Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement : What Everyone Needs to Know®

On the morning of September 11, 2001, the entire world was introduced to Al Qaeda and its enigmatic leader, Osama bin Laden. But the organization that changed the face of terrorism forever and unleashed a whirlwind of counterterrorism activity and two major wars had been on the scene long before that eventful morning. In Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement: What Everyone Needs to Know , Daniel L. Byman, an eminent scholar of Middle East terrorism and international security who served on the 9/11 Commission, provides a sharp and concise overview of Al Qaeda, from its humble origins in the mountains of Afghanistan to the present, explaining its perseverance and adaptation since 9/11 and the limits of U.S. and allied counterterrorism efforts. The organization that would come to be known as Al Qaeda traces its roots to the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Founded as the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, Al Qaeda achieved a degree of international notoriety with a series of spectacular attacks in the 1990s; however, it was the dramatic assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 9/11 that truly launched Al Qaeda onto the global stage. The attacks endowed the organization with world-historical importance and provoked an overwhelming counterattack by the United States and other western countries. Within a year of 9/11, the core of Al Qaeda had been chased out of Afghanistan and into a variety of refuges across the Muslim world. Splinter groups and franchised offshoots were active in the 2000s in countries like Pakistan, Iraq, and Yemen, but by early 2011, after more than a decade of relentless counterterrorism efforts by the United States and other Western military and intelligence services, most felt that Al Qaeda's moment had passed. With the death of Osama bin Laden in May of that year, many predicted that Al Qaeda was in its death throes. Shockingly, Al Qaeda has staged a remarkable comeback in the last few years. In almost every conflict in the Muslim world, from portions of the Xanjing region in northwest China to the African subcontinent, Al Qaeda franchises or like-minded groups have played a role. Al Qaeda's extreme Salafist ideology continues to appeal to radicalized Sunni Muslims throughout the world, and it has successfully altered its organizational structure so that it can both weather America's enduring full-spectrum assault and tailor its message to specific audiences. Authoritative and highly readable, Byman's account offers readers insightful and penetrating answers to the fundamental questions about Al Qaeda: who they are, where they came from, where they're going-and, perhaps most critically-what we can do about it. What Everyone Needs to Know® is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. Overview: On The Morning Of September 11, 2001, The Entire World Was Introduced To Al Qaeda And Its Enigmatic Leader, Osama Bin Laden. But The Organization That Changed The Face Of Terrorism Forever And Unleashed A Whirlwind Of Counterterrorism Activity And Two Major Wars Had Been On The Scene Long Before That Eventful Morning. In Al Qaeda, The Islamic State, And The Global Jihadist Movement: What Everyone Needs To Know, Daniel L. Byman, An Eminent Scholar Of Middle East Terrorism And International Security Who Served On The 9/11 Commission, Provides A Sharp And Concise Overview Of Al Qaeda, From Its Humble Origins In The Mountains Of Afghanistan To The Present, Explaining Its Perseverance And Adaptation Since 9/11 And The Limits Of U.s. And Allied Counterterrorism Efforts. The Organization That Would Come To Be Known As Al Qaeda Traces Its Roots To The Anti-soviet Jihad In Afghanistan In The 1980s.