American Government Stories of a Nation For the AP® Course 79.1MB

Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Brief Contents......Page 5 Detailed Contents......Page 11 Acknowledgments......Page 36 About the Authors......Page 40 To the Student......Page 43 Tips for Taking the AP® Exam......Page 45 American Government: What’s Inside......Page 48 Unit 1 Democracy and the Constitution......Page 60 Chapter 1 American Government and Politics: The Stories of Our Nation......Page 64 Section 1.1 The Fight for Students’ Rights......Page 68 AP® Political Science Practices Exam Task Verbs......Page 72 Section Review......Page 73 The Declaration of Independence......Page 75 Popular Sovereignty and Republicanism......Page 78 Two Visions of Liberty......Page 79 Religion and American Political Culture......Page 80 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Pie Charts......Page 81 Section Review......Page 82 Participatory Democratic Theory......Page 86 Pluralist Theory......Page 87 Elitist Theory......Page 88 Section Review......Page 90 Section 1.4 Institutions, Systems, and Power......Page 92 Section Review......Page 93 How to Use This Book......Page 96 Chapter 1 Review......Page 98 Chapter 2 The Constitution: A New Vision of Government......Page 109 James Madison: Clear-Eyed Visionary......Page 112 A Firm League of Friendship......Page 115 Limitations on the Power of the Confederal Government......Page 117 The Annapolis Convention......Page 121 Unrest and the Danger of Rebellion......Page 122 Debt and Economic Crisis in Post-Revolutionary America......Page 123 Civil Unrest and Military Conflict......Page 124 Shays’s Rebellion: Crisis and Reconciliation......Page 127 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Primary Sources......Page 128 Section Review......Page 129 Section 2.2 The Constitutional Convention......Page 132 Two Big Issues: Representation and Power......Page 133 Individual Rights......Page 135 Representation in Congress......Page 136 The Great Compromise......Page 138 AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Graphs and Charts......Page 143 Section Review......Page 148 Separation of Powers......Page 152 The Legislative Branch......Page 155 The Executive Branch......Page 156 The Judiciary......Page 158 Making Changes to the Constitution......Page 159 Section Review......Page 161 Section 2.4 Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists......Page 164 Federalist No. 10: Blunting the Power of Factions......Page 168 Tyranny of the Majority, Tyranny of the Minority......Page 171 Federalist No. 51: Sharing Power to Prevent Tyranny......Page 175 A Bill of Rights......Page 179 AP® Political Science Practices Refutation, Concession, and Rebuttal......Page 181 The Founders’ Motives......Page 183 Section Review......Page 186 Chapter 2 Review......Page 189 Chapter 3 Federalism: Dividing Power between the National Government and the States......Page 202 Section 3.1 Conflict over Medical Marijuana......Page 206 Section Review......Page 209 Systems of Government......Page 211 National and State Powers......Page 213 The Commerce, Necessary and Proper, and Supremacy Clauses......Page 215 Section Review......Page 221 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Supreme Court Cases......Page 225 The Marshall Court: Expanding National Power......Page 227 The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments......Page 232 Shifting from Dual to Cooperative Federalism......Page 234 Section Review......Page 242 Grants-in-Aid and the Expansion of Cooperative Federalism......Page 245 Devolution and Block Grants......Page 249 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Graphs and Charts: Perceptions of Federal, State, and Local Governments......Page 252 Federalism and Public Policy: Education......Page 255 Section Review......Page 257 United States v. Lopez: Preserving States’ Authority......Page 259 Same-Sex Marriage......Page 263 Gonzales v. Raich: The Supreme Court Decides......Page 268 Section Review......Page 273 Chapter 3 Review......Page 275 Unit 1 Review......Page 288 Unit 2 The Branches of the Federal Government......Page 301 Chapter 4 Congress: Representation, Organization, and Legislation......Page 306 Secret Invitation to the Map Room......Page 309 Key Differences between the Chambers......Page 312 