Allergy and Immunotoxicology in Occupational Health - The Next Step: The Next Step

This eBook highlights the importance of allergy and immunotoxicity, especially inoccupational medicine. Examples of the substance include nanomaterials, pesticides,fibers, and particulate matter (silicic acid and asbestos). An important viewpointis respiratory and skin diseases and their clinical regulation or prevention ofhealth disorders due to allergies and immunotoxicity. This year, the second tier ofthe eBook, published in 2017 as Allergy and Immunotoxicology in OccupationalHealth, added the phrase “The Next Step” to the title. Also, the three editors are thesame as the previous one, but all are active members of the Allergy andImmunotoxicology Scientific Committee (AISC) of the International Congress inOccupational Health (ICOH), and the previous book was ICOH 2015 and 2018 TheNext Step will be published as an activity of the AISC during this year’s main competitionand this year’s The Next Step. Many thanks to readers who are interested inoccupational health and allergies and immunotoxicity Preface 6 Introduction 8 Contents 9 Chapter 1: Mechanisms of Action of Inhaled Particulates on Allergic Lung Inflammation 11 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Adjuvants and Innate Immune Responses 12 1.3 Particulate and Adjuvant Effect 13 1.4 Particulates and Lung Diseases 15 1.5 Particulates and Alveolar Macrophages 16 1.6 IL-1α Release and IgE Responses in the Lungs 16 1.7 Particulates and Unique Immune Responses in the Lungs 17 1.8 Therapeutic Strategies for Particulate-Induced Lung Inflammation 19 1.9 Conclusion 19 References 19 Chapter 2: Metal Nanoparticle Health Risk Assessment 26 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Exposure Scenarios 27 2.2.1 Lung Exposure 28 2.2.2 Dermal Exposure 29 2.2.3 Gastrointestinal Exposure 31 2.2.4 Interaction of NPs with Immune System 32 2.3 Exposure Appraisal 33 2.4 Hazard Identification and Characterization 34 2.5 Risk Characterization and Management 36 2.6 Control Banding for Engineered Nanoparticles 38 References 39 Chapter 3: Immune Toxicity of and Allergic Responses to Nanomaterials 45 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Nanomaterial-Recognizing Receptors on Macrophages 47 3.3 Size-Specific Effects of Nanomaterials on Their Recognition by Macrophages 48 3.4 Potential Phagocytic Receptor Independent Size Effect of Nanoparticles 49 3.5 Immune Responses Due to Cutaneous Exposure to Nanomaterials 50 3.6 Future Prospects and Conclusion 52 References 52 Chapter 4: Inflammation and Environmental (Ultrafine) Nanoparticles 55 4.1 Introduction 56 4.2 Material and Methods 57 4.3 Results and Discussion 57 4.3.1 In Vitro Studies 57 4.3.2 Data on Animals 58 4.3.3 Data on Humans 59 4.4 Conclusions 60 References 61 Chapter 5: Monitoring Nanomaterials in the Workplace 65 5.1 Background 66 5.2 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 67 5.3 OECD Three-Tiered Approach 67 5.3.1 Tier One 67 5.3.1.1 Information Gathering 67 5.3.2 Tier Two 69 5.3.2.1 Exposure Assessment 69 5.3.3 Tier Three 71 5.3.3.1 Expert Exposure Assessment 71 5.4 United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 72 5.5 United States NIOSH Approach: Nanomaterial Exposure Assessment Technique (NEAT 2.0) 72 5.5.1 Collect Basic Workplace Information 74 5.5.2 Design and Implement the Sampling Plan 74 5.5.3 Risk Assessment 75 5.5.4 Risk Management 75 5.6 Other Sampling Techniques 76 5.6.1 Personal Monitors 76 5.6.2 Personal Samplers 77 5.7 Conclusions 78 5.8 Disclaimer 79 References 79 Chapter 6: Immunotoxicity of Nanoparticles 83 6.1 Introduction 84 6.2 Metallic Nanoparticles Immunocytotoxicity in Rodent Model Strains 85 6.3 Nanoparticles for Human Use and Tested for