Alatzomouri Pefka: A Middle Minoan IIB Workshop Making Organic Dyes (Prehistory Monographs)

One of the most important sites for the early history of dyeing ever found in Minoan Crete was discovered in 2007. A Middle Bronze Age (Middle Minoan IIB) workshop for making natural dyes and using them to color fabrics included several basins carved into the soft limestone bedrock. Excavations uncovered pottery and stone vessels, stone tools, animal bones, and botanical remains among other types of artifacts. Pefka is of great importance for the history of Bronze Age technology as well as for the light it sheds on what was clearly a major Minoan industry. The evidence provides information both for the manufacture of dyes and for the broader issue of the economic foundation for Minoan trade in textiles during the period of the Old Palaces. _GoBack Table 1. Distribution of stone tools by context. Table 2. List of uncataloged fragments of pebbles and cobbles without wear marks. Table 3. List of uncataloged complete pebbles and cobbles without wear marks. Table 4. Number of tools from the well or cistern (A1112). Table 5. Representation of mammalian remains by taxonomic and anatomical parts. Table 6. Dental eruption and wear data. Table 7. Taxonomic representation of marine mollusks and crustaceans based on counts of minimum number of individuals (MNI). Table 8. Plant remains retrieved by flotation. Table 9. Colors of the clay fabrics, heights of the side walls, and widths of the bases (where preservation permits measurements) for the 11 drain sections found at Pefka. Table 10. Diagnostic compounds from chromatograms in Figures 88A–104B. Table 11. Objects analyzed by GC-MS and proposed contents. Table 12. Record of water retention in basins following filling after heavy rains. *Three statigraphic units within the Pefka layer were noted, listed in stratigraphic position, top to bottom: P = dense unit; T= transitional unit; B = brecciated unit (for Figure 1. Map of Crete. Drawing P. Betancourt. Figure 2. Map of the isthmus of Ierapetra. Contour interval 100 m. Drawing A. Insua and P. Betancourt. Figure 3. Plan of the Pefka workshop showing the excavated trenches and section A through the row of basins. Drawing A. Insua, N. Goshen, and P. Betancourt. Figure 4. Plan of A1101 (Basin 1), A1118 (Basin 4), and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 6. Plan of part of Trench A1100 with rectangular Basin 2 and nearby areas. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 8. Plan of A1104, A1115, A1118, and A1119. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 9. Vertical section (north–south) of the well or cistern (A1112), facing west. Scale 1:40. Drawing S. Peterson. Figure 11. Plan of Trench A1126. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 12. Plan of Trench A2000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 13. Plan of Trench A3000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 14. Plan of Trench A4000 with A5100 (basin 8). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 15. Plan of Trench A4000 and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 16. Plan of Trenches A15000, A17000, A22000, and A5200. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 17. Plan of Trenches A18000 and A19000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 18. Plan of Trenches A20000, A23000, and A24000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 19. Plan of the workshop showing the numbers of the basins (1–9) and other features. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 20. Plan of Basin 4 (A1118) and the stone walls. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 21. Plan and cross sections of Basin 1 (A1101). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 22. Plan and cross sections of Basin 2 (A1114). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 23. Plan of Basins 4 (A1118) and 5 (A1104) and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 24. Plan and cross sections of Basin 3 (A1123). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 26. Plan and cross sections of Basin 5 (A1104). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 27. Plan and cross sections of Basin 6 (A2010). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 28. Plan and cross sections of Basin 7 (A4002). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 30. Plan and cross sections of Basin 9 (A5200). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 31. Plan and cross sections of Feature 11 (A23002). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 32. Plans and east–west cross sections of the three mortars at Pefka. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Figure 33. Profile drawings of pottery: open vessel (1), shallow bowls (2, 9–15, 17, 18), rounded cups (3–5), offering table (6), closed vessel (7), and plate (8). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 34. Profile drawings of pottery: shallow bowl (19), conical cups (20–22), and bowls (23–31). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 35. Profile drawings of pottery: bowls and basins (32–40). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 36. Profile drawings of pottery: basins (41–50) and basin with scoring inside (51). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 37. Profile drawings of pottery: basins with scoring inside (52–55) and straight-sided cups (56–68). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 38. Profile drawings of pottery: straight-sided cups (69–84). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 39. Profile drawings of pottery: straight-sided cups (85–114). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 40. Profile drawings of pottery: straight-sided cups (115–133) and straight-sided or conical cups (134–144). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 41. Profile drawings of pottery: straight-sided or conical cups (145–150), cylidrical cups (151–160), rounded cup (161), and semiglobular cups (162, 163). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 42. Profile drawings of pottery: semiglobular cups (164–167) and carinated cups (168–181). