مواد غذایی عملکردی جلبکی و نوتراستیکال‌ها: مزایا، فرصت‌ها و چالش‌ها

Edible algae, including seaweeds, are a source of functional food, dietary supplements, metabolites and bioactive compounds. Algal-based functional foods have potential health benefits, and their commercial value depends on their applications in the food and nutraceutical industries. This book covers several aspects of algal based functional foods. It informs the reader about algal cultivation techniques, environmental impact, habitat, nutraceutical potential, extraction of bioactive metabolites, functional-food composition, bio-prospection, culture-induced nutraceutical compounds, algae-based bio-packaging, algal-biorefinery, toxicity, trends and future prospects. The editors present the topics in a research-oriented format while citing scholarly references. This book is a comprehensive resource for anyone interested in the nutritional benefits and industrial utilization of algae as a sustainable food source. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface Summary List of Contributors Cultivation of Edible Algae: Present and Future Danilo B. Largo1,* INTRODUCTION COLOR MATTERS ALGAE AS FUNCTIONAL FOODS SPECIES OF EDIBLE ALGAE AND THEIR CULTIVATION Microalgae Spirulina Dunaliella Chlorella Future Prospects for Microalgae Macroalgae (Seaweeds) Pyropia (formerly Porphyra) spp. Saccharina spp. Undaria pinnatifida Sargassum spp. Cladosiphon Okamuranus Eucheuma Denticulatum, Kappaphycus Alvarezii and K. striatum Caulerpa spp. Monostroma (M. nitidum and M. latissimum) and Ulva spp. Gracilaria spp. and Gelidium spp. Capsosiphon Fulvescens Codium spp. GLOBAL PROSPECT OF ALGAL UTILIZATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY THE VALUE OF ALGAE AS FUNCTIONAL FOOD SUSTAINABLE SEAWEED INDUSTRY THROUGH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION FOR NEW STRAINS OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Cultivation Techniques to Induce High-Value Nutraceuticals in Microalgae Xuan Ji1, Luke Webster1, Taylor J. Wass1 and Peer M. Schenk1,* INTRODUCTION MICROALGAE AND THEIR METABOLITES MICROALGAE CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES Photobioreactor Systems Closed PBR Systems Horizontal Tube PBRs Flat Panel PBRs Stirred Tank PBRs Open-Pond Cultivation Systems Attached Microalgae Cultivation Light Flashing Light Dark Treatment Temperature Cold Treatment CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Environment Impact on Algal Food Quality K. Vasumathi1,*, K. Sundar1 and M. Premalatha2 INTRODUCTION BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRITIVE PRODUCTS PROTEINS LIPIDS POLYSACCHARIDES VITAMINS FOOD SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SPIRULINA DUNALIELLA SALINA CHLORELLA OTHER ALGAE CULTIVATION CONDITIONS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Habitat and Resources of Edible Seaweeds Monica G. Kavale1,2,* and Tejal K. Gajaria1,2 INTRODUCTION HABITAT DIVERSITY Estuaries Mudflats Seagrass Meadows Lagoons HABITAT PREFERENCES OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS Green Seaweeds Brown Seaweeds Red Seaweeds BIOGEOGRAPHY OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS METHODS OF CULTIVATION EMPLOYED FOR EDIBLE SEAWEEDS ACROSS THE WORLD Farming through Vegetative Propagation Spore/Zygote Derived Seedlings Cultivation of Ulva, Monostroma and Codium Cultivation of Laminaria/Saccharina, Undaria, and Ecklonia Sargassum Cultivation Porphyra/Pyropia/Phycocalidia Cultivation Land-Based Cultivation FORM OF CONSUMPTION AND OTHER CONSUMABLE PRODUCTS Green Seaweeds Brown Seaweeds Methods of Processing of Undaria Red Seaweeds FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Algal-Based Nutraceuticals: Application and Potential Jayani Samarathunga1, Isuru Wijesekara1,* and Madhura Jayasinghe1 INTRODUCTION What are Nutraceuticals? Importance of Nutraceuticals in Human Health ALGAL BASED NUTRACEUTICALS Seaweed Polysaccharides as Nutraceuticals Applications Algal Proteins as Nutraceuticals Applications Algal Lipids as Nutraceuticals Applications Vitamins and Minerals of Algae as Nutraceuticals Algal Pigments as a Potential Source of Nutraceuticals ALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET POTENTIAL OF ALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS AS A SAFE FOOD CURRENT POTENTIAL FOR USING ALGAL-BASED NUTRACEUTICALS. CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Algal Based Nutraceuticals: Trends and Prospects Antony V. Samrot1,*, R. Emilin Renitta2 and S. Saigeetha3 INTRODUCTION NUTRACEUTICALS FROM ALGAL SOURCE MICROALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS Polysaccharides Proteins Pigments Lipids Sterols Vitamins MACROALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS Polysaccharides Proteins