^ ^founded As The Soviets Withdrew From Afghanistan, Al Qaeda Achieved A Degree Of International Notoriety With A Series Of Spectacular Attacks In The 1990s; However, It Was The Dramatic Assaults On The World Trade Center And The Pentagon On 9/11 That Truly Launched Al Qaeda Onto The Global Stage. The Attacks Endowed The Organization With World-historical Importance And Provoked An Overwhelming Counterattack By The United States And Other Western Countries. Within A Year Of 9/11, The Core Of Al Qaeda Had Been Chased Out Of Afghanistan And Into A Variety Of Refuges Across The Muslim World. Splinter Groups And Franchised Offshoots Were Active In The 2000s In Countries Like Pakistan, Iraq, And Yemen, But By Early 2011, After More Than A Decade Of Relentless Counterterrorism Efforts By The United States And Other Western Military And Intelligence Services, Most Felt That Al Qaeda's Moment Had Passed.^ ^with The Death Of Osama Bin Laden In May Of That Year, Many Predicted That Al Qaeda Was In Its Death Throes. Shockingly, Al Qaeda Has Staged A Remarkable Comeback In The Last Few Years. In Almost Every Conflict In The Muslim World, From Portions Of The Xanjing Region In Northwest China To The African Subcontinent, Al Qaeda Franchises Or Like-minded Groups Have Played A Role. Al Qaeda's Extreme Salafist Ideology Continues To Appeal To Radicalized Sunni Muslims Throughout The World, And It Has Successfully Altered Its Organizational Structure So That It Can Both Weather America's Enduring Full-spectrum Assault And Tailor Its Message To Specific Audiences. Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- History: -- What Was The Impact Of The Anti-soviet Jihad On The Jihadist Movement? -- Did The United States Fund Bin Laden And Al Qaeda? -- Why Was Al Qaeda Founded? -- What Did Al Qaeda Do In Sudan? -- What Were Al Qaeda's Initial Goals? -- Why Did Al Qaeda Focus On The United States? -- What Was The Role Of Egyptian Militants During Al Qaeda's Formative Years? -- What Was Al Qaeda's Relationship With The Taliban Before 9/11? -- Key Attacks And Plots: -- Why Were The 1998 Embassy Attacks So Important? -- What Were Al Qaeda's Most Important Attacks Before 9/11? -- How Did Al Qaeda Carry Out The 9/11 Attacks? -- Could The 9/11 Attacks Have Been Prevented? -- How Did Al Qaeda Justify The 9/11 Attacks? -- What Was The Fallout From The 9/11 Attacks For Al Qaeda? -- What Attacks Has Al Qaeda Done Since 9/11? -- Strategy And Tactics: -- What Are Al Qaeda's Goals Today? -- Does Al Qaeda Have A Strategy? --^ How Did Al Qaeda Become A Suicide Bombing Factory? -- How Dangerous Are Lone Wolves? -- What Do You Learn In An Al Qaeda Training Camp? -- Could Al Qaeda Get A Nuclear Weapon? -- Should We Laugh At Al Qaeda? -- Ideas And Influences: -- What Are The Key Schools Of Thought That Influence Salafi-jihadism?: -- Salafism -- Wahhabism -- Deobandism -- Ahl-e Hadith -- Who Are The Key Thinkers Jihadists Admire And Read? -- How Does Al Qaeda Differ From The Muslim Brotherhood? -- Why Do Other Jihadists Criticize Al Qaeda? -- How Does Al Qaeda Justify Killing Civilians? -- What Themes Does Al Qaeda Push In Its Propaganda? -- Organization And Recruitment: -- Why Was Bin Laden Such An Effective Leader? -- How Does Ayman Al-zawahiri Differ From Bin Laden? -- How Is Al Qaeda Organized? -- Why Does Al Qaeda Make So Many Mistakes? -- What Is The Profile Of A Typical Al Qaeda Member? -- How Does Al Qaeda Recruit? -- What Is The Role Of War? -- What Is The Role Of The Internet? --^ Where Does Al Qaeda Get Its Money? -- How Does Al Qaeda Spend Its Money? -- Friends And Enemies: -- How Did The 2003 Iraq War Shape Al Qaeda? -- How Does Al Qaeda View Iran And The Shi'a? -- Is Saudi Arabia Secretly Supporting Al Qaeda? -- Why Does Pakistan Support Jihadists? -- What Is The Relationship Between Pakistan And Al Qaeda? -- Why Doesn't Pakistan Cooperate More With The United States? -- How Important Is Israel? -- How Do Muslims Perceive Al Qaeda And Why Does It Matter? -- How Did The Arab Spring Affect Al Qaeda? -- Beyond The Al Qaeda Core: -- What Are The Key Al Qaeda Affiliates?: -- Al Qaeda In The Arabian Peninsula -- Al Qaeda In The Islamic Maghreb -- Al Shabaab -- Jabhat Al-nusra -- What About Like-minded But Unaffiliated Groups? -- What's In It For Al Qaeda?