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 43. Profile drawings of pottery: carinated cups (182–199). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 44. Profile drawings of pottery: carinated cups (200–209), carinated cup with low carination (210), carinated cup with scalloped rim (211), carinated cup with spout (212), and miscellaneous cups (213–219). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 45. Profile drawings of pottery: lamp (220), kantharos with undulating rim (221, 222), carinated kantharos (223), tall carinated vessel (224), open vessels (225, 226), semiglobular cup/jug (227), and hole-mouthed jars (228–230). Scale 1:3 except as Figure 46. Profile drawings of pottery: hole-mouthed jars (231–236). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 47. Profile drawings of pottery: bridge-spouted jars (237–243) and jars of various classes (244, 245). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 48. Profile drawings of pottery: jars of various classes (246–259). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 49. Profile drawings of pottery: jars of various classes (260–266) and jugs (267–269). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 50. Profile drawings of pottery: jugs (270–279). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 51. Profile drawings of pottery: jugs (280–289). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 52. Profile drawings of pottery: jugs (290–298). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 53. Profile drawings of pottery: wide-mouthed jugs (299, 301), carinated jugs (303–306), and amphorae (307, 308). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 54. Profile drawings of pottery: amphorae (309–319). Scale 1:6 except at marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 55. Profile drawings of pottery: miniature vessels (320–327) and pithoi (328–335). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 56. Profile drawings of pottery: pithoi (336–345) and tripod jug (346). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 57. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod jar (347), triple vessel (348), pyxides (349, 350), and closed vessels (351–359). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 58. Profile drawings of pottery: closed vessels (360–371). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 59. Profile drawings of pottery: closed vessels (372–383). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 60. Profile drawings of pottery: closed vessels (384–405). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 61. Profile drawings of pottery: closed vessels (406–422). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 62. Profile drawings of pottery: closed vessels (423–432). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 63. Profile drawings of pottery: closed vessels (433–438), jar with tripod legs (439), rhyton (440), cylindrical stand (441), pyxis-like vessel (442), and covers (443–448). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 64. Profile drawings of pottery: covers (449–451), lids (452–458), and cooking dish (459). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 65. Profile drawings of pottery: cooking dishes (460–468) and tripod offering stands (469–472). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 66. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod offering stands (473–479). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 67. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod offering stands (480–486). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 68. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod offering stands (487–491), tripod kalathoi (492, 493), kernos (494), four-legged offering stand (495), and miniature tripod (496). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 69. Profile drawings of pottery: trays and tripod trays (497–507) and tripod bowls (508–511). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 70. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod bowl (512), tripod brazier (513), tripod cup (514), and tripod cooking pots (515–523). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 71. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod cooking pots (524–535). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 72. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod cooking pots (536–545). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 73. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod cooking pots (546–558). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 74. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod cooking pots (559–571). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 75. Profile drawings of pottery: tripod cooking pots (571–576), heating stands (577, 578), and Hellenistic open vessel (579). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga. Figure 76. Prism seal (580): seal faces a–c. Obsidian tools (581–583). Ground stone tools: pounders (584–588), pounder-abraders (585, 586), abrader (587), and grinder (589). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings D. Faulmann and H. Dierckx. Figure 77. Ground stone tools: whetstones (590–592), weight (593), pounders (594, 595, 597–600, 603), hammer stone (596), pounder-abraders (601, 602), and grinder (604). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx. Figure 78. Ground stone tools: pounders (605, 608–611, 614, 615), abraders (606, 613, 616), and hammer stones (607, 612, 617). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx. Figure 79. Ground stone tools: hammer stones (618, 629, 630), grinder (619), pounders (620–623, 626, 627), pounder-abraders (624, 625), and abraders (628). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx. Figure 80. Ground stone tools: pounder-abraders (631, 632, 635), pounders (633, 634, 639), abraders (636–638), pestle (640), polisher (641), and pounding platform (642). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx. Figure 81. Ground stone tools: querns (643–645), whetstones (646–654), weights (655–660), and mace head (661). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx. Figure 82. Size distribution of limpets (Patella sp.). Figure 83. Size distribution of whole purple shellfish (Hexaplex trunculus). Figure 84. Profile drawings of drain fragments (662–666). Scale 1:3. Drawing P. Betancourt. Figure 85. Profile drawings of drain fragments (667–672). Scale 1:3. Drawing P. Betancourt. Figure 86. Stone vessels (677, 678). Scale 1:3. Drawing L. Bonga. Figure 87. Clay suspension device with double handles (679). Scale 1:3. Drawing L. Bonga. Figure 88A. Bowl 50: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2873. TIC = total ion current. Figure 88B. Bowl 50: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2873 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample in Figure 89A. Carinated cup 223: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1553. TIC = total ion current. Figure 89B. Carinated cup 223: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1553 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of Figure 90A. Hole-mouthed jar 228: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2843. TIC = total ion current. Figure 90B. Hole-mouthed jar 228: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2843 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time Figure 91A. Hole-mouthed jar 231: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1515. TIC = total ion current. Figure 91B. Hole-mouthed jar 231: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1515 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time Figure 92A. Carinated jug 306: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1445. TIC = total ion current. Figure 92B. Carinated jug 306: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1445 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of Figure 93A. Oval-mouthed amphora 308: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1698. TIC = total ion current. Figure 93B. Oval-mouthed amphora 308: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1698 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the Figure 94A. Triple vessel 348 (front vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1717b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 94B. Triple vessel 348 (front vessel): GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1717b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time bet Figure 95. Triple vessel 348 (left rear vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2728. TIC = total ion current. Figure 96A. Triple vessel 348 (right rear vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2734. TIC = total ion current. Figure 96B. Triple vessel 348 (right rear vessel): GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2734 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time Figure 97A. Tripod offereing stand 484: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1654b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 97B. Tripod offering stand 484: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1654b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between th Figure 98A. Tripod offering stand 485: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1659b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 98B. Tripod offering stand 485: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1659b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between th Figure 99A. Four-legged tray 495: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2878b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 99B. Four-legged tray 495: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2878b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the tim Figure 100A. Tripod cooking pot 516: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1462b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 100B. Tripod cooking pot 516: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1462b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the Figure 101A. Tripod cooking pot 517: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2882b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 101B. Tripod cooking pot 517: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2882b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the Figure 102A. Tripod cooking pot 526: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2469. TIC = total ion current. Figure 102B. Tripod cooking pot 526: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2469 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the t Figure 103A. Tripod cooking pot 571: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1601b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 103B. Tripod cooking pot 571: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1601b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the Figure 104A. Heating stand 577: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1554b. TIC = total ion current. Figure 104B. Heating stand 577: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1554b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time Figure 105. Generalized lithologic and stratigraphic section in the area surrounding Pefka mapped from exposures in fields, road cuts, quarries, and sea cliffs. This is a diagrammatic depiction of the sedimentary succession, with relative thicknesses of i Figure 106. Topography of the area at and nearby the industrial area. Solid straight lines denote the archaeological grid at Pefka in the lower right of the map. The dark patch in the upper left denotes the Alatzomouri Rock Shelter; solid straight lines d Figure 107. Plan showing archaeological remains on Alatzomouri hill. Chamber tombs excavated by H. Boyd Hawes at upper left (World War II pillbox installations at highest point on hill). Chamber tomb excavated by S. Alexiou at lower right among GPR grid s Plate 1A. Aerial view of the workshop at Alatzomouri Pefka. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 1B. The grove of pines that conceals the workshop at Alatzomouri Pefka, as seen from the next higherterrace on Alatzomouri Hill. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 2B. Pile of unworked stones from the destruction of storage sheds built by the Italian army during World War II, looking west. The stones came originally from Minoan rooms erected at Pefka. Photo P. Betancourt (4 June 2008). Plate 2C. Basin 1 (A1101), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 3A. Relationship between Basin 1 (A1101), and Basin 4 (A1118) with its channel leading out of its northeast corner (looking north). Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 3B. Large rectangular carved depression (Basin 2; A1122), looking east. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 4B. Basin 3 (A1123), showing the roots that damaged it, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 5A. Basin 4 (A1118), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 5B. Detail of the channel (Channel 1; A1115) at the northeast corner of Basin 4 (A1118), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 6A. The relationship between Basins 1, 2, 4, and 5, showing Channel 1 leading from Basin 4 to Basin 2, looking north. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 6B. Aerial photograph of the eastern side of the workshop, looking north. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 7A. Basin 5 (A1104), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 7B. Rubble wall and fallen stones between Basins 4 and 5 (A1118 and A1104, respectively), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 8A. Mortar 1 (A1117) between Basins 2 (A1122) and 5 (A1104), looking south. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 8B. Basin 6 (A2010), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 9A. The long trough leading into Basin 6 (A2010) from the west, looking northwest. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 9B. Natural shallow depression in Trench A3000 (Feature 10; A3001), located southwest of Trench A1100. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 10A. Basin 7 (A4002) and the triangular trough at its western side, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 10B. Basin 8 (A5100), looking south. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 11A. Basin 9 (A5200) in 2007 before the trench to the east was excavated, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 11B. Irregular side of Basin 9 (A5200) cut to allow dyed wool to drain into the vat. Photo P. Betancourt. Plate 12. Rounded cups (3, 4), shallow bowls (9, 11, 17), tall conical cups (20, 21), and bowls/basins (23, 33, 35). Scale 1:4. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 13. Bowls (36, 37), basin (43), straight-sided cups (57–129), straight-sided or conincal cup (137), cylindrical cup (158), rounded cup (161), semiglobular cups (163, 165), and carinated cups (168–211). Scale 1:4. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 14. Carinated cup with spout (212), lamp (220), carinated kantharos with two handles (223), and hole-mouthed jars (228, 230). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 15. Hole-mouthed jar (231), bridge-spouted jars (237, 239), and jugs (263–272). Scale 1:4. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 16. Jugs (273, 274, 279, 280, 282, 289, 290, 299–302). Scale 1:4. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 17. Jug (303) and amphorae (307–311). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 18. Amphorae (312, 314), miniature vessel (320), pithoi (328, 336), triple vessel (348), and closed vessels (351, 392, 436). Scale 1:4. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 19. Cylindrical stand (441), pyxis-like vessel (442), cover (447), tripod offering stands (469 [from above], 473, 475, 476, 483), kalathos (492), kernos (494), four-legged offering stand (495), miniature tripod (496), tripod tray (497), tray (507), Plate 20. Tripod cooking pots (517, 519, 521–527). Scale 1:4. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 21. Tripod cooking pots (528–532, 536–539). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 22. Tripod cooking pots (540, 542, 552). Prism seal 580: seal faces (a–c) and impressions (d–f). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos. Plate 23. Murex shell fragments found in pithos 328 (a); flax seed (b); discoid weights 674–676 (c–e; scale 1:2); Linear B tablet X 976 from Knossos; Linear B tablet V 832 from Knossos (g). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos (a–e); J. Melena, by permission of the Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction Vili Apostolakou, Thomas M. Brogan, and Philip P. Betancourt Excavations Rock-Cut Basins: Form and Function Pottery Prism Seal Chipped and Ground Stone Tools Animal Remains Archaeobotanical Remains Drain Fragments Textile Tools Stone Vessels Suspension Device Organic Residue Studies Geology and Geoarchaeology Porphureion and Kalkhion and Minoan-Mycenaean Purple Dye Manufacture and Use Discussion and Conclusions References Accession and Catalog Numbers Index _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack Editing _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack L'un des sites les plus importants pour les débuts de l'histoire de la teinture en Crète minoenne. Un atelier de l'âge du bronze moyen (Minoen moyen IIB) destiné à la fabrication de teintures naturelles et à leur utilisation pour colorer les tissus comprenait plusieurs bassins creusés dans la roche calcaire tendre. Les fouilles ont permis de découvrir des poteries et des récipients en pierre, des outils en pierre, des os d'animaux et des restes botaniques, entre autres types d'objets. Pefka est d'une grande importance pour l'histoire de la technologie de l'âge du bronze, une industrie majeure de Minoan Excavation of an important site for the early history of dyeing in Minoan Crete revealed a Middle Bronze Age natural dye workshop with several basins carved into bedrock, pottery and stone vessels, stone tools, and animal and plant remains. The evidence contributes new information on the Minoan trade in textiles during the Old Palace period. Middle,Bronze,Age;,Minoan,industry;,purple,dye;,excavation;,workshop;,textiles;,Linear,B;,murex Middle Bronze Age,Minoan industry,purple dye,excavation,workshop,textiles,Linear B,murex