Pigments Lipids Sterols EXTRACTION OF ALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS TRENDS NUTRACEUTICALS FROM MARINE ALGAE- HEALTH BENEFITS FUTURE PROSPECTS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Extraction of Microalgal Bioactive Compounds Towards Functional Ingredients: A Biorefinery Approach with Prospects And Challenges Joana Assunção1,2, Helena M. Amaro1, F. Xavier Malcata2,3,4 and A. Catarina Guedes1,* INTRODUCTION ALGAL-DERIVED BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS ALGAL-BASED PROCESS AND BIOREFINERY – SOME CONSIDERATIONS BIOMASS DISRUPTION AND ASSISTED EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES OF ALGAL-BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) Pulse-Electric Field (PEF) Supercritical-Fluid Extraction (SFE) Subcritical-Water Extraction (SWE) Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction (EAE) FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES Bioactive Compound Fractionation Process Strategy – GRAS Solvents and Re-use of Biomass Biorefinery Safety Issues and Economic Considerations CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Bioactive Compounds from Algae: Potential Applications K.R. Jayappriyan1,*, C. Kurinjimalar1, M. Kaviraj1, M. Vijayakumar1, R. Rajkumar2 and Rathinam Raja3 INTRODUCTION ALGAL COMPOUNDS Lipid-Based Compounds Fatty Acids (EPA and DHA) Sterols Pigment Based Compounds Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Carotenoids Astaxanthin Fucoxanthin Canthaxanthin Carbohydrates Based Compounds Fucans Fucoidan Laminarin Sulfate Alginate Rhamnan Sulfate Ulvan Agar Carrageenan Porphyran Mycosporine Like Amino Acids (MAAs) Other Secondary Metabolites Phenolics Lectins CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Bioactive Compounds from Edible Seaweeds and their Applications Anuruddhika Udayangani Rathnayake1,2, Hee-Guk Byun1 and Indira Wickramasinghe3,* INTRODUCTION BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN EDIBLE SEAWEEDS Bioactive Compounds in Macroalgae Carrageenans and Agarans Agar Alginate Laminarin Ulvan Fucoidan Bioactive Compounds in Microalgae CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Microalgae as a Sustainable Source of Vegan Protein and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Luke J. Webster1, Xuan Ji1 and Peer M. Schenk1,* INTRODUCTION VEGAN PROTEIN Sustainability of Vegan Protein from Microalgae OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS Sustainability of Omega-3-Rich Oil from Microalgae CO-PRODUCTION OF VEGAN PROTEIN AND OMEGA-3 PUFAS CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Micro-Algae as a Source of Food and Bioactive Compounds for Human Health Sonal Mishra1, Neha Kumari1 and Rajeshwar P. Sinha1,* INTRODUCTION BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM MICRO-ALGAE Polysaccharides Phycocolloids Carrageenan Agar Alginate Lectins PIGMENTS AND VITAMINS Phycobiliproteins Astaxanthin Canthaxanthin β -Carotene Lutein MICROALGAL FATTY ACIDS OTHER BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS UV-SCREENING COMPOUNDS Sporopollenin Scytonemin Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids MICRO-ALGAE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MICRO-ALGAE IN HUMAN HEALTH Antimicrobial Compounds from Micro-Algae Micro-Algal Antioxidants Antitumor Compounds from Micro-Algae Anti-inflammatory Activity and Antiplatelet Activity Micro-algal Compounds Against Degenerative Diseases OTHER APPLICATIONS OF MICRO-ALGAE Micro-Algae in Biofuels Micro-Algae as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production Micro-Algal Bioactive Compounds in Cosmetic Industry Moisturizers Skin Whitening and Hair Care Anti-Aging CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Dietary Component and Composition of Algal Functional Food Soraya Paz1,*, Carmen Rubio1, Ángel J. Gutiérrez1, Dailos González-Weller1,2 and Arturo Hardisson1 INTRODUCTION PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF ALGAE IN EUROPE ALGAE AND ITS NUTRIENTS Dietary Fiber Protein Content Essential Elements ALGAE AS A FUNCTIONAL FOOD Carotenoids Fucoxanthin β-carotene Polyphenols CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Metabolomics of Different Seaweeds in Functional Food Prospects Ninian P.P. Pabbathi1, Aditya Velidandi1, Prashakha J. Shukla2, Neelam M. Nathani3,* and Chandrashekar Mootapally3,* INTRODUCTION WORKFLOW OF METABOLOMICS Sample Collection Sample Preparation Techniques Used for Metabolomics Analysis Mass Spectroscopy NMR SEAWEED CLASSIFICATION SEAWEED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Polysaccharides Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides Fucoidan Red Algae Polysaccharides Galactans Xylan Green Algae Polysaccharides Ulvan Proteins Lipids Dietary Fibre