The Powers of Congress......Page 316 Exercising Checks and Balances......Page 322 Section Review......Page 323 Constituency: The Boundaries of Representation......Page 326 Institutional Factors: The Advantages of Congressional Incumbents......Page 336 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing a Table of Data......Page 338 Experience and Money......Page 339 Maximizing the Advantage......Page 340 Section Review......Page 341 Political Parties in Congress......Page 344 The Committee System......Page 347 Congressional Staff and the Congressional Bureaucracy......Page 350 Section Review......Page 351 Section 4.4 “I’m Just a Bill”......Page 354 The Legislative Process......Page 355 Referral to Committee......Page 357 Committees and Subcommittees in Action......Page 358 Floor Consideration......Page 360 Resolution of Differences between House and Senate Bills......Page 365 Section Review......Page 366 Setting the Federal Budget......Page 370 Taxation, Deficits, and Debts......Page 372 Congress and Public Policy: Social Insurance......Page 374 Section Review......Page 378 Acting in Congress......Page 381 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Visual Data: How to Visualize Partisan Polarization......Page 386 The Roles of a Member of Congress......Page 387 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing How Data Are Represented......Page 389 Substantive Representation: Doing What Constituents Want......Page 391 Section Review......Page 393 Chapter 4 Review......Page 395 Chapter 5 The American Presidency: Individuals, Institutions, and Executive Power......Page 409 Section 5.1 Presidential Power and the War on Terror......Page 413 The Capture of Yaser Hamdi......Page 414 Section Review......Page 419 Selection, Qualifications for Office, and Length of Terms......Page 421 Federalist No. 70......Page 423 Presidential Powers and Roles......Page 424 Unilateral Presidential Action......Page 435 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Photos......Page 439 Section Review......Page 441 Section 5.3 Limits on Presidential Power......Page 445 The War Powers Resolution......Page 446 Impeachment......Page 447 Court Decisions......Page 448 Section Review......Page 449 The Vice Presidency......Page 452 The First Spouse......Page 454 The Executive Office of the President......Page 455 The President and a Partisan Congress......Page 458 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Trends: The First One Hundred Days......Page 460 The President and Public Opinion......Page 461 Americans’ Evaluations of Presidential Performance......Page 462 The President and Public Policy: The Dream Act......Page 465 Section Review......Page 467 The Supreme Court Restricts Presidential Power......Page 470 AP® Political Science Practices Evaluating an Argument: Attorney General Eric Holder on the Use of Lethal Force against U.S. Citizens Abroad......Page 473 Section Review......Page 475 Chapter 5 Review......Page 477 Chapter 6 The Federal Judiciary: Politics, Power, and the “Least Dangerous” Branch......Page 487 Money, Politics, and How the Supreme Court Preserves Judicial Independence......Page 491 Sotomayor’s Appointment to the Supreme Court......Page 494 Section Review......Page 498 Article III: The Federal Judiciary in the Constitution......Page 501 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Visual Information: The Presentation of the Supreme Court......Page 503 Ratification: Antifederalist Concerns and the Federalist Response......Page 504 Congress Builds the Judiciary......Page 506 Appointment to the Federal Judiciary......Page 508 Section Review......Page 509 The Election of 1800......Page 513 The Judiciary Act of 1801: Appointments Signed, Sealed, but Not Delivered......Page 516 Politics and the Power of the Supreme Court......Page 518 Marbury v. Madison and the Establishment of Judicial Review......Page 519 The Implications of Marshall’s Decision......Page 522 Section Review......Page 523 Criminal and Civil Cases......Page 526 The State Courts......Page 527 The Federal District Courts......Page 529 The Appellate Courts......Page 530 The Supreme Court......Page 531 Section Review......Page 538 Section 6.5 Judicial Review, Constitutional Interpretation, and Judicial Decision-Making......Page 542 Theories of Constitutional