Algal Biotechnology : Integrated Algal Engineering for Bioenergy, Bioremediation, and Biomedical Applications

Algae Biotechnology: Integrated Algal Engineering for Bioenergy, Bioremediation, and Biomedical Applications covers key applications of algae for bioenergy and how to integrate the production of biofuels with environmental, nutraceutical and biomedical processes and products. The book emphasizes cost-effective biofuels production through integrated biorefinery, combining continuous processes and various algae as feedstock to produce biofuel, bioenergy and various high value biochemicals. Novel algal culturing technologies and bioprocess engineering techniques are provided for the optimization of operational approaches for commercial-scale production, as well as to reduce the overall costs. New and existing molecular methods for genetic and metabolic engineering of algae are also presented. Furthermore, methods for the optimization of existing biochemical pathways are explained, and new pathways are introduced, in order to maximize the potential for biofuels production and related nutraceutical and biomedical co-products. This book provides an ideal roadmap for bioenergy researchers and engineers who want to incorporate valuable nutraceutical and biomedical products and environmental practices into the production of biofuels. Addresses issues faced by the bioenergy sector and how to resolve them through the integration of algal biotechnology and engineering Provides a guide to the efficient and cost-effective production of bioenergy, while simultaneously mitigating pollution and producing valuable nutraceutical and biomedical biproducts Covers new and emerging approaches in integrated algal biotechnology Offers a roadmap to their application in the production of biofuels alongside nutraceutical, biomedical, and environmental processes and products Algal Biotechnology Copyright Contributors Algal engineering for bioremediation, bioenergy production, and biomedical applications Introduction Industrial wastewater treatment Removal of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) Heavy metal (HM) removal by algae Algae for CO2 sequestration Bioenergy from algae Biodiesel production Bioethanol production Biogas production Biomedical applications Antioxidant activity Anticancer, antiangiogenic, and cytotoxic activities Antiobesity activity Antimicrobial activities Conclusion and future outlook References Microalgae biotechnology for bioremediation applications Introduction Microalgae Bioremediation using microalgae Industrial wastewater Antibiotic and hormone Heavy metal Pesticide Integrated CO2 biosequestration bioremediation and biorefinery Conclusions and future prospective References Bioremediation of wastewater using algae for potential renewable bioenergy cogeneration Introduction Algae classification Chemical composition of algae Bioremediation of wastewater using algae Bioenergy cogeneration using algal biomass Biogas Biodiesel Bioelectricity Algal practicality and limitations Conclusions and future outlook Acknowledgments References Microalgae for bioremediation of pesticides: Overview, challenges, and future trends Introduction Contamination by pesticides Environmental fate of pesticides Bioremediation of pesticides by microalgae Bioadsorption Bioaccumulation Biodegradation Photodegradation and volatilization Main factors involved in the bioremediation of pesticides by microalgae Techniques used to increase pesticide removal from water Consortia between microorganisms Immobilized microalgae cultivation Challenges and future trends Conclusions and future outlook Acknowledgments References Algae harvesting: Application of natural coagulants Introduction Coagulation/flocculation mechanisms Organic coagulants Tannin Chitosan Cationic starch Plant-based coagulants Microbial flocculants Harvested biomass Biomolecules Fertilizers Energy Conclusions and future perspective Acknowledgments References Microalgae cultivation in wastewater from agro-industries: An approach integrated for bioremediation and bio Introduction Wastewater and nutrient's recovery Palm oil mill effluent Instant coffee industry wastewater Cassava processing wastewater Sugar cane wastewater: Vinasse Dairy industry wastewater Swine farming wastewater Potential microalgae to grow in effluents Microalgae biomass from wastewater Application of microalgal biomass in the agricultural activities Challenges in reducing wastewater treatment costs Conclusions and future outlook References Microalgae-based systems applied to the dual purpose of waste bioremediation and bioenergy production Introduction Sources of waste Technologies for waste treatment Conventional technologies Emerging technologies Bioremediation potential of microalgae Bioenergy technologies and applications Thermochemical conversion Torrefaction and carbonization Pyrolysis Hydrothermal processes Gasification Direct combustion Biochemical conversion Biophotolysis Fermentation Anaerobic digestion Transesterification Microbial fuel cells Volatile organic compounds Future perspectives and conclusion References Direct utilization of lipid and starch from wet microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) Introduction Utilization of lipid Dried microalgae as a feedstock Wet microalgae as feedstock Utilization of carbohydrate Saccharification and fermentation Comprehensive utilization of lipid and starch Experimental design of biodiesel production followed by enzymatic saccharification of starch Pretreatment of wet microalgae Disruption of cell wall using RF heating Disruption of cell wall using enzyme CTec2 Direct biodiesel production from wet microalgae Fermentable sugar production from residual of wet microalgae Mass balance, energy balance and brief techno-economics Conclusions and future perspectives References Algae: An emerging feedstock for biofuels production Introduction Types of algal biomass for biofuel production Microalgae Macroalgae Algal cultivation and biomass production Biomass harvesting and dewatering Lipid extraction and biofuel production Lipid extraction and purification from algal biomass Solvent extraction Soxhlet extraction Hydrothermal liquefaction Wet lipid extraction Acid hydrolysis Ionic liquids Technologies for algal biomass conversion Transesterification of algae oil to biodiesel Techno-economic analysis of algal biofuel production Prospects and challenges Conclusions and future outlook References Microalgal biofuels: A sustainable pathway for renewable energy Introduction Biofuels The generations of biofuels General perspective of microalgae Microalgae as a source of biofuels Composition of microalgae Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Basic requirements for microalgae production Light Temperature Water Carbon Nutrients Mixing pH and salinity Estimated production cost Technologies for