Alexandria antiqua : a topographical catalogue and reconstruction

Cover Title Page Copyright page Quote Summary Table of Contents List of Figures List of AutoCAD Maps Preface I. Theoretical Framework II. History of Research a) Earlier Maps of the Renaissance Introduction b) The Eighteenth Century c) Bonaparte and Mohamed Ali d) The Maps of el-Falaki e) The Late Nineteenth Century f) The Twentieth Century and Recent Research III. Objectives and Structure 1.1) Geomorphological Setting 1.2) Location and Urban Planning Chapter 1: Context of Foundation 1.3) Orientation and Climate Conditions 1.4) Ptolemy in Charge: The Political Aspect Chapter 2: Urban Layout 2.1) Circuit Walls 2.1.1) Miscellaneous Measurements 2.1.2) The Eastern Defences 2.1.2.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.1.2.2) Inferring the Peripheries 2.1.2.2.1) The Defences of the Roman Principate: to c. the 3rd century AD 2.1.2.2.2) The Defences of the Macedonian Foundation: to c. the 1st century BC 2.1.2.2.2.1) Historical Evidence 2.1.2.2.2.2) Archaeological Evidence Site 1: Insula L1-L2-R1-R2bis (CDist.) Site 2: Intersection of R2bis with L5 (EDist.) Site 3: Section of R2bis, between L3 and Lα (EDist.) 2.1.3) The Southern and Western Defences 2.1.3.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.1.3.2) Inferring the Peripheries 2.1.3.2.1) The Southern Defences 2.1.3.2.2) The Western Defences 2.1.4) Waterfront Constructions 2.1.4.1) el-Falaki’s Observations 2.1.4.2) Inferring the Periphery 2.1.4.2.1) Archaeological Evidence Site 4: NW. corner of the Arab enclosure (WDist.) Site 5: North of the L2-R7 junction (NDist.) Site 6: Section of L3, between R4 and R5 (NDist.) Site 7: Northern sector of insula R2-R3-L3-Lα (NDist.) Site 8: West of the L4-R2 junction (NDist.) Site 9: el-Silsileh (NDist.) 2.2) Grid Plan 2.2.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.2.2) Archaeological Evidence 2.2.2.1) Traces of R1 Site 10: Section of R1, between L’6 and L5 (SDist.; CDist.; NDist.) Site 11: Section of R1, north of the junction with Lα (NDist.) Site 12: Section of R1 (?), at the junction with L4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.2) Traces of R3 Site 13: Section of R3, between L1 and L2 (CDist.) Site 14: Chantier Djanikian (GHH): section of R3, SW. of the junction with L3 (NDist.) Site 15: Section of R3, on either side of the junction with L2 (CDist.; NDist.) 2.2.2.3) Traces of R4 Site 16: Section of R4, at the junction with L’3 (SDist.) Site 17: Cinema Amir: section of R4, south of the junction with L1 (CDist.) Site 18: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) Site 19: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) Site 20: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.4) Traces of R5 Site 21: Section of R5, north of the junction with L’2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.5) Traces of R2bis Site 3 (section 2.1.2.2.2.2): section of R2bis, between L3 and Lα (EDist.) 2.2.2.6) Traces of L1 Site 22: Colonnade of L1, between R5 and R7 (CDist.) Site 23: Colonnade of L1, between R1 and R5 (CDist.) 2.2.2.7) Traces of L2 Site 24: Section of L2, on either side of the junction with R2 (NDist.) 2.2.2.8) Traces of L3 Site 25: Section of L3, between R4 and R5 (NDist.) Site 26: Section of L3, east of the junction with R4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.9) Traces of Lα Site 27: Section of Lα, between R2 and R3 (NDist.) Site 28: Section of Lα, between R1 and R2 (NDist.) 2.2.2.10) Traces of L’α Site 29: Section of L’α, between R1 and R2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.11) Traces of L5 Site 30: Section of L5, west of the junction with R4bis (EDist.) Site 2 (section 2.1.2.2.2.2): Intersection of R2bis with L5 (EDist.) 2.2.2.12) Traces of L’2 Site 31: Section of L’2, east of the junction with R5 (CDist.) 2.2.2.13) Intermediate Streets Site 32: Traces within insulae L1-L2-R2bis-R4bis (EDist.) Site 33: Traces within insula L1-L2-R1-R2 (CDist.) Site 34: Traces within insula L2-L3-R4-R5 (NDist.) Site 35: Traces within insula L2-L3-R4-R5 (NDist.) Site 36: Traces within insula L2-L3-R3-R4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.14) Suburban Roads Site 37: (ESubs.) Site 38: (ESubs.) 2.2.3) A Multi-Phase Grid Plan 2.3) Waterways and Harbour Infrastructure 2.3.1) Tracing the Ancient Coastline 2.3.2) Heptastadion 2.3.3) The Great Harbour (Μέγας Λιμήν) 2.3.3.1) The IEASM Project 2.3.3.2) Cape Lochias and the Inner Ports (X, Y, Z) 2.3.3.3) Reefs and Rock-Features 2.3.3.4) Poseidion Site 39: Eastern harbour (NDist.) Site 40: Eastern harbour (NDist.) 2.3.3.5) Antirrhodos Site 41: Eastern harbour (NDist.) Site 42: Eastern harbour (NDist.) 2.3.3.5.1) Evidence of Earlier Habitation 2.3.3.6) Dockyards at Pharos 2.3.4) The Western Harbour (Εὔνοστος) 2.3.5) Lake Mareotis and the Canopic Canals Chapter 3: Cityscape 3.1) Segmenting the Cityscape 3.1.1) Pharos and the Heptastadion (PH.) 3.1.2) Western Suburbs (WSubs.) 3.1.3) Western District (WDist.) 3.1.4) Southern District (SDist.) 3.1.5) Central District (CDist.) 3.1.6) Northern District (NDist.) 3.1.7) Eastern District (EDist.) 3.1.8) Eastern Suburbs (ESubs.) 3.2) Pharos and the Heptastadion (PH.) 3.2.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.2.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 43: Submerged archaeological material off Qaitbay 3.2.1.2) Funerary Structures Site 44: el-Anfushy Bay Site 45: Ras el-Tin Palace 3.3) Western Suburbs (WSubs.) 3.3.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.3.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 46: Nekropolis: Phase (I) – west of el-Mahmoudiya Canal Site 47: Nekropolis: Eastern Sector Site 48: Nekropolis: Eastern Sector Site 49: Nekropolis: Western Sector 3.3.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.3.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 50: Gardens of Saīd Pasha palace 3.4) Western District (WDist.) 3.4.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.4.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 51: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.1.2) Religious Edifices Site 52: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.1.3) Funerary Structures Site 53: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.4.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 54a: East of the Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 55a: East of the Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 56: Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 57: Junction of Amud el-Sawari with Ibn Tulun and el-Khedeiwi el-Auwal Site 58: Northern belt of Bab Sidra, into el-Labbane 3.5) Southern District (SDist.) 3.5.1) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.5.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 59: Northern belt of Moharram Bey Site 60: Junction of el-Mohandes Ahmed Ismaīl with el-Fanan Mohamed Hassan 3.6) Central District (CDist.) 3.6.1) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.6.