Interpretation: Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism......Page 543 AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting an Author’s Assumptions: Alexander Bickel on the Powers of Judicial Review......Page 545 The Supreme Court and Policymaking......Page 546 Section Review......Page 550 Chapter 6 Review......Page 553 Chapter 7 The Federal Bureaucracy: Putting the Nation’s Laws into Effect......Page 564 The Summer of Disastrous Hurricanes......Page 567 Development of the American Federal Bureaucracy......Page 571 Section Review......Page 577 Section 7.2 The Structure of the Modern Federal Bureaucracy......Page 581 Federal Bureaucrats......Page 583 AP® Political Science Practice Analyzing Data: The Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy......Page 587 Iron Triangles and Issue Networks......Page 590 Section Review......Page 592 Defining the Problem and Getting Congress to Act......Page 595 Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation......Page 597 Section Review......Page 602 Controlling the Bureaucracy......Page 606 AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Political Cartoons......Page 608 Reform and Reliance on Private Organizations......Page 613 Section Review......Page 615 Chapter 7 Review......Page 617 Unit 2 Review......Page 627 Unit 3 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties......Page 641 Chapter 8 Civil Liberties: Protecting Fundamental Freedoms......Page 646 Traitor or Hero?......Page 650 Section 8.1 The Constitution and the Bill of Rights......Page 655 Federalists versus Antifederalists, Ratification, and the Bill of Rights......Page 656 Ten Amendments, Proposed and Ratified......Page 659 Section Review......Page 661 Section 8.2 Selective Incorporation......Page 664 Applying the Bill of Rights to State Laws and Actions......Page 666 Section Review......Page 671 Religion: Establishment and Free Exercise......Page 673 The Establishment Clause and the Supreme Court......Page 675 AP® Political Science Practices Reading Required Supreme Court Cases......Page 678 Free Exercise and the Supreme Court......Page 681 Section Review......Page 685 National Security and Political Expression......Page 687 The Press and National Security......Page 693 Symbolic Speech......Page 694 Restrictions on Free Speech......Page 696 Freedom of Assembly......Page 700 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Images: “Philosoraptor” and Second Amendment Memes......Page 701 The Second Amendment......Page 702 Section Review......Page 703 Section 8.5 The Rights of Defendants......Page 706 The Fourth Amendment: Search, Seizure, Warrants, and Evidence......Page 707 The Fifth Amendment: The Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, and Self-Incrimination......Page 710 The Sixth Amendment: Trials, Juries, and Attorneys......Page 712 The Eighth Amendment: Bail and Punishment......Page 714 Section Review......Page 715 Privacy in the Bedroom......Page 719 Abortion as a Privacy Right......Page 721 The Ninth Amendment: Rights Not Specified......Page 723 Section Review......Page 724 Chapter 8 Review......Page 726 Chapter 9 Civil Rights: What Is Equality?......Page 736 Refusing to Be Called a “Fire Hazard”......Page 740 Section Review......Page 744 Section 9.2 The Fight against Segregation......Page 747 Civil Rights Amendments and Backlash......Page 748 Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP......Page 752 AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Images......Page 758 Brown v. Board of Education......Page 759 Southern Resistance......Page 761 Section Review......Page 767 Section 9.3 The Civil Rights Movement......Page 770 AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Data......Page 772 The Montgomery Bus Boycott......Page 773 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail......Page 774 Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965......Page 779 Section Review......Page 782 The Nineteenth Amendment: Enfranchising Women......Page 786 Beyond the Vote: The Second Wave......Page 787 Women’s Rights and Public Policy: Title IX......Page 788 The Equal Rights Amendment......Page 791 Supreme Court Decisions on Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment......Page 792 Civil Rights and the American Experience......Page 794 Section Review......Page 