Al-Ma'mun (Makers of the Muslim World)

Аль-Мамун (786—833) — багдадский халиф из династии Аббасидов.Сын Харуна аль-Рашида. Мать Мамуна была персидского происхождения. После смерти отца халифом стал его брат Аль-Амин, а Мамун стал губернатором Хорасана. В ходе вспыхнувшей гражданской войны, Мамун в 813 г. захватил Багдад и воцарился. Привлек к управлению государством ученых и основал в Багдаде Дом Мудрости (Бейт аль-хикма), созданную в подражание старинной персидской академии Джундишапура.В 827 г. по его повелению (и при его финансировании) были проведены градусные измерения дуги меридиана в долине Синджар, осуществлён перевод труда Птолемея на арабский язык («Альмагест»); в 829 г. в Багдаде основана астрономическая обсерватория. Скрины (http://fastpic.ru/) (http://fastpic.ru/) (http://fastpic.ru/) The Abbasid Caliph Al-ma'mun (786-813) Is Best Known For Sponsoring The Translation Of Greek Philosophy Into Arabic And For Promoting The Activity Of Mathematicians, Astronomers, Engineers, Physicians And Cartographers. In His Own Time, However, He Was A Wildly Controversial Figure: Having Come To Power By Overthrowing The Central Government In Baghdad And Killing His Half Brother, The Caliph Al-amin, He Astonished His Contemporaries By Choosing A Member Of The Rival House Of Ali As His Heir Apparent. A Self-proclaimed Defender Of The Faith, He Supported Theological Positions Many Believers Considered Heretical, And Towards The End Of His Career Launched An Inquisition Against The Scholars Of Hadith Who Refused To Accept His Guidance On Matters Of Theology. This New Biography Offers An Insight Into The Life And Times Of Al-ma'mum, Treating Him As The Product Of An Age That Has Come To Be Seen As A Formative Period In The Development Of Islamic Law And Theology. Drawing On Both Contemporary And Well-established Sources, It Offers A Comprehensive Portrait Of One Of The Most Fascinating Figures In Islamic History, And Will Appeal To Readers Of All Backgrounds--jacket. Al-ma'mun Attacks The Pyramid -- The Scholar-caliph -- The World Inherited By Islam -- Muslims: A Divided Minority -- The Coming Of The Abbasids -- The Problem Of The Sources -- Education -- Parents, Step-parents And Foster Parents -- Topography And Domestic Space -- Elementary Education -- Grammar -- Poetry -- History And Hadith -- Learning To Think -- The Legacy Of Iran -- The Question Of The Law -- An Inscrutable Personality? -- The First Succession Crisis -- The Succession To Al-rashid -- Al-ma'mun Left In The Lurch -- A New Force In Khurasan -- The Civilwar -- The Siege Of Baghdad -- The Death Of Al-amin And The Crisis Of Legitimacy -- The Second Succession Crisis -- Al-rida's Claim To The Imamate -- The End Of The World? -- An Appeal To Iranian Muslims? -- The Proto-sunni Response -- A Reversal Of Policy? -- Al-ma'mun's Return To Baghdad -- Al-ma'mun's Later Pro-alid Policies -- Later Shiite Responses -- The Pilgrimage To Mashhad -- Science And Rationalism -- The Ancient Scientific Legacy -- The Translation Movement -- Measuring The Earth -- Greek Medicine In Baghdad -- The Book Of Ingenious Devices -- Breakthroughs In Mathematics -- The Map Of The World -- Hostility To The Literalists -- Defender Of The Faith -- Recentralization And The New Military -- The Byzantine Campaigns -- The Dome Of The Rock -- Provoking The Literalists -- The Inquisition -- The Scholars Resist -- The Death Of Al-ma'mun -- The Inquisition After Al-ma'mun -- The Historical Significance Of The Inquisition. Michael Cooperson. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 133-136) And Index. CONTENTS......Page 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 12 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 16 AL-MA’MUN ATTACKS THE PYRAMID......Page 17 THE SCHOLAR-CALIPH......Page 19 THE WORLD INHERITED BY ISLAM......Page 20 MUSLIMS: A DIVIDED MINORITY......Page 23 THE COMING OF THE ABBASIDS......Page 25 THE PROBLEM OF THE SOURCES......Page 28 PARENTS, STEP-PARENTS, AND FOSTER PARENTS......Page 32 TOPOGRAPHY AND DOMESTIC SPACE......Page 34 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION......Page 37 GRAMMAR......Page 38 POETRY......Page 40 HISTORY AND HADITH......Page 42 LEARNING TO THINK......Page 43 THE LEGACY OF IRAN......Page 47 THE QUESTION OF THE LAW......Page 48 AN INSCRUTABLE PERSONALITY?......Page 51 3 THE FIRST SUCCESSION CRISIS......Page 54 THE SUCCESSION TO AL-RASHID......Page 57 AL-MA’MUN LEFT IN THE LURCH......Page 59 A NEW FORCE IN KHURASAN......Page 61 THE CIVIL WAR......Page 63 THE SIEGE OF BAGHDAD......Page 66 THE DEATH OF AL-AMIN AND THE CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY......Page 68 4 THE SECOND SUCCESSION CRISIS......Page 72 AL-RIDA’S CLAIM TO THE IMAMATE......Page 75 THE END OF THE WORLD?......Page 77 AN APPEAL TO IRANIAN MUSLIMS?......Page 79 THE PROTO-SUNNI RESPONS......Page 81 A REVERSAL OF POLICY?......Page 83 AL-MA’MUN’S RETURN TO BAGHDAD......Page 85 AL-MA’MUN’S LATER PRO-ALID POLICIES......Page 88 LATER SHIITE RESPONSES......Page 89 THE PILGRIMAGE TO MASHHAD......Page 92 5 SCIENCE AND RATION ALISM......Page 96 THE ANCIENT SCIENTIFIC LEGACY......Page 98 THE TRANSLATION MOVEMENT......Page 99 MEASURING THE EARTH......Page 103 GREEK MEDICINE IN BAGHDAD......Page 106 THE BOOK OF INGENIOUS DEVICES......Page 110 BREAKTHROUGHS IN MATHEMATICS......Page 113 THE MAP OF THEWORLD......Page 117 HOSTILITY TO THE LITERALISTS......Page 120 RECENTRALIZATION AND THE NEW MILITARY......Page 122 THE BYZANTINE CAMPAIGNS......Page 124 THE DOME OF THE ROCK......Page 126 PROVOKING THE LITERALISTS......Page 128 THE INQUISITION......Page 130 THE SCHOLARS RESIST......Page 133 THE DEATH OF AL-MA’MUN......Page 136 THE INQUISITION AFTER AL-MA’MUN......Page 138 THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INQUISITION......Page 140 EPILOGUE......Page 144 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CITED......Page 148 INDEX......Page 152 CONTENTS 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12 1 INTRODUCTION 16 AL-MA’MUN ATTACKS THE PYRAMID 17 THE SCHOLAR-CALIPH 19 THE WORLD INHERITED BY ISLAM 20 MUSLIMS: A DIVIDED MINORITY 23 THE COMING OF THE ABBASIDS 25 THE PROBLEM OF THE SOURCES 28 2 EDUCATION 32 PARENTS, STEP-PARENTS, AND FOSTER PARENTS 32 TOPOGRAPHY AND DOMESTIC SPACE 34 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 37 GRAMMAR 38 POETRY 40 HISTORY AND HADITH 42 LEARNING TO THINK 43 THE LEGACY OF IRAN 47 THE QUESTION OF THE LAW 48 AN INSCRUTABLE PERSONALITY? 51 3 THE FIRST SUCCESSION CRISIS 54 THE SUCCESSION TO AL-RASHID 57 AL-MA’MUN LEFT IN THE LURCH 59 A NEW FORCE IN KHURASAN 61 THE CIVIL WAR 63 THE SIEGE OF BAGHDAD 66 THE DEATH OF AL-AMIN AND THE CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY 68 4 THE SECOND SUCCESSION CRISIS 72 AL-RIDA’S CLAIM TO THE IMAMATE 75 THE END OF THE WORLD? 77 AN APPEAL TO IRANIAN MUSLIMS? 79 THE PROTO-SUNNI RESPONS 81 A REVERSAL OF POLICY? 83 AL-MA’MUN’S RETURN TO BAGHDAD 85 AL-MA’MUN’S LATER PRO-ALID POLICIES 88 LATER SHIITE RESPONSES 89 THE PILGRIMAGE TO MASHHAD 92 5 SCIENCE AND RATION ALISM 96 THE ANCIENT SCIENTIFIC LEGACY 98 THE TRANSLATION MOVEMENT 99 MEASURING THE EARTH 103 GREEK MEDICINE IN BAGHDAD 106 THE BOOK OF INGENIOUS DEVICES 110 BREAKTHROUGHS IN MATHEMATICS 113 THE MAP OF THEWORLD 117 HOSTILITY TO THE LITERALISTS 120 6 DEFENDER OF THE FAITH 122 RECENTRALIZATION AND THE NEW MILITARY 122 THE BYZANTINE CAMPAIGNS 124 THE DOME OF THE ROCK 126 PROVOKING THE LITERALISTS 128 THE INQUISITION 130 THE SCHOLARS RESIST 133 THE DEATH OF AL-MA’MUN 136 THE INQUISITION AFTER AL-MA’MUN 138 THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INQUISITION 140 EPILOGUE 144 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CITED 148 INDEX 152 This accessible biography treats al-Ma'mum (786-833) as the product of his age, which was a formative period in the development of Islamic law and theology. It presents him in his many facets: rebel, rationalist, scientist, poet, politician, warrior, inquisitor, and self-proclaimed defender of the faith. Drawing on contemporary sources, some friendly and others hostile, it offers a comprehensive portrait of a fascinating figure in Islamic history.