Immunotoxicity in Rodent Strains 87 6.4 Experimental Data from Human Ex Vivo Primary PBMC and Established Cell Lines In Vitro 91 6.5 Pollutant NPs Immunotoxicity in Wild Animals and Aquatic Organisms 93 6.6 Role of Agglomerates/Aggregates on NPs Immunotoxicity 96 6.7 Human Immune Diseases Potentially Linked to Nanoparticle Exposure 97 6.8 A New Viewpoint for the Design of Low-Risk Anthropic Nanoparticles 97 6.9 Conclusions 99 References 99 Chapter 7: Occupational Respiratory Allergic Diseases: Occupational Asthma 103 7.1 Work-Related Asthma 103 7.2 Definition and Classification of OA 104 7.3 Epidemiology 105 7.4 Risk Factors 106 7.5 Pathogenesis 109 7.6 Pathohistological Pattern 111 7.7 Clinical Presentation 111 7.8 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 112 7.9 Treatment 117 7.10 Disease Course and Prognosis 118 7.11 Prevention 118 7.12 Conclusion 120 References 120 Chapter 8: Occupational Respiratory Allergic Diseases: Occupational Rhinitis 123 8.1 Work-Related Rhinitis 123 8.2 Definition and Classification of Occupational Rhinitis 124 8.3 Epidemiology 125 8.4 Risk Factors 125 8.5 Pathogenesis 126 8.6 Relationship Between Occupational Rhinitis and Occupational Asthma 127 8.7 Clinical Presentation 128 8.8 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 129 8.9 Treatment 132 8.10 Prevention 133 8.11 Conclusion 134 References 134 Chapter 9: Occupational Skin Diseases 136 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 Occupational Contact Dermatitis 137 9.2.1 Etiology 139 9.2.2 Pathogenesis 141 9.2.3 Clinical Presentation 144 9.2.4 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 147 9.2.4.1 Skin Tests 148 9.2.5 Treatment 150 9.2.6 Prevention 150 9.3 Occupational Skin Cancer 151 9.3.1 Types of OSC and Precancerous Lesions 151 9.3.2 Etiopathogenesis of OSC 152 9.3.3 Diagnosis and Treatment of OSC 153 9.3.4 Prevention of OSC 153 9.4 Conclusion 154 References 154 Chapter 10: Expanding Concept of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A New View Regarding How the Immune System Fights Exogenous Pathogens 157 10.1 Introduction 158 10.2 The Diagnosis of IRIS 159 10.3 Expanding Concept of IRIS 160 10.4 Severe Drug Eruption as Another Manifestation of IRIS 161 10.5 Severe Skin Superinfections as a Manifestation of IRIS in Atopic Dermatitis 163 10.6 Granulomatous Reactions as a Manifestation of IRIS 165 10.7 Treatment-Refractory Cases as a Manifestation of IRIS 167 10.8 Refractory Rheumatoid Vasculitis Complicated by CMV Reactivation 169 10.9 Management of IRIS 170 10.10 Conclusion 171 References 172 Chapter 11: Workplace Risk Assessment in Occupational Allergology 176 11.1 Introduction 177 11.2 Analysis of the Workplace 178 11.2.1 The Assessment of Workplace Conditions 178 11.2.2 Occupational Hazards and Dangers 178 11.2.3 Occupational Exposure: Monitoring and Evaluation 180 11.3 Workplace Risk Assessment 181 11.3.1 Risk and Workplace Risk 181 11.3.2 Collecting Information 182 11.3.2.1 Collecting Information for Occupational Allergens and Irritants 182 11.3.3 Identifying Occupational Hazards 183 11.3.3.1 Identifying Occupational Allergens and Irritants 183 11.3.4 Assessing Risk Arising from Hazards, Including Workplace Allergens and Irritants 184 11.3.5 Planning Measures and Activities to Eliminate, Prevent, or Reduce the Risk 184 11.3.5.1 Measures and Activities to Reduce the Risk Caused by Allergens and Irritants 185 11.3.6 Documenting the Assessment of Risks Arising from Workplace Hazards, Including Allergens and Irritants 185 11.3.7 Communication of Risks Arising from Workplace Hazards, Including Allergens and Irritants 186 11.4 Conclusion 186 References 187 Chapter 12: Pesticide and Immunotoxicology 188 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 Immunosuppression