796 Chapter 9 Review......Page 798 Unit 3 Review......Page 809 Unit 4 American Political Ideologies and Beliefs......Page 825 Chapter 10 American Political Culture: What Americans Believe......Page 829 Making a Difference Before She Could Vote......Page 831 Section 10.1 Core Political Values......Page 837 Individualism......Page 838 Equality of Opportunity......Page 840 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Implications of Visual Displays......Page 841 Free Enterprise......Page 843 Rule of Law......Page 846 Limited Government......Page 848 American Core Values and Public Policy: Need-Based Assistance......Page 849 Section Review......Page 851 Families, Schools, and Peers......Page 854 Civic and Religious Organizations......Page 855 Generational and Life-Cycle Effects......Page 858 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Primary and Secondary Sources......Page 863 Section Review......Page 865 Section 10.3 Globalization and American Core Values......Page 869 Actors on the World Stage......Page 870 The Globalized Economy......Page 873 Globalization and Democracy......Page 874 The Dark Side of Globalization......Page 875 Section Review......Page 878 Chapter 10 Review......Page 881 Chapter 11 Public Opinion: Measuring Americans’ Opinions......Page 890 Differing Views of Race Discrimination in America......Page 893 How Events at Ferguson Led to Change in Public Opinion......Page 894 AP® Political Science Practices Assessing and Interpreting Changes in Public Opinion......Page 896 Take a Knee: Shaping Public Opinion in New Ways......Page 898 Section 11.1 What Is Public Opinion?......Page 901 What Do We Mean When We Talk about “Public Opinion”?......Page 902 What Do Americans Know, or Not Know, about Politics, and Does It Matter?......Page 903 A More Optimistic View of American Public Opinion......Page 904 Section Review......Page 905 Section 11.2 Trying to Measure Public Opinion Accurately......Page 909 How Scientific Polling Works......Page 910 Types of Surveys......Page 912 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Limitations of Data: Question Wording and Its Effects......Page 917 The Challenges of Using Polling to Measure Public Opinion......Page 918 Section Review......Page 920 Understanding Patterns within American Public Opinion......Page 924 How Polls Are Used......Page 927 Public Opinion and Policymaking......Page 928 Public Opinion and the Response to Ferguson......Page 930 How to Understand Changing Public Opinion......Page 933 Section Review......Page 934 Chapter 11 Review......Page 936 Chapter 12 Political Ideology: How Beliefs Shape Our Choices......Page 947 Health Care: A Right or a Privilege?......Page 950 Section 12.1 Party Ideology......Page 958 Section Review......Page 963 Government Intervention in the Economy......Page 967 Monitoring the Health of the Economy......Page 968 Business Cycles and Theories of Economic Policymaking......Page 970 Guiding the Nation’s Economy through Decisions on Spending and Taxation......Page 973 Section Review......Page 974 Section 12.3 Monetary Policy......Page 978 The Federal Reserve System......Page 979 AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Text-Based Sources: “Helicopter Ben” and Extreme Monetary Policy Options......Page 981 Section Review......Page 983 The Federal Government and Health Care......Page 985 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act......Page 987 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing the Role of Ideology in Supreme Court Decisions: Chief Justice John Roberts and the Republicans......Page 990 School Choice, Competition, and the Markets......Page 992 Section Review......Page 994 Chapter 12 Review......Page 996 Unit 4 Review......Page 1008 Unit 5 Political Participation......Page 1024 Chapter 13 Elections and Campaigns: Candidates and Voters in an Era of Demographic Change......Page 1029 Citizens United: Money as Speech, Corporations as People......Page 1033 Section 13.1 Forms of Political Participation......Page 1038 Section Review......Page 1040 The Expansion of Voting Rights......Page 1045 Factors That Shape Electoral Participation......Page 1047 AP® Political Science Practices Explaining Patterns and Trends in Data: Why Is America’s Voter Turnout Rate So Low?......Page 1056 Legal and Institutional Factors