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Whenever I speak on the topic of dreams, I mention a very unusual sort of dream, the "lucid" dream (see Chapter 8) in which the dreamer knows he is dreaming and feels fully conscious in the dream itself. After discussing some of the philosophical and semantic difficulties in defining states of consciousness, I always ask whether anyone has the slightest doubt that he is awake, that is, in a "normal" state of consciousness at that moment; I have never found anyone who had difficulty in making this distinction. In introducing a book of readings on altered states of consciousness, I find myself in a similar position: there is a multitude of philosophical and semantic problems in defining just what "normal" consciousness and "altered" states of consciousness are, yet at this instant I have not the slightest doubt that I am in my normal state of consciousness. Yet there have been a number of occasions in my life when I have not had the slightest difficulty in realizing that I was in an altered state of consciousness (ASC). Thus I shall give only the simplest sort of definition of what an ASC is here and let the articles in this book flesh it out: our knowledge of ASCs is too incomplete at this time for a tight conceptualization. INTRODUCTION i INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION 7 1. INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 1. SOME GENERAL VIEWS ON ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 9 1 Altered States of Consciousness, Arnold M. Ludwig 11 2 Deautomatization and the Mystic Experience, Arthur J. Deikman 25 3 A Special Inquiry with Aldous Huxley into the Nature and Character of Various States of Consciousness, Milton H. Erickson 47 2. INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 2. BETWEEN WAKING AND SLEEPING: THE HYPNAGOGIC STATE 75 4 Ego Functions and Dreaming during Sleep Onset, Gerald Vogel, David Foulkes, and Harry Trosman 'j'j 5 Some Preliminary Observations with an Experimental Procedure for the Study of Hypnagogic and Related Phenomena, M. Bertini, Helen B. Lewis, and Herman A. Witkin 95 3. INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 3. DREAM CONSCIOUSNESS 115 6 Theories of Dream Formation and Recent Studies of Sleep Consciousness, David Foulkes 119 7 Toward the Experimental Control of Dreaming: A Review of the Literature, Charles T. Tart 134 8 A Study of Dreams, Frederik van Eeden 147 9 Dream Theory in Malaya, Kilton Stewart 161 10 The "High" Dream: A New State of Consciousness, Charles T. Tart 171 INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 4. MEDITATION 177 1 1 On Meditation, Edward W. Maupin 181 12 Individual Differences in Response to a Zen Meditation Exercise, Edward W. Maupin 191 13 Experimental Meditation, Arthur J. Deikman 203 14 Meditative Techniques in Psychotherapy, Wolfgang Kretschmer 224 5. INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 5. HYPNOSIS 235 1 5 Hypnosis and the Concept of the Generalized Reality-Orientation, Ronald E. Shot 239 16 Three Dimensions of Hypnotic Depth, Ronald E. Shor 257 17 Hypnosis, Depth Perception, and Psychedelic Experience, Bernard S. Aaronson 268 18 The Psychedelic State, the Hypnotic Trance, and the Creative Act, Stanley Krippner 276 19 Psychedehc Experiences Associated with a Novel Hypnotic Procedure, Mutual Hypnosis, Charles T. Tart 297 20 Autogenic Training: Method, Research, and Application in Medicine, Wolfgang Luthe 316 6. INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 6. MINOR PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS 327 21 Marijuana (Cannabis) Fact Sheet, Bruin Humanist Forum 333 22 The Effects of Marijuana on Consciousness, Anonymous 343 23 Psychedelic Properties of Genista Canariensis, James Fadiman 365 24 Subjective Effects of Nitrous Oxide, WiUiam James 367 25 Inhalation Psychosis and Related States, Frederick B. Glaser 371 CONTENTS IX 7. INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 7. MAJOR PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS 385 26 Current Status and Future Trends in Psychedelic (LSD) Research, Robert E. Mogar 391 27 Imphcations of LSD and Experimental Mysticism, Walter N. Pahnke and William A. Richards 409 28 Attitude and Behavior Change through Psychedelic Drug Use, Joseph Downing 440 29 Ipomoea Purpurea: A Naturally Occurring Psychedelic, Charles Savage, Willis W. Herman, and James Fadiman 452 30 Psychedelic Agents in Creative Problem Solving, Wilhs Herman, Robert McKim, Robert Mogar, James Fadiman and Myron J. Stolaroff 455 3 1 "Psychedelic" Experiences in Acute Psychoses, Malcolm B. Bowers Jr. and Daniel Freedman 473 32 Guide to the Literature on Psychedelic Drugs, Charles T. Tart 488 8. INTRODUCTION TO SECTION 8. THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SOME ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 497 33 An Electroencephalographic Study on the Zen Meditation (Zazen), Akira Kasamatsu and Tomio Hirai 501 34 Some Aspects of Electroencephalographic Studies in Yogis, B. K. Anand, G. S. Chhina and Baldev Singh 515 35 Operant Control of the EEG Alpha Rhythm and Some of Its Reported Effects on Consciousness, Joe Kamiya 519 REFERENCES 530 AUTHOR INDEX 571 SUBJECT INDEX 583