Induced by Pesticide 190 12.3 Several Types of Allergy Induced by Pesticide 191 12.4 Pesticide Induced Indirect Immune Disorders 193 References 197 Chapter 13: Clinical Evaluation of Plasma Decoy Receptor 3 Levels in Silicosis 201 13.1 Introduction 202 13.2 Methods for Determination of Serum DcR3 Levels in Silicosis 204 13.2.1 Subjects 204 13.2.2 Plasma DcR3 Levels and Other Clinical Parameters 205 13.2.3 Statistical Analyses 206 13.3 Results of Serum DcR3 Levels Determined in Silicosis 206 13.3.1 Plasma DcR3 Levels 206 13.3.2 Correlation between DcR3 Values and Other Parameters in SIL 208 13.3.3 Multiple Regression Analysis 209 13.3.4 Factor Analysis 210 13.4 Discussion Regarding Serum Levels of DcR3 in Silicosis 211 13.5 Conclusions 213 References 213 Chapter 14: Reduction of Antitumor Immunity Caused by Asbestos Exposure 218 14.1 Introduction 219 14.2 Cellular and Molecular Alterations of the MT-2 T Cell Line Exposed Continuously to Asbestos Fibers 221 14.3 Reduced Antitumor Immunity Caused by Exposure to Asbestos Fibers 223 14.4 CTLs 223 14.5 NK Cells 224 14.6 Th Cells 225 14.7 Cell Line Model of Tregs 225 14.8 Conclusion 226 References 227 Front Matter ....Pages i-x Mechanisms of Action of Inhaled Particulates on Allergic Lung Inflammation (Etsushi Kuroda)....Pages 1-15 Metal Nanoparticle Health Risk Assessment (Luca Di Giampaolo, Claudia Petrarca, Rocco Mangifesta, Cosima Schiavone, Cinzia Pini, Alice Malandra et al.)....Pages 17-35 Immune Toxicity of and Allergic Responses to Nanomaterials (Yasuo Yoshioka, Toshiro Hirai, Yasuo Tsutsumi)....Pages 37-46 Inflammation and Environmental (Ultrafine) Nanoparticles (Francesca Larese Filon)....Pages 47-56 Monitoring Nanomaterials in the Workplace (Adrienne C. Eastlake, Luca Fontana, Ivo Iavicoli)....Pages 57-74 Immunotoxicity of Nanoparticles (Claudia Petrarca, Rocco Mangifesta, Luca Di Giampaolo)....Pages 75-94 Occupational Respiratory Allergic Diseases: Occupational Asthma (Sasho Stoleski)....Pages 95-114 Occupational Respiratory Allergic Diseases: Occupational Rhinitis (Sasho Stoleski)....Pages 115-127 Occupational Skin Diseases (Dragan Mijakoski)....Pages 129-149 Expanding Concept of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A New View Regarding How the Immune System Fights Exogenous Pathogens (Yumi Aoyama, Tetsuo Shiohara)....Pages 151-169 Workplace Risk Assessment in Occupational Allergology (Dragan Mijakoski, Sasho Stoleski)....Pages 171-182 Pesticide and Immunotoxicology (Tomoki Fukuyama, Risako Tajiki-Nishino)....Pages 183-195 Clinical Evaluation of Plasma Decoy Receptor 3 Levels in Silicosis (Suni Lee, Shoko Yamamoto, Hiroaki Hayashi, Hidenori Matsuzaki, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Tamayo Hatayama et al.)....Pages 197-213 Reduction of Antitumor Immunity Caused by Asbestos Exposure (Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Suni Lee, Hidenori Matsuzaki, Megumi Maeda, Nagisa Sada, Min Yu et al.)....Pages 215-227 This book presents a collection of the latest clinical and research findings in the field of allergy and immunotoxicology, covering the allergic responses to various nanoparticles and nanomaterials, posttreatment immune reconstruction, and monitoring the workplace environment. Following on from its acclaimed predecessor, the book provides readers with novel insights into immune effects, autoimmune diseases, and the immunotoxicity of various substances, such as silica and asbestos. __Allergy and Immunotoxicology in Occupational Health - The Next Step__ invites readers in the occupational health sector to reflect on critical yet unresolved questions, and provides a foundation for future research on the health impairments resulting from environmental and occupational exposure to these substances.