Alkaliphiles

One of the most fascinating aspects of alkaliphiles is their ability to maintain pH homeostasis under extreme environmental conditions. This work provides a treatment of alkaliphilic microbiology, supported by molecular studies on the genetics of alkaliphilic "Bacillus" strain. Genomic analysis of "Bacillus halodurans" C-125 has been started and the genes responsible for alkaliphily are described. In addition to a basic background of alkaliphiles, including discussions of cell structures, physiology and molecular biology, "Alkaliphiles" presents an analysis of extracellular enzymes. Research on numerous enzymes including alkaline proteases, starch-degrading enzymes, cellulases, mannan-degrading enzymes, and many others is described in depth with relevant industrial applications. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Preface Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Definition of Alkaliphilic Organisms 1.2: Early Studies on Alkaliphiles Chapter 2: Isolation, Distribution and Taxonomy of Alkaliphilic Microorganisms 2.1: Isolation and Distribution of Alkaliphiles 2.2: Cultivation and Preservation of Alkaliphiles 2.2.1: Cultivation Conditions 2.2.2: Preservation 2.3: Morphological, Cultural and Biochemical Properties of Alkaliphiles 2.3.1: Gram-positive Bacteria 2.3.2: Gram-negative Bacteria 2.3.3: Yeasts and Fungi 2.3.4: Alkaliphiles Showing Other Properties Chapter 3: Cell Structure 3.1: Flagella 3.1.1: Flagella Formation and Flagellin 3.1.2: Flagellar Motor 3.1.3: Inhibitors for Flagellar Motors 3.1.4: Comparative Studies 3.1.5: Flagella of Other Alkaliphiles 3.2: Cell Walls 3.2.1: Cell Walls of Neutrophilic Bacteria 3.2.2: Cell Walls of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 3.2.3: Lipids Chapter 4: Physiology 4.1: Growth Conditions 4.1.1: Hydrogen Ion 4.1.2: Sodium Ion 4.1.3: Temperature and Nutrition 4.1.4: Haloalkaliphiles 4.1.5: Anaerobic Alkaliphiles 4.2: Bioenergetics 4.2.1: Mechanisms Regulating Intracellular pH 4.2.2: Active Transport 4.2.3: ATPase and ATP Synthesis 4.2.4: Respiration 4.3: Intracellular Enzymes 4.3.1: α-Galactosidases 4.3.2: ß-Galactosidases 4.3.3: D-Xylose lsomerase 4.3.4: Dehydrogenases 4.3.5: Restriction Enzymes 4.3.6: RNA Polymerases 4.3.7: Protein Synthesizing System 4.4: Polyamines 4.4.1: Polyamines 4.4.2: Polyamine Oxidases Chapter 5: Molecular Biology 5.1: Alkaliphilic Microorganisms as DNA Sources 5.1.1: Secretion Vector 5.1.2: Promoters 5.2: Host-Vector Systems of Alkaliphiles 5.2.1: Selection of Host Strains 5.2.2: Stability of Antibiotics in Horikoshi-I Medium 5.2.3: Preparation of Mutants 5.2.4: Preparation of StabIe Protoplasts, Transformation and Regeneration 5.2.5: Cell Fusion of Alkaliphiles 5.2.6: Selection of Vectors 5.2.7: Summary and Conclusion 5.3: Leucine Gene of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains Chapter 6: Alkaliphily 6.1: Alkaliphily of Bacillus sp. C-125 6.1.1: Physical Map of Chromosomal DNA 6.1.2: Alkaliphily and Cell Surface 6.2: Alkaliphily of Bacillus firmus OF4 Chapter 7: Extracellular Enzymes 7.1: Isolation Procedures for Alkaline Enzymes 7.1.1: Protease Activity 7.1.2: Amylase Activity 7.1.3: Cellulase Activity 7.1.4: ß-1,3-Glucanase 7.2: Alkaline Proteases 7.2.1: Alkaline Protease of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.2.2: Alkaline Protease of Other Alkaliphiles 7.2.3: Cloning of Alkaline Protease 7.2.4: Industrial Applications 7.3: Starch-degrading Enzymes 7.3.1: Amylases 7.3.2: CGTases 7.3.3: G6-forming Enzyme 7.3.4: Pullulanases 7.4: Cellulases of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.4.1: Cellulases of Bacillus sp. No. N-4 7.4.2: A Cellulase from Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. No. 1139 7.4.3: Alkaline Cellulases for Laundry Detergent 7.4.4: Industrial Applications of Alkaline Cellulases 7.5: Xylanases 7.5.1: Xylanases of Mesophilic Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.5.2: Alkaline Xylanases from Thermophilic Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.5.3: Xylanases of Other Alkaliphiles 7.5.4: Genetics of Alkaline Xylanases 7.5.5: Applications 7.6: Mannan-degrading Enzymes 7.6.1: Isolation and Properties of Mannan-degrading Microorganisms 7.6.2: Purification of, ß-Mannanase and lts Properties 7.6.3: ß-Mannosidase 7.6.4: Molecular Cloning of Mannan-degrading Enzymes 7.6.5: Properties of a Mannanase Produced by E. coli JM101 Carrying pMAH3 7.6.6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Mannanase Gene 7.6.7: Applications 7.7: ß-1,3-Glucanase 7.7.1: ß-1,3-Glucanases as Lytic Enzymes 7.7.2: ß-1,3-Glucanase of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.8: α-Glucosidases 7.8.1: Isolation and Purification of α-Glucosidases 7.8.2: Isolation of Bacillus sp. No. F5 Enzyrne and Cloning of the Enzyrne Gene 7.9: Lipases 7.9.1: Alkaline Lipases 7.9.2: Industrial Application 7.10: Pectinases 7.10.1: Bacillus sp. No. P-4-N Polygalacturonase 7.10.2: Bacillus sp. No. RK9 Polygalacturonate Lyase 7.10.3: Industrial Applications 7.11: Catalase 7.12: ß-Lactamase 7.12.1: Isolation of an Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strain Producing ß-Lactamase 7.12.2: Purification of ß-Lactamases 7.12.3: Cloning of ß-Lactamase Genes 7.13: Other Enzymes 7.13.1: CD-degrading Enzyme 7.13.2: Galactan-degrading Enzyme 7.13.3: Maltobionate α-D-Glucohydrolase 7.13.4: Extracellular Production of Alkaline Phosphatase, 5'-Nucleotidase and Phosphodiesterase 7.13.5: Chitinase Chapter 8: Applications of Alkaliphiles 8.1: Indigo Fermentation 8.2: Lignin or Lignocellulose Degradation 8.3: Production of 2-Phenylamine 8.4: Carotenoid of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 8.5: Siderophore-producing Alkaliphile 8.6: Oxidation of Cholic Acid by a Bacillus Strain 8.7: Organic Acids Produced by Alkaliphilic Bacilli 8.8: Antibiotics 8.8.1: Compounds Produced by Paecilomyces lilacinus 8.8.2: Producion of Phenazine Antibiotics by Nocardiopsis Strain 8.9: Degradation of Chlorinated Compounds References Addendum Index

The pioneering work of Dr. Koki Horikoshi on the discovery, research and applications of alkaliphilic bacteria are described here in their entirety. The isolation, distribution and taxonomy of alkaliphilic microorganisms as well as their cell structure and physiology are discussed for a basic understanding of these entities. The molecular biology and genome sequencing of some alkaliphilic bacterial strains are also presented.

Part II of the volume focuses on enzymes of alkaliphiles and their applications. These include alkaline proteases, starch-degrading enzymes and numerous others. Some of these enzymes are currently in wide commercial use as laundry detergent additives and in wastewater treatment.

Alkaliphiles are a relatively recent field of research that will no doubt provide avenues to a wide range of further discoveries and applications for a new generation of workers in bioscience and technology.

"In addition to basic background information regarding alkaliphiles, including discussions of cell structure, physiology and molecular biology, a major portion of this volume comprises detailed analysis of extracellular enzymes. Research on numerous enzymes including alkaline proteases, starch-degrading enzymes, cellulases, mannan-degrading enzymes and many others is described in depth with relevant industrial applications."--BOOK JACKET