-what's In It For The Affiliates? -- What Are The Limits Of Cooperation? -- Does The Al Qaeda Core Control The Salafi-jihadist Movement Anymore? -- So What Do We Talk About When We Talk About Al Qaeda? --^ Islamic State: -- What Should We Call This Group? -- Who Is Abu Bakr Al-baghdadi? -- Where Did The Islamic State Come From? -- Why Did The Islamic State Fight With Al Qaeda? -- What Does The Islamic State Want? -- How Strong Is The Islamic State? -- How Does The Islamic State Publicize Its Cause? -- What Are The Islamic State's Relations With The Syrian Government? -- What Is The Khorasan Group? -- Is The Islamic State A Terrorist Threat To The American Homeland? -- Why Did The United States Go To War With The Islamic State? -- Counterterrorism: -- Isn't Diplomacy Worthless When It Comes To Fighting Terror? -- What Role Does The Legal System Play? -- What About Military Tribunals, Guantanamo, And Other Post-9/11 Legal Measures? -- What Is Rendition And Why Is It So Controversial? -- How Do We Go After Al Qaeda's Money? -- What Is The Role Of Us Military Force? -- What About Drones And Other Air Strikes? -- Do Drones And Other Controversial Tools Result In Blowback? --^ How Do We Collect Intelligence On Al Qaeda? -- How Do Tools Change When Fighting Affiliated Movements? -- How Do We Win The War Of Ideas? -- What Is The Role Of Allied Governments Threatened By Terrorists? -- How Does Al Qaeda Adapt? -- How Do You Counter Radicalization? -- What Threat Does Al Qaeda Pose Today To The United States And Europe -- Can We Defeat Al Qaeda, The Islamic State, And The Broader Jihadist Movement? -- How Is Fighting The Islamic State Different From Fighting Al Qaeda? -- Suggestions For Further Reading -- Notes -- Index. Daniel Byman. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Acknowledgments 12 Introduction 18 1 History 20 What Was the Impact of the Anti-Soviet Jihad on the Jihadist Movement? 20 Did the United States Fund Bin Laden and Al Qaeda? 23 Why Was Al Qaeda Founded? 24 What Did Al Qaeda Do in Sudan? 27 What Were Al Qaeda’s Initial Goals? 30 Why Did Al Qaeda Focus on the United States? 32 What Was the Role of Egyptian Militants during Al Qaeda’s Formative Years? 34 What Was Al Qaeda’s Relationship with the Taliban before 9/11? 38 2 Key Attacks and Plots 42 Why Were the 1998 Embassy Attacks So Important? 42 What Were Al Qaeda’s Most Important Attacks before 9/11? 45 How Did Al Qaeda Carry Out the 9/11 Attacks? 48 Could the 9/11 Attacks Have Been Prevented? 52 How Did Al Qaeda Justify the 9/11 Attacks? 56 What Was the Fallout from the 9/11 Attacks for Al Qaeda? 58 What Attacks Has Al Qaeda Done Since 9/11? 60 3 Strategy and Tactics 64 What Are Al Qaeda’s Goals Today? 64 Does Al Qaeda Have a Strategy? 68 How Did Al Qaeda Become a Suicide Bombing Factory? 71 How Dangerous Are Lone Wolves? 74 What Do You Learn in an Al Qaeda Training Camp? 77 Could Al Qaeda Get a Nuclear Weapon? 80 Should We Laugh at Al Qaeda? 83 4 Ideas and Influences 86 What Are the Key Schools of Thought That Influence Salafi-Jihadism? 86 Salafism 86 Wahhabism 87 Deobandism 87 Ahl-e Hadith 88 Who Are the Key Thinkers Jihadists Admire and Read? 89 How Does Al Qaeda Differ from the Muslim Brotherhood? 94 Why Do Other Jihadists Criticize Al Qaeda? 95 How Does Al Qaeda Justify Killing Civilians? 