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 61: el-Attarine Mosque (a) and Street (b) Site 62: NE. sector of insula L1-L’2-R5-R6 Site 63: South of the L1-R5 junction Site 64: NW. sector of insula L1-L’2-R4-R5 Site 65: el-Nebi Daniel Mosque Site 66: Enclosure of el-Nebi Daniel Mosque Site 67: South of Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 68: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 69: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 70: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 71: West of the Fire Department Site 72: Alexandria Opera House (a) and west of it (b) Site 73: Old Greek Hospital Site 74: Greek Orthodox Church of San Saba (a) and south of it (b); junction of Antonius with Gessi Pasha (c) Site 75: Southern side of Fouad Street, south of the Alexandria Opera House Site 76: Southern side of Fouad Street, SW. of the junction with Safia Zaghloul Site 77: Southern side of Fouad Street, SE. of the junction with Safia Zaghloul Site 78: North of the junction of Sidi el-Khiashi with Safia Zaghloul Site 79: Southern side of Fouad Street, south of the Alexandria Water Co. Site 80: Southern side of Fouad Street, opposite the former Municipality of Alexandria Site 81: The former Municipality of Alexandria Site 82: East of the Graeco-Roman Museum Site 83: Gerber Street: Villa Menasce (a); the American Cultural Centre (b) Site 84: East of the former Municipality of Alexandria Site 85: NE. corner of the junction of el-Faraana with the Fatimids Site 86: Western side of el-Batalsa, between the Abbasids and el-Faraana Site 87: Northern side of Fouad Street, between el-Batalsa and Goussio Site 88: North of Bab Sharq Site 89: el-Shallalat fortifications 3.6.1.2) Religious Edifices Site 90: Southern side of Fouad, at the junction with Morsi Badr and Sherif Pasha Site 91: Western side of el-Nebi Daniel, between Zangarol and the Greek Hospital Site 92: SE. of Kom el-Dikka archaeological park 3.6.2) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.6.2.1) Civil Edifices A) Gymnasium, Dikasterion, and Plateia 3.6.2.2) Religious Edifices B) Temple to Pan 3.7) Northern District (NDist.) 3.7.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.7.1.1) Religious Edifices Site 93: Le Hotel Métropole and west of it Site 94: Zahar-Debbane Site 95: Cinema Majestic Site 96: East (b) and SE. (a) of the junction of Safia Zaghloul with Saad Zaghloul Site 97: NW. of the junction of Safia Zaghloul with Hassan Fadali Site 98: Synagogue Eliyahu Hanavi Site 99: Billiard Palace Site 100: Garage Lux and Cinema Park 3.7.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.7.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 101: South of Mohamed Ali Square Site 102: East of Mohamed Ali Square Site 103: Saint Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Cathedral Site 104: West of the ‘Tower of the Romans’ Site 105: East of the ‘Tower of the Romans’ Site 106: SW. of the junction of Pereira with the Government Hospital Street Site 107: Southern side of the Government Hospital Street, between Pereira and Amin Fikri Site 108: West of Amin Fikri, between Adham Wali and the Government Hospital Street Site 109: West of Amin Fikri, between el-Nahrowani and Adham Wali Site 110: NE. of the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with Pereira Site 111: NW. of the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with Pereira Site 112: Coastal zone, between Safia Zaghloul and Champollion Site 113: Opposite the Mosque of el-Qaid Ibrahim Site 114: Diana Theatre: NW. of the junction of the Government Hospital Street with Pereira Site 115: Chantier Abd el-Hamid Pasha Site 116: Chantier Moustaki Site 117: Chantier Politi: Cinema Radio Site 118: South of Cinema Radio Site 119: Chantier Heikal Pasha Site 120: Chantier Finney Site 121: Garden of the former British Consulate Site 122: Premises of the former Cricket Playground Site 123: Around the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with el-Mathaf Site 124: Around the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with el-Mathaf Site 125: South of the Government Hospital complex Site 126: South of the Government Hospital complex Site 127: East of the Government Hospital complex Site 128: East of the Government Hospital complex Site 129: North of the Government Hospital complex Site 130: North of the Government Hospital complex, or the old shoreline west of el-Silsileh (?) Site 131: North of the Government Hospital complex Site 132: Around the former Coast Guard (a-b) and the former Victoria College (c) Site 133: Coastal zone, between Cinema Radio and Champollion Site 134: el-Khaledin Park Site 135: NW. of the junction of Dinokrates with Alexander the Great Site 136: Nubar Pasha Park Site 137: Northern sector of el-Shallalat Park Site 138: Southern belt of el-Silsileh Site 139: Chantier Bibliotheca Alexandrina Site 140: el-Silsileh Site 141: Chantier el-Silsileh Site 142: East of el-Silsileh Site 143: East of the former municipal stables Site 144: Jewish Cemetery: the Menasce monument 3.7.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.7.3.1) Civil Edifices C) Royal Residences D) Theatre, Stadion, and Palaestra E) Mouseion and Library F) Ptolemaic Agora and Forum Romanum G) Emporion 3.7.3.2) Religious Edifices H) Royal-Cult Temples 3.8) Eastern District (EDist.) 3.8.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.8.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 145: el-Chatby In 1981, the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (EAO: the present-day SCA), represented on site by Ahmed Abd el-Fattah, carried out a salvage excavation prior to the construction of a new building between Collège Saint-Marc and the Corniche at el-Chatby. J Site 146: el-Hadra Site 147: Latin Cemetery (Terra Santa) 3.8.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.8.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 148: West of Collège Saint-Marc Site 149: Latin and Greek Orthodox Cemeteries 3.8.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.8.3.1) Funerary Structures I) The Soma (Σῶμα) 3.9) Eastern Suburbs (ESubs.) 3.9.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.9.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 150: Miscellaneous Site 151: North of Sporting Club Site 152: NE. of Sporting Club Site 153: Tigrane Pasha (Port-Saīd) Street Site 154: ‘Terrena di Cleopatra’ Site 155: Casino Maxim, Farouk I Street Site 156: ‘Am meer’ Site 157: Sidi Gaber Avenue (a); ‘fra Maréchal French e Hatassou’ (b) Site 158: Abu el-Nawatir (a); Sidi Gaber Mosque and el-Sheikh Tram Station (b); Tiba Street (c) Site 159: Rodosli Street, off Sidi Gaber Avenue; east of Sidi Gaber el-Sheikh Tram Station Site 160: el-Moaskar el-Romani Site 161: Stanley Bay Site 162: Antoniadis Park Site 163: Bir Masoud; el-Dahab; Gabr el-Khur Site 164: el-Montazah Bay 3.9.1.2) Military Edifices Site 165: Mustapha Pasha military residential complex 3.9.1.3) Religious Edifices Site 166: Between Fawzi Moaz and Tut-Ankh-Amun 3.9.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.9.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 167: Falanga-Autofage; Sarkissian 3.9.2.2) Religious Edifices Site 168: Ras el-Soda, relocated to the Latin Cemetery 3.9.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.9.3.1) Civil Edifices J) Hippodrome I. Urban Layout: Chapter 2 (a) Circuit Walls The Eastern Peripheries Conclusion The Southern Periphery The Western Periphery The Northern Periphery (b) Grid Plan (c) Waterways and Harbour Infrastructure II. Cityscape: Chapter 3 Epilogue: A Holistic Approach to Topographic Reconstruction Bibliography I. Ancient Sources II. References Detailed Table of Contents Figures Figure 1. Hugues Commineau de Mézières aka Ugo Comminelli de Maceriis. ‘Veduta d’Alessandria’ of Codice Vaticano Urbinate (277) – 1472. Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana: ‘Cosmografia di Claudio Tolomeo’. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 2. Álvaro de Bazán, Marqués de Santa Cruz. Archivo General de Simancas (Valladolid, Spain): Mapas, Planos y Dibujos, XLIX‐43. Manuscripts ‘E1 102-36’ and ‘E1 103-34’ – map drafted before 1605. Machinek 2018: 9, Footnote 80; Tzalas 2000: 27-28, Fi Figure 3. Hartmann Schedel. ‘Alexandria’ – 1493. Schedel 1493: LXXVII. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 4. Ahmet Muhittin Piri aka Piri Reis. Portolan chart of Alexandria – drafted 1521; published 1525. Piri 1525: 295. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 5. Ahmet Muhittin Piri aka Piri Reis. Figure (4) reproduced. Bacqué-Grammont and Tuchscherer 2013: 45, Figure 1. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 6. Pierre Belon du Mans. ‘Vray Portraict de la Ville d’Alexandrie en Egypte’ – drafted 1548; published 1553. Belon 1553: 206. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 7. Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg. ‘Alexandria, etc.’ – 1575. Braun and Hogenberg 1575: 56. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 8. Johann Helffrich. ‘Abris der Stadt Alexandria’ – drafted c. 1565-66; published 1582. Helffrich 1582. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 9. Olfert Dapper. ‘De Stadt Alexandrie Of Scanderik’ – 1668. Dapper 1668: 74-75. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 10. Abraham Ortelius. ‘Aegyptus Antiqua’ – drafted 1570; published 1587. Ortelius 1587: 107. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 11. Étienne Gravier, Marquis d’Ortières. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie Avec Ses Forteresses et Ses Ports’ – 1685-87. Gravier 1685-87. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 12. Joseph Razaud, Ingénieur du Roy. ‘Plan Particulier de la Ville et Ports d’Alexandrie’ – 1687. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 3. Jondet 1921: Planche VIII; Bibliothèque Nation Figure 13. Christian Melchien, Pilotte Entretenu de Sa Majesté à Toulon. ‘Plan du Port d’Allexandrie, etc.’ – 1699. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 7. Jondet 1921: Planche IX. (Introduc Figure 14. Antoine Massy, Pilotte des Galères de Sa Majesté. ‘Plan des Ports d’Allexandrie, etc.’ – 1699. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 8. Jondet 1921: Planche X. (Introduction II.a: p Figure 15. Marquese de la Garde. ‘Plan et Élévation de la Rade d’Alexandrie en Égypte’ – 1713. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 13. Jondet 1921: Planche XI. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 16. Pierre-Nicolas Bonamy. ‘Alexandria Antiqua’ – drafted 1731; published 1736. Bonamy 1736: Planche XIV. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 17. Frederick Ludwig Norden. ‘Carte Particulière de la Vieille et de la Nouvelle Alexandrie, et des Ports’ – drafted 1737; published 1795. Norden 1795: Planche I. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 19. Richard Pococke. ‘A Plan of Alexandria’ – drafted 1737; published 1743. Pococke 1743: Plate II. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 18. Frederick Ludwig Norden. ‘Carte et Plan du Port Neuf d’Alexandrie’ – drafted 1737; published 1795. Norden 1795: Planche II. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 20. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. ‘Costes d’Egypte Depuis Alexandrie Jusqu’à Rosette’ – 1764. Bellin 1764: Plate 85. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 21. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. ‘Plan des Ports et Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1764. Bellin 1764: Plate 86. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 22. Joseph Roux, Hidrographe du Roy à Marseille. ‘Alexandrie Barbarie’ – first edition (121 plans), 1764; extended edition (163 plans), 1804. Roux 1804: Plate 65. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 23. Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie’ – 1766. Bourguignon d’Anville 1766: 53. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 24. Louis-François Cassas. ‘Aléxandrie, Nommée par les Arabes, Eskandériéh. Plan Général de la Ville’ – drafted 1785; published 1799. Cassas 1799: Planche 47. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 25. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Alexandrie’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1818. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Carte Topographique de l’Égypt, 1818: Flle 37. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 26. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexandrie’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1822. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31. (Introd Figure 27. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Plan Général des Deux Ports, de la Ville Moderne, et de la Ville des Arabes’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1817. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 84. Figure 28. Pierre-Jean-Baptiste aka Publicola Chaussard. ‘Plan Comparative d’Alexandrie Ancienne, Moderne, et du Temps des Arabes’ – 1802. Chaussard 1802: Planche VI. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 29. Thomas Walsh. ‘Plan of the Operations of the British and French Armies Before Alexandria, etc.’ – drafted 1801; published 1803. Walsh 1803: Plate 24. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 30. Henri Salt. ‘A Geometrical Survey of the City of Alexandria’ – drafted 1806; published 1809. Valentia 1809: Plate III. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 31. William Henry Smyth, R.N. (the Hydrographical Office of the Admiralty). ‘Alexandria. Plan of the City, Harbours, and Environs’ – 1825, 1833. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXI. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 32. William Henry Smyth, R.N. ‘Plan of Alexandria, etc.’ – 1843. Wilkinson 1843: 120. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 33. Le Saulnier de Vauhello. ‘Plan des Ports et Mouillages d’Alexandrie’ – 1834. Jondet 1916: Planche I. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 34. E. Napier, R.N. ‘Plan of Alexandria and Its Neighbourhood’ – 1841. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXIII. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 35. Barthélémy Gallice. ‘Plan de la Place d’Alexandrie (Égypte) et de Ses Environs’ – 1845. Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 36. Charles Müller. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie Comprenant Toutes Ses Fortifications, Rues, et Édifices Principaux’ – 1855. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXV. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 37. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie et des Ses Faubourgs’ – 1866. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 38. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte d’Alexandrie en 1865’ – 1871. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVI; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 39. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte des Environs d’Alexandrie’ – 1866. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVIII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 40. Heinrich Kiepert. ‘Plan der Alten Stadt Alexandria’ – 1872. Kiepert 1872: Tafel V. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 41. J. Millie. ‘Alexandrie d’Égypte et le Caire, Avec le Plan de Ces Deux Villes’ – 1867-68. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXIX. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 42. A.L. Mansell, R.N. ‘Port d’Alexandrie, etc.’ – drafted 1869; published 1872-73. De Bellefonds 1872-73: Planche VIIIb. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 43. Revue D’Artillerie Française (Tome XX). ‘Le Bombardement d’Alexandrie par la Flotte Anglaise (11 Juillet 1882)’ – 1882. Jondet 1921: Planche XLIV. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 44. John Frederick Maurice. ‘Sketch of Country Between Alexandria and Kafr Ed-Dauar, etc.’ – 1887. Maurice 1887: Map Number 3. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 45. Atlas des Ports Étrangers (Troisième Livraison). ‘Alexandrie (1882)’ – drafted 1882; published 1887. Direction des Cartes, Plans et Archives, et de la Statistique Graphique (Ministére des Travaux Publics) 1887: Planche XVII. (Introduction II. Figure 46. Henry de Vaujany. ‘Plan Comparatif d’Alexandrie Ancienne et Moderne’ – 1885. De Vaujany 1885: 27. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 47. Direction Générale du Tanzim, Inspection de l’Ouest. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1887. Jondet 1921: Planche XLVII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 48. Henry de Vaujany. ‘Plan Comparatif du Port Oriental d’Alexandrie’ – 1888. De Vaujany 1888. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 49. Tassos Demetrios Neroutsos. ‘Alexandrie Ancienne’ – 1888. Neroutsos 1888. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 50. Carlo Marchettini. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie et du Marché de Minet-el-Bassal’ – 1890. Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 51. David George Hogarth and Edward Frederic Benson. ‘Alexandria’ – 1894-95. Hogarth and Benson 1894-95. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 52. Georges Marichal. ‘Plan du Quartier “Rhacotis” dans l’Alexandrie Romaine’ – 1897. Botti 1897c. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 53. Giuseppe Botti. ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie’ – 1898. Botti 1898c. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 55. Expedition Ernst Sieglin (1898-1902). ‘Plan von Alexandrien und Umgebung’ – 1908. Schreiber et al. 1908b: 1, Abbildung 1. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 54. Ferdinand Noack. ‘Ausgrabungen in Alexandrien; Übersichtsplan’ – 1900. Noack 1900: Tafel IX. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 56. Wilhelm Sieglin. ‘Alexandria 100 BC – AD 100’ – 1897. Baedeker 1897: Plan IV. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 57. Wilhelm Sieglin. ‘Alexandria 3rd – 5th Century AD’ – 1897. Baedeker 1897: Plan V. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 58. Les Services Techniques de la Municipalité. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1902. Jondet 1921: Planche L. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 59. Richard Massie Blomfield. ‘Alexandria (Ancient and Modern)’ – 1905. Breccia 1907b: 3. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 60. Mariano Bartocci. ‘Alexandrie. Plan de la Ville Ancienne et Moderne’ – 1914. Breccia 1914a. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 61. Gaston Jondet. ‘Carte de la Rade d’Alexandrie’ – 1916. Jondet 1916: Planche III. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 62. Le Survey Department. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie’ – 1917. Jondet 1921: Planche LIII. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 64. Achille Adriani. ‘Saggio di una Pianta Archeologica di Alessandria’ – 1934. Adriani 1934. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 63. Edward Morgan Forster. ‘Alexandria: Historical Map’ – 1922. Forster 1922: 84-85. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 65. Achille Adriani. ‘Pianta Schematica di Alessandria Antica a Cura di Mahmûd Bey el-Falaki (Con Varianti e Aggiunte di A. Adriani)’ – 1966. Adriani 1966a: 269, Tavola di Aggettivo ‘A’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 66. Achille Adriani. ‘Pianta Comparativa di Alessandria Antica e Moderna’ – 1966. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 1, Tavola 1, Figure 1. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 67. Peter Marshall Fraser. ‘Outline Map of Alexandria’ – 1972. Fraser 1972. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 68. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period: 3rd – 1st Century BC’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map B. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 69. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period: 4th – 7th Century AD’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map D. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 70. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Collective: 3rd Century BC – 7th Century AD’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map A. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 71. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: ‘Rekonstruktionsversuch der Frühen Stadtanlage’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 72. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: 243, Abbildung 231. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 73. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: ‘Basileia’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 74. Judith McKenzie. ‘Alexandria: Plan of Ptolemaic Cemeteries and City Walls’ – 2007. McKenzie 2007: 26, Figure 28. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 75. Judith McKenzie. ‘Alexandria: Plan of Roman Cemeteries’ – 2007. McKenzie 2007: 26, Figure 29. (Introduction II.f: p. 5) Figure 76. Institut Européen d’Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM). ‘Great Harbour of Ancient Alexandria’ – 2011. IEASM & Franck Goddio. (Introduction II.f: p. 5) Figure 77. AutoCAD Map (V1). ‘Alexandria: 4th – 2nd Century BC (Ptolemaic)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 78. AutoCAD Map (V2). ‘Alexandria: 1st Century BC – 3rd Century AD (Late Ptolemaic-Roman)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 79. AutoCAD Map (V3). ‘Alexandria: 4th – 7th Century AD (Late Antique)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 80. AutoCAD Map (V4). ‘Alexandria: 4th Century BC – 7th Century AD (Collective)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 81. AutoCAD Map (V5). ‘Alexandria: Eastern Suburbs’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 82. Alexandria and its environs in antiquity. Aquatint by Jean-Claude Golvin. Labels added by author. (Chapter 1, section 1.2: p. 8) Figure 83. Satrap Stela; recorded decree issued in autumn 311 BC. Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Inventory Number CG.22182. (Chapter 1, section 1.4: p. 9) Figure 84. Fortification-point (α). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 85. Fortification-point (α). Plan. Outlined in red is the segment of nummulithic limestone. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 16, Tavola 9, Figure 27. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 87. Fortification-point (α). A slight deviation of the Tulunid circuit to the east of transversal street R1. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 88. Fortification-point (ε). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 2: p. 15) Figure 86. Fortification-point (α). View of the outer façade of nummulithic limestone. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 16, Tavola 9, Figure 22. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 89. Fortification-point (ε). View of submerged remnants to the east of el-Silsileh. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 43, Tavola 21, Figures 75-76. (Chapter 2, site 2: p. 15) Figure 90. Site 3. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 3: p. 15) Figure 91. Fortification-point (γ). Relative location to el-Falaki’s fortification-point (P). AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 93. Fortification-point (γ). View of excavated remnants. Leclant 1979: Table II, Figure 1. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 92. Fortification-point (γ). Plan and sectional view. Tkaczow 1993: Catalogue Number 6, Figure 9. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 94. Bab el-Bahr, the northern entrance to the Arab town. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 5: p. 19) Figure 95. Bab el-Bahr, the northern entrance to the Arab town, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 98. (Chapter 2, site 5: p. 19) Figure 96. Fortification-point (β). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 6: p. 20) Figure 97. Fortification-point (β): the so-called ‘Tower of the Romans’ next to the Heliopolis obelisks aka Cleopatra’s Needles, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 32. (Chapter 2, site 6 Figure 98. Fortification-point (β): the so-called ‘Tower of the Romans’ and the standing Heliopolis obelisk (transported shortly after to New York) on the 19th-century shoreline – October 1879. Gorringe 1885: Plate I. (Chapter 2, site 6: p. 20) Figure 99. The so-called ‘Palais ruiné’. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 7: p. 21) Figure 100. Relative location of ‘Palais ruiné’ (a: site of Tabiat el-Mencherieh) to the ‘Tower of the Romans’ (b: Fortification-point β) and the standing Heliopolis obelisk (c). View of the eastern Cover Title Page Copyright page Quote Summary Table of Contents List of Figures List of AutoCAD Maps Preface I. Theoretical Framework II. History of Research a) Earlier Maps of the Renaissance Introduction b) The Eighteenth Century c) Bonaparte and Mohamed Ali d) The Maps of el-Falaki e) The Late Nineteenth Century f) The Twentieth Century and Recent Research III. Objectives and Structure 1.1) Geomorphological Setting 1.2) Location and Urban Planning Chapter 1: Context of Foundation 1.3) Orientation and Climate Conditions 1.4) Ptolemy in Charge: The Political Aspect Chapter 2: Urban Layout 2.1) Circuit Walls 2.1.1) Miscellaneous Measurements 2.1.2) The Eastern Defences 2.1.2.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.1.2.2) Inferring the Peripheries 2.1.2.2.1) The Defences of the Roman Principate: to c. the 3rd century AD 2.1.2.2.2) The Defences of the Macedonian Foundation: to c. the 1st century BC 2.1.2.2.2.1) Historical Evidence 2.1.2.2.2.2) Archaeological Evidence Site 1: Insula L1-L2-R1-R2bis (CDist.) Site 2: Intersection of R2bis with L5 (EDist.) Site 3: Section of R2bis, between L3 and Lα (EDist.) 2.1.3) The Southern and Western Defences 2.1.3.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.1.3.2) Inferring the Peripheries 2.1.3.2.1) The Southern Defences 2.1.3.2.2) The Western Defences 2.1.4) Waterfront Constructions 2.1.4.1) el-Falaki’s Observations 2.1.4.2) Inferring the Periphery 2.1.4.2.1) Archaeological Evidence Site 4: NW. corner of the Arab enclosure (WDist.) Site 5: North of the L2-R7 junction (NDist.) Site 6: Section of L3, between R4 and R5 (NDist.) Site 7: Northern sector of insula R2-R3-L3-Lα (NDist.) Site 8: West of the L4-R2 junction (NDist.) Site 9: el-Silsileh (NDist.) 2.2) Grid Plan 2.2.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.2.2) Archaeological Evidence 2.2.2.1) Traces of R1 Site 10: Section of R1, between L’6 and L5 (SDist.; CDist.; NDist.) Site 11: Section of R1, north of the junction with Lα (NDist.) Site 12: Section of R1 (?), at the junction with L4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.2) Traces of R3 Site 13: Section of R3, between L1 and L2 (CDist.) Site 14: Chantier Djanikian (GHH): section of R3, SW. of the junction with L3 (NDist.) Site 15: Section of R3, on either side of the junction with L2 (CDist.; NDist.) 2.2.2.3) Traces of R4 Site 16: Section of R4, at the junction with L’3 (SDist.) Site 17: Cinema Amir: section of R4, south of the junction with L1 (CDist.) Site 18: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) Site 19: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) Site 20: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.4) Traces of R5 Site 21: Section of R5, north of the junction with L’2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.5) Traces of R2bis Site 3 (section 2.1.2.2.2.2): section of R2bis, between L3 and Lα (EDist.) 2.2.2.6) Traces of L1 Site 22: Colonnade of L1, between R5 and R7 (CDist.) Site 23: Colonnade of L1, between R1 and R5 (CDist.) 2.2.2.7) Traces of L2 Site 24: Section of L2, on either side of the junction with R2 (NDist.) 2.2.2.8) Traces of L3 Site 25: Section of L3, between R4 and R5 (NDist.) Site 26: Section of L3, east of the junction with R4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.9) Traces of Lα Site 27: Section of Lα, between R2 and R3 (NDist.) Site 28: Section of Lα, between R1 and R2 (NDist.) 2.2.2.10) Traces of L’α Site 29: Section of L’α, between R1 and R2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.11) Traces of L5 Site 30: Section of L5, west of the junction with R4bis (EDist.) Site 2 (section 2.1.2.2.2.2): Intersection of R2bis with L5 (EDist.) 2.2.2.12) Traces of L’2 Site 31: Section of L’2, east of the junction with R5 (CDist.) 2.2.2.13) Intermediate Streets Site 32: Traces within insulae L1-L2-R2bis-R4bis (EDist.) Site 33: Traces within insula L1-L2-R1-R2 (CDist.) Site 34: Traces within insula L2-L3-R4-R5 (NDist.) Site 35: Traces within insula L2-L3-R4-R5 (NDist.) Site 36: Traces within insula L2-L3-R3-R4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.14) Suburban Roads Site 37: (ESubs.) Site 38: (ESubs.) 2.2.3) A Multi-Phase Grid Plan 2.3) Waterways and Harbour Infrastructure 2.3.1) Tracing the Ancient Coastline 2.3.2) Heptastadion 2.3.3) The Great Harbour (Μέγας Λιμήν) 2.3.3.1) The IEASM Project 2.3.3.2) Cape Lochias and the Inner Ports (X, Y, Z) 2.3.3.3) Reefs and Rock-Features 2.3.3.4) Poseidion Site 39: Eastern harbour (NDist.) Site 40: Eastern harbour (NDist.) 2.3.3.5) Antirrhodos Site 41: Eastern harbour (NDist.) Site 42: Eastern harbour (NDist.) 2.3.3.5.1) Evidence of Earlier Habitation 2.3.3.6) Dockyards at Pharos 2.3.4) The Western Harbour (Εὔνοστος) 2.3.5) Lake Mareotis and the Canopic Canals Chapter 3: Cityscape 3.1) Segmenting the Cityscape 3.1.1) Pharos and the Heptastadion (PH.) 3.1.2) Western Suburbs (WSubs.) 3.1.3) Western District (WDist.) 3.1.4) Southern District (SDist.) 3.1.5) Central District (CDist.) 3.1.6) Northern District (NDist.) 3.1.7) Eastern District (EDist.) 3.1.8) Eastern Suburbs (ESubs.) 3.2) Pharos and the Heptastadion (PH.) 3.2.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.2.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 43: Submerged archaeological material off Qaitbay 3.2.1.2) Funerary Structures Site 44: el-Anfushy Bay Site 45: Ras el-Tin Palace 3.3) Western Suburbs (WSubs.) 3.3.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.3.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 46: Nekropolis: Phase (I) – west of el-Mahmoudiya Canal Site 47: Nekropolis: Eastern Sector Site 48: Nekropolis: Eastern Sector Site 49: Nekropolis: Western Sector 3.3.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.3.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 50: Gardens of Saīd Pasha palace 3.4) Western District (WDist.) 3.4.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.4.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 51: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.1.2) Religious Edifices Site 52: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.1.3) Funerary Structures Site 53: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.4.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 54a: East of the Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 55a: East of the Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 56: Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 57: Junction of Amud el-Sawari with Ibn Tulun and el-Khedeiwi el-Auwal Site 58: Northern belt of Bab Sidra, into el-Labbane 3.5) Southern District (SDist.) 3.5.1) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.5.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 59: Northern belt of Moharram Bey Site 60: Junction of el-Mohandes Ahmed Ismaīl with el-Fanan Mohamed Hassan 3.6) Central District (CDist.) 3.6.1) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.6.