microalgae cultivation Open microalgae cultivation system Closed microalgae cultivation system Hybrid microalgae cultivation system Harvesting methods for microalgae Conversion technologies of biomass into biofuels Thermochemical conversion Gasification Pyrolysis Liquefaction Biochemical conversion Anaerobic digestion Fermentation Photobiological hydrogen production Chemical conversion Transesterification Direct combustion Potential bioenergy products of microalgae Biodiesel Bioethanol Biogas Biohydrogen Biosyngas Bio-oil Hydrocarbons Advantages of algal biofuels Environment and sustainable perspective Challenges of algal biofuels and future outlook Conclusions References Thermal treatment kinetics of microalgae for energy production Introduction Chemical composition of microalgae Thermo-chemical conversion Pyrolysis Copyrolysis Catalytic pyrolysis Gasification Basic formulas and models of kinetics Basic kinetic formulas Isoconversional method Integral method Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method Differential method Kissinger method Friedman method Compensation effect and master plots Compensation effect Master plots Model-fitting method Single reaction model Independent parallel reaction models DAEM nth DAEM Miura-Maki DAEM Avrami-Erofeev DAEM Conclusion and future outlook Acknowledgment References Microalgae: The challenges from harvest to the thermal gasification Introduction Microalgae thermochemical characteristics Wastewater microalgae harvesting Wastewater microalgae characterization Gasification of microalgae from WWTP Gasification evaluation index Syngas characteristics Gasification challenges Conclusions and future outlook References Harnessing the potential of microalgal species Dunaliella: A biofuel and biocommodities perspective Introduction Selection of elite strain and improvement Selection based on bioactives Selection based on biofuel Prerequisite: Optimal growth conditions Salinity and light Temperature pH Media composition Downstream process Metabolites production and their applications Feed application Cosmetic application Pharmaceutical applications Biofuel Challenges and integrated biorefinery approach Conclusion and future scope References Algae cultivation for biomedical applications: Current scenario and future direction Introduction Considerations for choosing an algal strain Physicochemical conditions in algae growth Culture medium Light pH Aeration/mixing Temperature Salinity Carbon dioxide Sterilization Culturing of algae Open ponds Circular ponds Raceway ponds Photobioreactors Algae harvesting Centrifugation Flocculation Filtration Floatation Extraction and purification of high-value based metabolites Biomedical applications of algal extracts: An integrated approach Auspiciousness of polysaccharides Retaining antiviral and antibacterial assets Drug delivery Sanative competency of algal extracts: Lipids and pigments Clinical relevance of algae fatty acids Valuable virtue: Algal pigments Unraveling the polyphenolic content Budding potential of algae in cosmeceuticals Revealing the antiaging secret Algal wonders in skin whitening and moisturizing Future direction and challenges Conclusion and future outlook Acknowledgment References Biochemical profiling, transcriptomic analysis, and biotechnological potential of native microalgae from the ... Introduction Sampling, isolation, purification, and culture of native microalgae cells Morphological and molecular identification Biochemical profiling Proximate composition analysis Fatty acid analysis Amino acid analysis Antioxidant activity and total phenols content analysis Chlorophylls a and b content analysis De novo transcriptomic analysis Biotechnological potential Conclusions and future outlook Acknowledgment References Algae in medicine and human health Introduction Bioprocess of seaweed polysaccharides Conclusions and future outlook Acknowledgments References Microalgae biotechnology: Emerging biomedical applications Introduction Nutrition Immune system against disease Improving human health condition Commercial production and importance of microalgae in diet Carotenoids as beneficial health metabolites from microalgae Antioxidants for human health Removal of excessive heavy metal and toxic Research findings from great microalgae studies Microalgae chlorella Microalgae D. salina Microalgae spirulina How algae can help solve some of the world's most severe health problems Conclusions and future outlook Acknowledgments References Potential applications of the low-molecular-weight metabolome of Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau, 1 Introduction Material and methods Investigated species and its cultivation Metabolites identification Component composition of low-molecular-weight metabolome of S. aquatilis Sauvageau, 1892 Prospects for the use of metabolites of S. aquatilis Conclusion and future outlook 1IntroductionThe diversity of cyanobacteria, a heterogeneous group of prokaryotic, principally photosynthetic organisms, is ex References Microalgae potentials as bioactive phytochemicals for human's health: Novel highlights on their production, a ... Introduction General applications of microalgae in biotechnology field Microalgae and bioremediation Microalgae and biodiesel New technologies used microalgae Microalgae healthy macromolecules and phytochemicals Microalgae as source of bioactive and novel macro- and micro-molecules Microalgae as a novel polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) source Microalgae as a novel protein source and its risk factors Methods for identification of microalgae macromolecules Chemical free nondestructive methods Spectroscopic methods for microalgae physicochemical structure Raman micro-spectroscopy of single-cell microalgae Surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of microalgae Recent innovations of using gold nanosensors in microalgae single cell phytochemical studies Acoustic-based sensors and biosensors Chemical dependent destructive methods Mass spectrometry methods Chromatographic approaches Conclusion and future remarks Authors contributions References Microalgae carotenoids: An overview of biomedical applications Introduction Microalgae-based carotenoids production Chemical structure and relationship of structure-biological activity Biomedical application Protection against oxidative stress Supply of vitamin A Eye disorders and diseases Obesity and comorbidities Cancer and neuroprotection Challenges and future research Conclusions References Diatomite-based nanoparticles: Fabrication strategies for medical applications Introduction Fabrication and surface modifications of DNPs Biocompatibility and uptake of DNPs in vitro and in vivo systems Drug loading and release from DNPs Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgment References Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z