AFRICAN EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT AID EFFECTIVENESS PRINCIPLES : the... case of kenya

This book analyses the diffusion and implementation of Aid Effectiveness Principles in Kenya's agricultural sector. Although Aid Effectiveness Principles represent a significant step in aid and development discourse, studies on its implementation remain inadequate, especially in the African context. This book combines the perspectives of the Kenyan government, donor representatives and small-scale farmers. The discussion on Kenya brings in comparative perspectives and, therefore, would have broader relevance to the African region, in general. It highlights a disconnect between the government and farmers concerning the ownership concept, where farmers lack a voice in important policy matters. The book shows that donors have exploited the weaknesses in government responses to interpret The Principles in ways that suit their strategic interests. Consequently, the book argues that the diffusion of Aid Effectiveness Principles has taken the form of symbolic imitation ⁰́₃ a form of policy diffusion where the policymakers choose policies for their symbolic value rather than their effectiveness. Dr Daniel Kipleel Borter is a development consultant interested in agricultural sector development in developing countries and previously worked for over 17 years in Kenya⁰́₉s agricultural sector. Daniel holds PhD in the Anthropology of Development from University of Melbourne, with research interests in aid and development and development policy. He has researched the diffusion of global aid effectiveness policies in agriculture sector programmes in Kenya, donor practices and the aid effectiveness infrastructure. He has also taught development studies courses at Egerton University in Kenya and Australian Catholic University in Melbourne. Dr Nadeem Malik is a senior lecturer at the University of Melbourne. He served as Director of the Development Studies Program from 2009-2014 and is currently the Research Director of Anthropology and Development Studies. Before being an academic, he served in the development sector for around 20 years. His primary areas of specialization are Third World development, globalization, gender and development, governance, civil society and the state, decentralization or local governance, project and program management and monitoring and evaluation of development projects, anthropology of development, political anthropology and art/theatre and development Acknowledgements Contents Abbreviations List of Figures 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Research Design 1.4 Data: Selection, Collection and Analysis 1.4.1 Selection 1.4.2 Data Collection Methods 1.4.3 Key Informant Interviews 1.4.4 Focus Group Discussions 1.4.5 Document Content Analysis 1.4.6 Participant Observation 1.5 Data Analysis 1.6 Structure of the Book References 2 Aid Effectiveness, International Policy Transfer and Development and Post-Development Theory 2.1 The Historical Background of Aid and Aid Effectiveness 2.2 Reforms, Conditions and Aid Effectiveness 2.3 The Aid Effectiveness Principles and the Concept of Ownership 2.4 Aid Effectiveness Principles and Africa’s Agriculture Sector 2.5 Aid Effectiveness Principles And Non-DAC Donors 2.6 International Policy Transfer and Diffusion and Aid Effectiveness Principles 2.7 Theory of International Policy Diffusion 2.7.1 Coercion 2.7.2 Learning 2.7.3 Competition, Cooperative Interdependence and Symbolic Imitation 2.8 Other Mechanisms 2.9 Policy Diffusion and Situating Aid Effectiveness Principles 2.10 Aid Effectiveness Principles and Development and Post-Development Literature References 3 Aid and Agriculture Sector in Kenya: A Focus on Major Stakeholders 3.1 Small-Scale Farmers: General Perspective 3.1.1 Small-Scale Farming as an Occupation and the Food Security Objective 3.1.2 Small-Scale Farmer Organisation and the Missing Farmer “Voice” 3.2 Overview of Kenya’s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Development 3.2.1 The Ministry’s National Office and Donor-Funded Programmes 3.2.2 County Offices and Donor-Funded Programmes 3.3 Non-governmental Organisations and Community-Based Organisations 3.4 The Private Sector 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Aid Effectiveness and Kenya’s Agricultural Policy and Strategy-Making Processes 4.1 Agricultural Policy Initiation Processes 4.1.1 The Ministry Bureaucracy and the Politicians 4.1.2 Input of the Policy Experts 4.1.3 The Influence of NGOs, CBOs and Farmer Organisations 4.1.4 Influence of Donors 4.2 The Essentials of Agricultural Public Policy-Making Processes 4.3 The Agriculture Sector Strategy 4.4 Conclusion References 5 Aid Effectiveness and Perspectives and Practices of Donors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Donors and the Kenyan Government System 5.2.1 The Case of the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) 5.2.2 The Case of Germany’s GiZ 5.2.3 The Case of Multilateral Agencies 5.3 Donors Implementing Stand-Alone Projects with Government Partnership: The Case of Japan’s JICA 5.4 Implementing Programmes through NGOs: The Case of USAID 5.5 Donors Working with Private Sector “Trade and Economic Relationship” 5.6 Conclusion References 6 The Aid Effectiveness Architecture and Kenya’s Agriculture Sector 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Gaps: Overall Aid Coordination 6.3 Aid Effectiveness Architecture Within the Kenyan Government 6.4 Spotlight on Coordination Efforts Among Donors 6.5 Donors and Government: The Fate of Joint Efforts in Sector Coordination 6.6 Effectiveness Structures: A Focus on Kenyan Government Agency 6.7 Conclusion References 7 Overall Conclusion References Index This book analyses the diffusion and implementation of Aid Effectiveness Principles in Kenya's agricultural sector. Although Aid Effectiveness Principles represent a significant step in aid and development discourse, studies on its implementation remain inadequate, especially in the African context. This book combines the perspectives of the Kenyan government, donor representatives and small-scale farmers. The discussion on Kenya brings in comparative perspectives and, therefore, would have broader relevance to the African region, in general. It highlights a disconnect between the government and farmers concerning the ownership concept, where farmers lack a voice in important policy matters. The book shows that donors have exploited the weaknesses in government responses to interpret The Principles in ways that suit their strategic interests. Consequently, the book argues that the diffusion of Aid Effectiveness Principles has taken the form of symbolic imitation 0́3 a form of policy diffusion where the policymakers choose policies for their symbolic value rather than their effectiveness. Dr Daniel Kipleel Borter is a development consultant interested in agricultural sector development in developing countries and previously worked for over 17 years in Kenya0́9s agricultural sector. Daniel holds PhD in the Anthropology of Development from University of Melbourne, with research interests in aid and development and development policy. He has researched the diffusion of global aid effectiveness policies in agriculture sector programmes in Kenya, donor practices and the aid effectiveness infrastructure. He has also taught development studies courses at Egerton University in Kenya and Australian Catholic University in Melbourne. Dr Nadeem Malik is a senior lecturer at the University of Melbourne. He served as Director of the Development Studies Program from 2009-2014 and is currently the Research Director of Anthropology and Development Studies. Before being an academic, he served in the development sector for around 20 years. His primary areas of specialization are Third World development, globalization, gender and development, governance, civil society and the state, decentralization or local governance, project and program management and monitoring and evaluation of development projects, anthropology of development, political anthropology and art/theatre and development