by Length of Time since Last Dental Visit by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 348 Table 10.34 Dental Care Access and Length of Time since Last Dental Visit among Children, 2008......Page 349 Table 10.35 Percent Distribution of Children by Dental Care Access and Length of Time since Last Dental Visit, 2008......Page 350 Chap. 11 Hospital Care......Page 352 Blacks Are Most Likely to Use Hospital Outpatient Services......Page 353 Table 11.1 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Sex and Age, 2006......Page 354 Table 11.2 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 2006......Page 355 Acute Health Problems Are the Most Common Reason for Visiting Hospital Outpatient Departments......Page 356 Table 11.3 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Major Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 357 Table 11.4 Visits to Hospital Outpatient Departments by Detailed Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 358 Table 11.6 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Provider Seen, 2006......Page 359 Table 11.7 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Services Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 360 Table 11.8 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Therapeutic Services Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 361 Emergency Room Visits Rise Sharply in the Oldest Age Group......Page 362 Table 11.9 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Sex and Age, 2006......Page 363 Table 11.10 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Race and Age, 2006......Page 364 Emergency Room Visits by Older Adults Are Most Likely to Be Emergencies......Page 365 Table 11.11 Emergency Department Visits by Selected Characteristics and Urgency of Problem, 2006......Page 366 Table 11.12 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 367 Table 11.13 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Primary Diagnosis, 2006......Page 368 Table 11.14 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Provider Seen, 2006......Page 369 Table 11.15 Visits to Hospital Emergency Departments by Diagnostic and Screening Services Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 370 Older Adults Are More Likely to Need Hospitalization......Page 371 Table 11.16 Overnight Hospital Stays by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 372 Table 11.17 Hospital Discharges and Length of Stay, 2006......Page 373 The Oldest Account for the Largest Share of Hospitalizations......Page 374 Table 11.18 Number of Hospital Discharges by Diagnosis and Age, 2006......Page 375 Table 11.19 Percent Distribution of Hospital Discharges by Diagnosis and Age, 2006......Page 377 Heart Disease Is Most Likely to Lead to Hospitalization......Page 379 Table 11.20 Number and Rate of Discharges from Hospitals by Diagnosis, 2006......Page 380 Table 11.21 Length of Hospital Stay by Diagnosis, 1980 and 2006......Page 382 Hospitals Provide a Wide Variety of Services......Page 384 Table 11.22 Number of Hospital Discharges by Procedure and Age, 2006......Page 385 Table 11.23 Percent Distribution of Hospital Discharges by Procedure and Age, 2006......Page 387 Table 11.24 Discharges from Hospitals by Procedure, 2006......Page 389 Chap. 12 Mental Health......Page 392 More than One in Four Adults Has a Diagnosable Mental Disorder......Page 393 Table 12.1 Prevalence of Mental Disorders, 2008......Page 394 Table 12.3 Frequent Mental Stress in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 395 Table 12.4 Americans with a History of Depression by Selected Characteristics, 2009......Page 396 Table 12.5 Americans Who Have Looked Online for Mental Health Information, by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 397 Women Are More Likely to Experience Mental Health Problems......Page 398 Table 12.6 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 399 Table 12.7 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 400 Table 12.8 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 401 Income Is Strongly Linked to Mental Health Problems......Page 402 Table 12.9 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 403 Table 12.10 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Education, 2008......Page 404 Many Teenagers Struggle with Mental Health Issues......Page 405 Table 12.11 High School Students Who F