That Influence Voter Turnout......Page 1059 Section Review......Page 1065 Section 13.3 Democratic Representation and Theories of Voting Behavior......Page 1069 How Citizens Make Voting Decisions and the Functions of Elections......Page 1070 Section Review......Page 1073 The Stages of Presidential Campaigns......Page 1075 The Electoral College......Page 1079 Section Review......Page 1083 What Money Buys......Page 1086 Campaign Finance Reform......Page 1088 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing a Trend in Data: Money and Presidential Campaigns......Page 1095 Section Review......Page 1097 Chapter 13 Review......Page 1099 Chapter 14 Political Parties: The Outsiders versus the Establishment......Page 1109 Two Presidential Candidates Shake Up the Field......Page 1113 Parties as Organizations......Page 1119 The Party in the Electorate......Page 1120 The Party in Government......Page 1124 Section Review......Page 1126 Section 14.2 The Development of American Political Parties......Page 1129 Modern American Party Politics......Page 1130 How Political Parties Change and Adapt......Page 1135 Section Review......Page 1137 The Nomination Process......Page 1140 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data: Using Maps to Explore the Consequences of Primary and Caucus Schedules......Page 1150 AP® Political Science Practices Comparing Political Processes: The Parties Rethink Their National Strategies......Page 1153 Section Review......Page 1154 Section 14.4 Third Parties......Page 1158 Minor Parties in the Twenty-First Century......Page 1160 2016 and the Challenges to Mainstream Political Parties......Page 1163 Section Review......Page 1164 Chapter 14 Review......Page 1167 Chapter 15 Interest Groups and Social Movements: Collective Action, Power, and Representation......Page 1177 Net Neutrality: Who Owns the Pathways of Communication?......Page 1180 Interest Groups in American Representative Democracy......Page 1184 Theories of Interest Group Formation......Page 1186 Challenges Facing Interest Groups......Page 1189 Section Review......Page 1192 Section 15.2 Interest Group Tactics......Page 1196 Lobbying by Interest Groups......Page 1197 Lobbying Government Agencies......Page 1200 Influencing the Judiciary......Page 1201 Iron Triangles and Issue Networks......Page 1203 Money and Campaigns......Page 1204 Acting from Outside: Mobilizing Members through Grassroots Lobbying and Political Protest......Page 1205 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Data: Campaign Contributions by Economic Sector......Page 1206 Section Review......Page 1207 Choice of Effective Tactics......Page 1211 Successes and Failures of Social Movements......Page 1212 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Visual Information: Depicting Income Inequality in the United States......Page 1213 Section Review......Page 1217 Chapter 15 Review......Page 1220 Chapter 16 The Media: New Technologies, Enduring Issues......Page 1231 What Do We Mean by “Media”?......Page 1235 The Power of the News Media......Page 1236 The Print Media and a New Nation......Page 1238 The Media Go “Mass”: Penny Presses, Partisanship, and Scandal......Page 1239 Journalists as Investigators and Activists......Page 1240 Direct to Americans’ Homes: Radio and Television......Page 1241 New Media: New Freedom and New Problems......Page 1245 Section Review......Page 1246 The Changing Nature of Regulation......Page 1250 Public Policy and Media Consolidation......Page 1252 Section Review......Page 1255 The Political Perils of the New Media......Page 1257 Bias and Coverage of the News......Page 1259 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Graphs......Page 1261 The Media as Shapers of Political Campaigns and Elections......Page 1263 A Digital Divide?......Page 1264 A Credibility Divide?......Page 1265 AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Polling Data......Page 1266 Section Review......Page 1267 Chapter 16 Review......Page 1269 Unit 5 Review......Page 1281 Practice Exam for AP® U.S. Government and Politics......Page 1300 Political Party Affiliations in Congress and the Presidency, 1789–2017......Page 1330 Summary of Presidential Elections, 1789–2016......Page 1339 Glossary/Glosario......Page 1347 Notes......Page 1414 Index......Page 1533 Back Cover......Page 1655