99 What Themes Does Al Qaeda Push in Its Propaganda? 101 5 Organization and Recruitment 106 Why Was Bin Laden Such an Effective Leader? 106 How Does Ayman al-Zawahiri Differ from Bin Laden? 109 How Is Al Qaeda Organized? 112 Why Does Al Qaeda Make So Many Mistakes? 115 What Is the Profile of a Typical Al Qaeda Member? 118 How Does Al Qaeda Recruit? 119 What Is the Role of War? 121 What Is the Role of the Internet? 123 Where Does Al Qaeda Get Its Money? 126 How Does Al Qaeda Spend Its Money? 128 6 Friends and Enemies 132 How Did the 2003 Iraq War Shape Al Qaeda? 132 How Does Al Qaeda View Iran and the Shi’a? 136 Is Saudi Arabia Secretly Supporting Al Qaeda? 139 Why Does Pakistan Support Jihadists? 142 What Is the Relationship Between Pakistan and Al Qaeda? 145 Why Doesn’t Pakistan Cooperate More with the United States? 148 How Important Is Israel? 149 How Do Muslims Perceive Al Qaeda and Why Does It Matter? 152 How Did the Arab Spring Affect Al Qaeda? 154 7 Beyond the Al Qaeda Core 158 What Are the Key Al Qaeda Affiliates? 158 Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 159 Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 161 Al Shabaab 162 Jabhat al-Nusra 164 What about Like-Minded but Unaffiliated Groups? 165 What’s in It for Al Qaeda? What’s in It for the Affiliates? 167 What Are the Limits of Cooperation? 169 Does the Al Qaeda Core Control the Salafi-Jihadist Movement Anymore? 172 So What Do We Talk about When We Talk about Al Qaeda? 174 8 The Islamic State 180 What Should We Call This Group? 180 Who Is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi? 181 Where Did the Islamic State Come From? 183 Why Did the Islamic State Fight with Al Qaeda? 185 What Does the Islamic State Want? 187 How Strong Is the Islamic State? 189 How Does the Islamic State Publicize Its Cause? 194 What Are the Islamic State’s Relations with the Syrian Government? 196 What Is the Khorasan Group? 197 Is the Islamic State a Terrorist Threat to the American Homeland? 198 Why Did the United States Go to War with the Islamic State? 200 9 Counterterrorism 204 Isn’t Diplomacy Worthless When It Comes to Fighting Terror? 204 What Role Does the Legal System Play? 205 What about Military Tribunals, Guantanamo, and Other Post-9/11 Legal Measures? 208 What Is Rendition and Why Is It So Controversial? 209 How Do We Go After Al Qaeda’s Money? 211 What Is the Role of US Military Force? 214 What about Drones and Other Air Strikes? 216 Do Drones and Other Controversial Tools Result in “Blowback”? 220 How Do We Collect Intelligence on Al Qaeda? 223 How Do Tools Change When Fighting Affiliated Movements? 226 How Do We Win the War of Ideas? 228 What Is the Role of Allied Governments Threatened by Terrorists? 230 How Does Al Qaeda Adapt? 233 How Do You Counter Radicalization? 235 What Threat Does Al Qaeda Pose Today to the United States and Europe? 237 Can We Defeat Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Broader Jihadist Movement? 240 How Is Fighting the Islamic State Different from Fighting Al Qaeda? 242 10 Suggestions for Further Reading 246 Notes 250 Index 278 On the morning of September 11, 2001, the entire world was introduced to Al Qaeda and its enigmatic leader, Osama bin Laden. But the organization that changed the face of terrorism forever and unleashed a whirlwind of counterterrorism activity and two major wars had been on the scene long before that eventful morning. In this text, Daniel L. Byman, an eminent scholar of MiddleEast terrorism and international security who served on the 9/11 Commission, provides a sharp and concise overview of Al Qaeda, from its humble origins in the mountains of Afghanistan to the present, explaining its perseverance and adaptation since 9/11 and the limits of U.S. and allied counterterrorism efforts