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 61: el-Attarine Mosque (a) and Street (b) Site 62: NE. sector of insula L1-L’2-R5-R6 Site 63: South of the L1-R5 junction Site 64: NW. sector of insula L1-L’2-R4-R5 Site 65: el-Nebi Daniel Mosque Site 66: Enclosure of el-Nebi Daniel Mosque Site 67: South of Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 68: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 69: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 70: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 71: West of the Fire Department Site 72: Alexandria Opera House (a) and west of it (b) Site 73: Old Greek Hospital Site 74: Greek Orthodox Church of San Saba (a) and south of it (b); junction of Antonius with Gessi Pasha (c) Site 75: Southern side of Fouad Street, south of the Alexandria Opera House Site 76: Southern side of Fouad Street, SW. of the junction with Safia Zaghloul Site 77: Southern side of Fouad Street, SE. of the junction with Safia Zaghloul Site 78: North of the junction of Sidi el-Khiashi with Safia Zaghloul Site 79: Southern side of Fouad Street, south of the Alexandria Water Co. Site 80: Southern side of Fouad Street, opposite the former Municipality of Alexandria Site 81: The former Municipality of Alexandria Site 82: East of the Graeco-Roman Museum Site 83: Gerber Street: Villa Menasce (a); the American Cultural Centre (b) Site 84: East of the former Municipality of Alexandria Site 85: NE. corner of the junction of el-Faraana with the Fatimids Site 86: Western side of el-Batalsa, between the Abbasids and el-Faraana Site 87: Northern side of Fouad Street, between el-Batalsa and Goussio Site 88: North of Bab Sharq Site 89: el-Shallalat fortifications 3.6.1.2) Religious Edifices Site 90: Southern side of Fouad, at the junction with Morsi Badr and Sherif Pasha Site 91: Western side of el-Nebi Daniel, between Zangarol and the Greek Hospital Site 92: SE. of Kom el-Dikka archaeological park 3.6.2) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.6.2.1) Civil Edifices A) Gymnasium, Dikasterion, and Plateia 3.6.2.2) Religious Edifices B) Temple to Pan 3.7) Northern District (NDist.) 3.7.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.7.1.1) Religious Edifices Site 93: Le Hotel Métropole and west of it Site 94: Zahar-Debbane Site 95: Cinema Majestic Site 96: East (b) and SE. (a) of the junction of Safia Zaghloul with Saad Zaghloul Site 97: NW. of the junction of Safia Zaghloul with Hassan Fadali Site 98: Synagogue Eliyahu Hanavi Site 99: Billiard Palace Site 100: Garage Lux and Cinema Park 3.7.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.7.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 101: South of Mohamed Ali Square Site 102: East of Mohamed Ali Square Site 103: Saint Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Cathedral Site 104: West of the ‘Tower of the Romans’ Site 105: East of the ‘Tower of the Romans’ Site 106: SW. of the junction of Pereira with the Government Hospital Street Site 107: Southern side of the Government Hospital Street, between Pereira and Amin Fikri Site 108: West of Amin Fikri, between Adham Wali and the Government Hospital Street Site 109: West of Amin Fikri, between el-Nahrowani and Adham Wali Site 110: NE. of the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with Pereira Site 111: NW. of the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with Pereira Site 112: Coastal zone, between Safia Zaghloul and Champollion Site 113: Opposite the Mosque of el-Qaid Ibrahim Site 114: Diana Theatre: NW. of the junction of the Government Hospital Street with Pereira Site 115: Chantier Abd el-Hamid Pasha Site 116: Chantier Moustaki Site 117: Chantier Politi: Cinema Radio Site 118: South of Cinema Radio Site 119: Chantier Heikal Pasha Site 120: Chantier Finney Site 121: Garden of the former British Consulate Site 122: Premises of the former Cricket Playground Site 123: Around the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with el-Mathaf Site 124: Around the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with el-Mathaf Site 125: South of the Government Hospital complex Site 126: South of the Government Hospital complex Site 127: East of the Government Hospital complex Site 128: East of the Government Hospital complex Site 129: North of the Government Hospital complex Site 130: North of the Government Hospital complex, or the old shoreline west of el-Silsileh (?) Site 131: North of the Government Hospital complex Site 132: Around the former Coast Guard (a-b) and the former Victoria College (c) Site 133: Coastal zone, between Cinema Radio and Champollion Site 134: el-Khaledin Park Site 135: NW. of the junction of Dinokrates with Alexander the Great Site 136: Nubar Pasha Park Site 137: Northern sector of el-Shallalat Park Site 138: Southern belt of el-Silsileh Site 139: Chantier Bibliotheca Alexandrina Site 140: el-Silsileh Site 141: Chantier el-Silsileh Site 142: East of el-Silsileh Site 143: East of the former municipal stables Site 144: Jewish Cemetery: the Menasce monument 3.7.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.7.3.1) Civil Edifices C) Royal Residences D) Theatre, Stadion, and Palaestra E) Mouseion and Library F) Ptolemaic Agora and Forum Romanum G) Emporion 3.7.3.2) Religious Edifices H) Royal-Cult Temples 3.8) Eastern District (EDist.) 3.8.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.8.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 145: el-Chatby In 1981, the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (EAO: the present-day SCA), represented on site by Ahmed Abd el-Fattah, carried out a salvage excavation prior to the construction of a new building between Collège Saint-Marc and the Corniche at el-Chatby. J Site 146: el-Hadra Site 147: Latin Cemetery (Terra Santa) 3.8.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.8.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 148: West of Collège Saint-Marc Site 149: Latin and Greek Orthodox Cemeteries 3.8.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.8.3.1) Funerary Structures I) The Soma (Σῶμα) 3.9) Eastern Suburbs (ESubs.) 3.9.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.9.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 150: Miscellaneous Site 151: North of Sporting Club Site 152: NE. of Sporting Club Site 153: Tigrane Pasha (Port-Saīd) Street Site 154: ‘Terrena di Cleopatra’ Site 155: Casino Maxim, Farouk I Street Site 156: ‘Am meer’ Site 157: Sidi Gaber Avenue (a); ‘fra Maréchal French e Hatassou’ (b) Site 158: Abu el-Nawatir (a); Sidi Gaber Mosque and el-Sheikh Tram Station (b); Tiba Street (c) Site 159: Rodosli Street, off Sidi Gaber Avenue; east of Sidi Gaber el-Sheikh Tram Station Site 160: el-Moaskar el-Romani Site 161: Stanley Bay Site 162: Antoniadis Park Site 163: Bir Masoud; el-Dahab; Gabr el-Khur Site 164: el-Montazah Bay 3.9.1.2) Military Edifices Site 165: Mustapha Pasha military residential complex 3.9.1.3) Religious Edifices Site 166: Between Fawzi Moaz and Tut-Ankh-Amun 3.9.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.9.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 167: Falanga-Autofage; Sarkissian 3.9.2.2) Religious Edifices Site 168: Ras el-Soda, relocated to the Latin Cemetery 3.9.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.9.3.1) Civil Edifices J) Hippodrome I. Urban Layout: Chapter 2 (a) Circuit Walls The Eastern Peripheries Conclusion The Southern Periphery The Western Periphery The Northern Periphery (b) Grid Plan (c) Waterways and Harbour Infrastructure II. Cityscape: Chapter 3 Epilogue: A Holistic Approach to Topographic Reconstruction Bibliography I. Ancient Sources II. References Detailed Table of Contents Figures Figure 1. Hugues Commineau de Mézières aka Ugo Comminelli de Maceriis. ‘Veduta d’Alessandria’ of Codice Vaticano Urbinate (277) – 1472. Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana: ‘Cosmografia di Claudio Tolomeo’. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 2. Álvaro de Bazán, Marqués de Santa Cruz. Archivo General de Simancas (Valladolid, Spain): Mapas, Planos y Dibujos, XLIX‐43. Manuscripts ‘E1 102-36’ and ‘E1 103-34’ – map drafted before 1605. Machinek 2018: 9, Footnote 80; Tzalas 2000: 27-28, Fi Figure 3. Hartmann Schedel. ‘Alexandria’ – 1493. Schedel 1493: LXXVII. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 4. Ahmet Muhittin Piri aka Piri Reis. Portolan chart of Alexandria – drafted 1521; published 1525. Piri 1525: 295. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 5. Ahmet Muhittin Piri aka Piri Reis. Figure (4) reproduced. Bacqué-Grammont and Tuchscherer 2013: 45, Figure 1. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 6. Pierre Belon du Mans. ‘Vray Portraict de la Ville d’Alexandrie en Egypte’ – drafted 1548; published 1553. Belon 1553: 206. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 7. Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg. ‘Alexandria, etc.’ – 1575. Braun and Hogenberg 1575: 56. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 8. Johann Helffrich. ‘Abris der Stadt Alexandria’ – drafted c. 1565-66; published 1582. Helffrich 1582. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 9. Olfert Dapper. ‘De Stadt Alexandrie Of Scanderik’ – 1668. Dapper 1668: 74-75. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 10. Abraham Ortelius. ‘Aegyptus Antiqua’ – drafted 1570; published 1587. Ortelius 1587: 107. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 11. Étienne Gravier, Marquis d’Ortières. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie Avec Ses Forteresses et Ses Ports’ – 1685-87. Gravier 1685-87. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 12. Joseph Razaud, Ingénieur du Roy. ‘Plan Particulier de la Ville et Ports d’Alexandrie’ – 1687. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 3. Jondet 1921: Planche VIII; Bibliothèque Nation Figure 13. Christian Melchien, Pilotte Entretenu de Sa Majesté à Toulon. ‘Plan du Port d’Allexandrie, etc.’ – 1699. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 7. Jondet 1921: Planche IX. (Introduc Figure 14. Antoine Massy, Pilotte des Galères de Sa Majesté. ‘Plan des Ports d’Allexandrie, etc.’ – 1699. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 8. Jondet 1921: Planche X. (Introduction II.a: p Figure 15. Marquese de la Garde. ‘Plan et Élévation de la Rade d’Alexandrie en Égypte’ – 1713. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 13. Jondet 1921: Planche XI. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 16. Pierre-Nicolas Bonamy. ‘Alexandria Antiqua’ – drafted 1731; published 1736. Bonamy 1736: Planche XIV. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 17. Frederick Ludwig Norden. ‘Carte Particulière de la Vieille et de la Nouvelle Alexandrie, et des Ports’ – drafted 1737; published 1795. Norden 1795: Planche I. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 19. Richard Pococke. ‘A Plan of Alexandria’ – drafted 1737; published 1743. Pococke 1743: Plate II. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 18. Frederick Ludwig Norden. ‘Carte et Plan du Port Neuf d’Alexandrie’ – drafted 1737; published 1795. Norden 1795: Planche II. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 20. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. ‘Costes d’Egypte Depuis Alexandrie Jusqu’à Rosette’ – 1764. Bellin 1764: Plate 85. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 21. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. ‘Plan des Ports et Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1764. Bellin 1764: Plate 86. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 22. Joseph Roux, Hidrographe du Roy à Marseille. ‘Alexandrie Barbarie’ – first edition (121 plans), 1764; extended edition (163 plans), 1804. Roux 1804: Plate 65. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 23. Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie’ – 1766. Bourguignon d’Anville 1766: 53. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 24. Louis-François Cassas. ‘Aléxandrie, Nommée par les Arabes, Eskandériéh. Plan Général de la Ville’ – drafted 1785; published 1799. Cassas 1799: Planche 47. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 25. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Alexandrie’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1818. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Carte Topographique de l’Égypt, 1818: Flle 37. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 26. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexandrie’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1822. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31. (Introd Figure 27. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Plan Général des Deux Ports, de la Ville Moderne, et de la Ville des Arabes’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1817. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 84. Figure 28. Pierre-Jean-Baptiste aka Publicola Chaussard. ‘Plan Comparative d’Alexandrie Ancienne, Moderne, et du Temps des Arabes’ – 1802. Chaussard 1802: Planche VI. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 29. Thomas Walsh. ‘Plan of the Operations of the British and French Armies Before Alexandria, etc.’ – drafted 1801; published 1803. Walsh 1803: Plate 24. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 30. Henri Salt. ‘A Geometrical Survey of the City of Alexandria’ – drafted 1806; published 1809. Valentia 1809: Plate III. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 31. William Henry Smyth, R.N. (the Hydrographical Office of the Admiralty). ‘Alexandria. Plan of the City, Harbours, and Environs’ – 1825, 1833. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXI. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 32. William Henry Smyth, R.N. ‘Plan of Alexandria, etc.’ – 1843. Wilkinson 1843: 120. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 33. Le Saulnier de Vauhello. ‘Plan des Ports et Mouillages d’Alexandrie’ – 1834. Jondet 1916: Planche I. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 34. E. Napier, R.N. ‘Plan of Alexandria and Its Neighbourhood’ – 1841. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXIII. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 35. Barthélémy Gallice. ‘Plan de la Place d’Alexandrie (Égypte) et de Ses Environs’ – 1845. Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 36. Charles Müller. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie Comprenant Toutes Ses Fortifications, Rues, et Édifices Principaux’ – 1855. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXV. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 37. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie et des Ses Faubourgs’ – 1866. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 38. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte d’Alexandrie en 1865’ – 1871. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVI; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 39. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte des Environs d’Alexandrie’ – 1866. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVIII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 40. Heinrich Kiepert. ‘Plan der Alten Stadt Alexandria’ – 1872. Kiepert 1872: Tafel V. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 41. J. Millie. ‘Alexandrie d’Égypte et le Caire, Avec le Plan de Ces Deux Villes’ – 1867-68. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXIX. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 42. A.L. Mansell, R.N. ‘Port d’Alexandrie, etc.’ – drafted 1869; published 1872-73. De Bellefonds 1872-73: Planche VIIIb. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 43. Revue D’Artillerie Française (Tome XX). ‘Le Bombardement d’Alexandrie par la Flotte Anglaise (11 Juillet 1882)’ – 1882. Jondet 1921: Planche XLIV. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 44. John Frederick Maurice. ‘Sketch of Country Between Alexandria and Kafr Ed-Dauar, etc.’ – 1887. Maurice 1887: Map Number 3. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 45. Atlas des Ports Étrangers (Troisième Livraison). ‘Alexandrie (1882)’ – drafted 1882; published 1887. Direction des Cartes, Plans et Archives, et de la Statistique Graphique (Ministére des Travaux Publics) 1887: Planche XVII. (Introduction II. Figure 46. Henry de Vaujany. ‘Plan Comparatif d’Alexandrie Ancienne et Moderne’ – 1885. De Vaujany 1885: 27. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 47. Direction Générale du Tanzim, Inspection de l’Ouest. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1887. Jondet 1921: Planche XLVII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 48. Henry de Vaujany. ‘Plan Comparatif du Port Oriental d’Alexandrie’ – 1888. De Vaujany 1888. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 49. Tassos Demetrios Neroutsos. ‘Alexandrie Ancienne’ – 1888. Neroutsos 1888. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 50. Carlo Marchettini. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie et du Marché de Minet-el-Bassal’ – 1890. Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 51. David George Hogarth and Edward Frederic Benson. ‘Alexandria’ – 1894-95. Hogarth and Benson 1894-95. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 52. Georges Marichal. ‘Plan du Quartier “Rhacotis” dans l’Alexandrie Romaine’ – 1897. Botti 1897c. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 53. Giuseppe Botti. ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie’ – 1898. Botti 1898c. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 55. Expedition Ernst Sieglin (1898-1902). ‘Plan von Alexandrien und Umgebung’ – 1908. Schreiber et al. 1908b: 1, Abbildung 1. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 54. Ferdinand Noack. ‘Ausgrabungen in Alexandrien; Übersichtsplan’ – 1900. Noack 1900: Tafel IX. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 56. Wilhelm Sieglin. ‘Alexandria 100 BC – AD 100’ – 1897. Baedeker 1897: Plan IV. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 57. Wilhelm Sieglin. ‘Alexandria 3rd – 5th Century AD’ – 1897. Baedeker 1897: Plan V. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 58. Les Services Techniques de la Municipalité. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1902. Jondet 1921: Planche L. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 59. Richard Massie Blomfield. ‘Alexandria (Ancient and Modern)’ – 1905. Breccia 1907b: 3. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 60. Mariano Bartocci. ‘Alexandrie. Plan de la Ville Ancienne et Moderne’ – 1914. Breccia 1914a. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 61. Gaston Jondet. ‘Carte de la Rade d’Alexandrie’ – 1916. Jondet 1916: Planche III. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 62. Le Survey Department. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie’ – 1917. Jondet 1921: Planche LIII. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 64. Achille Adriani. ‘Saggio di una Pianta Archeologica di Alessandria’ – 1934. Adriani 1934. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 63. Edward Morgan Forster. ‘Alexandria: Historical Map’ – 1922. Forster 1922: 84-85. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 65. Achille Adriani. ‘Pianta Schematica di Alessandria Antica a Cura di Mahmûd Bey el-Falaki (Con Varianti e Aggiunte di A. Adriani)’ – 1966. Adriani 1966a: 269, Tavola di Aggettivo ‘A’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 66. Achille Adriani. ‘Pianta Comparativa di Alessandria Antica e Moderna’ – 1966. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 1, Tavola 1, Figure 1. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 67. Peter Marshall Fraser. ‘Outline Map of Alexandria’ – 1972. Fraser 1972. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 68. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period: 3rd – 1st Century BC’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map B. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 69. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period: 4th – 7th Century AD’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map D. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 70. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Collective: 3rd Century BC – 7th Century AD’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map A. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 71. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: ‘Rekonstruktionsversuch der Frühen Stadtanlage’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 72. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: 243, Abbildung 231. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 73. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: ‘Basileia’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 74. Judith McKenzie. ‘Alexandria: Plan of Ptolemaic Cemeteries and City Walls’ – 2007. McKenzie 2007: 26, Figure 28. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 75. Judith McKenzie. ‘Alexandria: Plan of Roman Cemeteries’ – 2007. McKenzie 2007: 26, Figure 29. (Introduction II.f: p. 5) Figure 76. Institut Européen d’Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM). ‘Great Harbour of Ancient Alexandria’ – 2011. IEASM & Franck Goddio. (Introduction II.f: p. 5) Figure 77. AutoCAD Map (V1). ‘Alexandria: 4th – 2nd Century BC (Ptolemaic)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 78. AutoCAD Map (V2). ‘Alexandria: 1st Century BC – 3rd Century AD (Late Ptolemaic-Roman)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 79. AutoCAD Map (V3). ‘Alexandria: 4th – 7th Century AD (Late Antique)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 80. AutoCAD Map (V4). ‘Alexandria: 4th Century BC – 7th Century AD (Collective)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 81. AutoCAD Map (V5). ‘Alexandria: Eastern Suburbs’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 82. Alexandria and its environs in antiquity. Aquatint by Jean-Claude Golvin. Labels added by author. (Chapter 1, section 1.2: p. 8) Figure 83. Satrap Stela; recorded decree issued in autumn 311 BC. Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Inventory Number CG.22182. (Chapter 1, section 1.4: p. 9) Figure 84. Fortification-point (α). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 85. Fortification-point (α). Plan. Outlined in red is the segment of nummulithic limestone. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 16, Tavola 9, Figure 27. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 87. Fortification-point (α). A slight deviation of the Tulunid circuit to the east of transversal street R1. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 88. Fortification-point (ε). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 2: p. 15) Figure 86. Fortification-point (α). View of the outer façade of nummulithic limestone. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 16, Tavola 9, Figure 22. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 89. Fortification-point (ε). View of submerged remnants to the east of el-Silsileh. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 43, Tavola 21, Figures 75-76. (Chapter 2, site 2: p. 15) Figure 90. Site 3. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 3: p. 15) Figure 91. Fortification-point (γ). Relative location to el-Falaki’s fortification-point (P). AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 93. Fortification-point (γ). View of excavated remnants. Leclant 1979: Table II, Figure 1. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 92. Fortification-point (γ). Plan and sectional view. Tkaczow 1993: Catalogue Number 6, Figure 9. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 94. Bab el-Bahr, the northern entrance to the Arab town. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 5: p. 19) Figure 95. Bab el-Bahr, the northern entrance to the Arab town, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 98. (Chapter 2, site 5: p. 19) Figure 96. Fortification-point (β). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 6: p. 20) Figure 97. Fortification-point (β): the so-called ‘Tower of the Romans’ next to the Heliopolis obelisks aka Cleopatra’s Needles, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 32. (Chapter 2, site 6 Figure 98. Fortification-point (β): the so-called ‘Tower of the Romans’ and the standing Heliopolis obelisk (transported shortly after to New York) on the 19th-century shoreline – October 1879. Gorringe 1885: Plate I. (Chapter 2, site 6: p. 20) Figure 99. The so-called ‘Palais ruiné’. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 7: p. 21) Figure 100. Relative location of ‘Palais ruiné’ (a: site of Tabiat el-Mencherieh) to the ‘Tower of the Romans’ (b: Fortification-point β) and the standing Heliopolis obelisk (c). View of the eastern