Vitamins and Minerals Polyphenols BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ALGAE BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Antibacterial Activity Antioxidant Activity Anti-viral Activity Anti-inflammatory Activity Anticoagulant Activity Anticancer Activity Neuro-protective Activity Type-II Diabetes Cardiovascular Diseases Obesity Contraceptive Activity Applications CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Probiotics and Algal Functional Food Mona M. Ismail1,* INTRODUCTION SEAWEEDS PREBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ALGAL COMPOUNDS Polysaccharides Fibers Lipid Protein Phenolic Compounds Pigments CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Seaweeds Metabolites: Characterization and Applications as Phyco-Nutraceuticals Surabhi Agrawal1,2, Darshita K. Pandya1, Shahrukh A. Siddiqui1,2 and Mangal S. Rathore1,2,* INTRODUCTION SEAWEEDS AS A SOURCE OF METABOLITES Primary Metabolites Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Dietary Fibers Proteins Pigments Lipids and Fatty Acids Secondary Metabolites Mineral Content of Seaweeds Proximate Analysis Moisture Content Analysis Ash Content Crude Protein and Total Amino Acid Analysis Crude Lipid Content Analysis Crude Fibre Content Analysis Carbohydrate Content Determination of Total Phenolic Content IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METABOLITES Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) Based Metabolite Profiling Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Based Metabolite Profiling Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry (CEMS) Based Metabolic Profiling Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) Based Metabolic Profiling MALDI-TOF-MS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE APPLICATIONS OF SEAWEED METABOLITES Macroalgal Metabolites as Nutraceutical Metabolites with Anti-Cancer Activities Metabolites with Anti-Oxidant Activities Application of Metabolites as Nutricosmetic Metabolites Showing Activities Against Various Lifestyle Disorders FUTURE PERSPECTIVE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Role of Algal Metabolites and Pigments: Characterization and Application G. Kavitha Aravind1 and D. Inbakandan2,* INTRODUCTION MICROALGAL METABOLITES BIOFUELS POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ASTAXANTHIN BETA CAROTENE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Seaweed in Food Industries: Raw Materials, Processing, Formulations, Packaging Marlene A. Trindade1, Cláudia Nunes2,3, Manuel A. Coimbra3, Fernando J.M. Gonçalves1,4, João C. Marques5 and Ana M.M. Gonçalves1,4,5,* INTRODUCTION MACROALGAE AS A SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND RAW MATERIALS FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRY Macroalgae Hydrocolloids in Food Industry SEAWEED-BASED FOOD PACKAGING Formulation and Processing Commercially Available Options CONSUMERS’ ACCEPTANCE CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Edible Seaweed-Based Biodegradable Films and Coatings for Food and Nutraceutical Applications M.M. Jayakody1, K.G. Kaushani1 and M.P.G. Vanniarachchy1,* INTRODUCTION EDIBLE SEAWEEDS VARIETIES FOR FORMING FILMS AND COATINGS FORMULATION OF SEAWEED-BASED BIODEGRADABLE FILMS AND COATINGS ALGINATE-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables Meats, Poultry, and Seafood Cheese Other AGAR-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS Fish Fruits and Vegetables Cheese CARRAGEENAN-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS Fruits Dairy Products Other ADVANTAGES OF USING SEAWEED-BASED COATINGS AND FILMS CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Current Applications of Seaweed-Based Polysaccharides in Edible Packaging Sandunika Senarathna1, Indira Wickramasinghe1,* and Seneviratne Navaratne1 INTRODUCTION CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF RED ALGAE-BASED POLYSACCHARIDES IN EDIBLE PACKAGING Carrageenan Agar CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF BROWN ALGAE-BASED POLYSACCHARIDES IN EDIBLE PACKAGING Alginates Laminaran Fucoidan CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF GREEN ALGAE-BASED POLYSACCHARIDES IN EDIBLE PACKAGING Ulvan CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Toxicity of Algal Foods With Respect to Human Health Soraya Paz1,*, Carmen Rubio1, Ángel J. Gutiérrez1, Dailos González-Weller1,2 and Arturo Hardisson1 INTRODUCTION THE BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ALGAE Algae Classification ALGAL FOOD AND TOXIC ELEMENTS Iodine (I) Aluminium (Al) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Mercury (Hg) Arsenic (As) GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ALGAL FOODS CONSUMERS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover