Alternative Wastewater Treatment: Low-cost Small Systems, Research And Development Proceedings Of The Conference Held At Oslo, Norway, September 7-10, 1981 (water Science And Technology Library)

Following the end of World War II there was a major migra­ tion of population in the United States and Scandinavian countries to urban areas. As a result of this migration and in part due to the public works moratoria imposed during the war, a major pro­ gram of sewer construction was instigated, which resulted in the collection and subsequent concentration of large volumes of waste­ water at single discharge points. As the assimilative capacity of these receiving waters was exceeded, it led to or aggravated existing water pollution problems in these waters. To mitigate this degradation of water quality a massive program to construct wastewater treatment facilities was instigated. In addition, large amounts of money were spent on research to improve the technology of the conventional collection and treatment concept. In contrast, the wastewater disposal problem of the rural home owner received little attention, and in most cases the septic tank soil absorption system (ST-SAS) was the interim solution. In recent years there has been a fundamental change in the population growth pattern in the US and Scandinavian countries. It appears that a great many people are moving back to rural areas where they seem to prefer the suburban or small town envi­ ronment, yet at the same time want all the conveniences of urban life. The provision of proper wastewater disposal facilities presents a very perplexing problem, because the capital and operating costs of conventional sewers are usually financially impractical for rural areas. Front Matter....Pages i-x Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Objectives of On-Site Wastewater Disposal....Pages 3-8 Some Aspects on Norwegian Practice....Pages 9-22 Front Matter....Pages 23-23 Alteration of in House Wastewater Flow with Low Flush Toilet Fixtures and Graywater Recycle....Pages 25-42 Front Matter....Pages 43-43 On-Site Wastewater Disposal Research in the United States....Pages 45-71 Research on On-Site Disposal Methods in Norway — Past and Present....Pages 73-77 Research on On-Site Disposal Methods in Sweden — Past and Present....Pages 79-90 Front Matter....Pages 91-91 Water Movement into and through Soil....Pages 93-104 The Soil as a Renovating Medium — Clogging of Infiltrative Surfaces....Pages 105-120 The Soil as a Renovating Medium....Pages 121-128 On-Site Soil Systems, Nitrogen Removal....Pages 129-143 Phosphorus Sorption by Soil; A Review....Pages 145-152 Modeling Phosphorus Sorption and Movement in Soils in Relation to Septic Tank Leach Fields....Pages 153-168 Reduction Of Enteric Microorganisms in Soil Infiltration Systems....Pages 169-181 Front Matter....Pages 83-83 Evaluation of Site Suitability for Subsurface Soil Absorption of Wastewater....Pages 185-198 Selection of Disposal Sites in Norway....Pages 199-212 Front Matter....Pages 213-213 Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems used in the United States....Pages 215-234 Practical Experience with Alternative Systems for Problem Soils in Norway....Pages 235-241 Front Matter....Pages 243-243 Norway Introduces Quality Standards for Biological Toilets....Pages 245-254 Front Matter....Pages 255-255 Present Technology in Northern Europe on Wastewater Treatment Plants for Small Flows....Pages 257-275 Treatment of Residential Graywater with Intermittent Sand Filtration....Pages 277-300 Front Matter....Pages 301-301 Regulations and Policy Regarding On-Site Wastewater Disposal Systems....Pages 303-320 Present Norwegian Practice and Activities for Improvement of On-Site Wastewater Disposal....Pages 321-331 Back Matter....Pages 333-350 Proceedings of the Conference held at Oslo, Norway, 7-10 September 1981