African Americans and HIV/AIDS : understanding and addressing the epidemic

African Americans and HIV/AIDS Understanding and Addressing the Epidemic Donna Hubbard McCree, Kenneth T. Jones, and Ann O’Leary, editors According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly half of the more than one million Americans living with HIV/AIDS are African Americans, despite the fact that they comprise only thirteen percent of the US population. Incidence among African Americans is estimated to be approximately 8 times that of European Americans. HIV/AIDS disparities have existed across this diverse group, and continue to take a devastating toll. To intervene effectively, public health professionals must understand the context in which high-risk behavior occurs, and have access to relevant and current prevention strategies. African Americans and HIV/AIDS succeeds on both counts by providing an analysis of the historical, psychosocial, economic, and political issues related to HIV transmission in the black community, and offering a wealth of evidence-based and emerging interventions (including behavioral interventions, and counseling and testing strategies) tailored to specific subpopulations. This dual perspective gives readers the widest understanding of these and other key areas including: • The relationship between poverty, discrimination, and other social disparities to HIV. • The evolving response of the black church to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. • HIV/AIDS in the context of other sexually transmitted infections. • HIV/AIDS prevention strategies specifically targeting heterosexually active men, and women, men who have sex with men, injection drug users, and adolescents. • Prison-based intervention programs. • Structural interventions emphasizing social conditions. Practitioners, researchers, and graduate students in public health, disease prevention, health disparities, and minority health will find African Americans and HIV/AIDS a ready source of valuable background and practical knowledge. The Hiv/aids Epidemic Is Burgeoning Among African American Men And Women. Despite Comprising Only 13% Of The Population, 50% Of New Hiv Diagnoses In 2004 Were Among African Americans. Among Women And Men Who Have Sex With Men (msm), African Americans Are Grossly Disproportionately Affected By This Epidemic, And This Trend Shows No Sign Of Abating. This Book Seeks To Explore Some Of The Contextual Factors That Contribute To This Disparity As Well As Ways To Intervene To Slow The Growth Of The Epidemic In The U.s. This Volume Will Focus On The History And Context Of African American With Aids/hiv And Interventions Targeting Specific Subpopulations Including Adolescents, Heterosexual Men And Women, Men Who Have Sex With Men, Incarcerated Populations, And Injection Drug Users. Context Chapters Will Focus On Specific Contextual And Structural Issues Related To Hiv/aids Transmission And Prevention In African Americans Including Disparities In Incarceration, Racism, Economic Issues And Substance Abuse. Intervention Chapters Will Focus On Best-evidence And Promising-evidence Based Interventions Targeting Hiv Prevention In African Americans. These Chapters Will Address The Latest In Intervention Strategies, Program Evaluation, Cost Effectiveness And Qualitative Research Methods And Will Include Risk Reduction, Risk Assessment, And Testing And Counseling. Part I Introduction -- The Contribution To And Context Of Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases And Tuberculosis In The Hiv/aids Epidemic Among African Americans / Donna Hubbard Mccree And Matthew Hogben -- Part Ii Context Chapters -- Epidemiology And Surveillance Of Hiv Infection And Aids Among Non-hispanic Blacks In The United States / Anna Satcher Johnson, Xiangming Wei, Xiaohong Hu, And Hazel D. Dean -- Racism, Poverty, And Hiv/aids Among African Americans / Kim M. Williams And Cynthia M. Prather -- Organized Religion And The Fight Against Hiv/aids In The Black Community : The Role Of The Black Church / Agatha N. Eke, Aisha L. Wilkes, And Juarlyn Gaiter -- Disproportionate Drug Imprisonment Perpetuates The Hiv/aids Epidemic In African American Communities / Juarlyn L. Gaiter And Ann O'leary -- Violence, Trauma, And Mental Health Disorders : Are They Related To Higher Hiv Risk For African Americans? / Pilgrim S. Spikes, Leigh A. Willis, And Linda J. Koenig -- Countering The Surge Of Hiv/stis And Co-occuring Problems Of Intimate Partner Violence And Drug Abuse Among African American Women : Implications For Hiv/sti Prevention / Nabila El-bassel, Louisa Gilbert, Susan Witte, Elwin Wu, And Danielle Vinocur -- Childhood Sexual Abuse, African American Women, And Hiv Risk / Lekeisha A. Sumner, Gail E. Wyatt, Dorie Glover, Jennifer V. Carmona, Tamra B. Loeb, Tina B. Henderson, Dorothy Chin, And Rotrease S. Regan -- Part Iii Interventions -- A Systematic Review Of Evidence-based Behavioral Interventions For African-american Youth At Risk For Hiv/sti Infection, 1988-2007 / Khiya Marshall, Nicole Crepaz, And Ann O'leary -- Hiv Behavioral Interventions For Heterosexual African American Men : A Critical Review Of Cultural Competence / Kirk D. Henny, Kim M. Williams, And Jocelyn Patterson -- Hiv Prevention For Heterosexual African-american Women / Gina M. Wingood And Ralph J. Diclemente -- Formulating The Stress And Severity Model Of Minority Social Stress For Black Men Who Have Sex With Men / Kenneth Terrill Jones, Leo Wilton, Gregorio Millett, And Wayne D. Johnson -- Hiv Prevention Interventions For Afican American Injection Drug Users / David W. Purcell, Yuko Mizuno, And Cynthia M. Lyles -- Structural Interventions With An Emphasis On Poverty And Racism / Renata Arrington Sanders And Jonathan M. Ellen -- Hiv Behavioral Interventions For Incarcerated Populations In The United States : A Critical Review / David Wyatt Seal, Robin J. Macgowan, Gloria D. Eldridge, Mahnaz R. Charania, And Andrew D. Margolis -- The Hiv/aids Epidemic In The African American Community : Where Do We Go From Here? / Ann O'leary, Kenneth Terrill Jones, And Donna Hubbard Mccree. Donna Hubbard Mccree, Kenneth Terrill Jones, Ann O'leary, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Front Matter....Pages i-xx Front Matter....Pages 1-1 The Contribution to and Context of Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Among African Americans....Pages 3-12 Front Matter....Pages 13-13 Epidemiology and Surveillance of HIV Infection and AIDS Among Non-Hispanic Blacks in the United States....Pages 15-30 Racism, Poverty and HIV/AIDS Among African Americans....Pages 31-51 Organized Religion and the Fight Against HIV/AIDS in the Black Community: The Role of the Black Church....Pages 53-68 Disproportionate Drug Imprisonment Perpetuates the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in African American Communities....Pages 69-83 Violence, Trauma, and Mental Health Disorders: Are They Related to Higher HIV Risk for African Americans?....Pages 85-112 Countering the Surge of HIV/STIs and Co-occurring Problems of Intimate Partner Violence and Drug Abuse Among African American Women: Implications for HIV/STI Prevention....Pages 113-130 Childhood Sexual Abuse, African American Women, and HIV Risk....Pages 131-148 Front Matter....Pages 149-149 A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Behavioral Interventions for African American Youth at Risk for HIV/STI Infection, 1988–2007....Pages 151-180 HIV Behavioral Interventions for Heterosexual African American Men: A Critical Review of Cultural Competence....Pages 181-209 HIV Prevention for Heterosexual African-American Women....Pages 211-221 Formulating the Stress and Severity Model of Minority Social Stress for Black Men Who Have Sex with Men....Pages 223-238 HIV Prevention Interventions for African American Injection Drug Users....Pages 239-254 Structural Interventions with an Emphasis on Poverty and Racism....Pages 255-270 HIV Behavioral Interventions for Incarcerated Populations in the United States: A Critical Review....Pages 271-309 The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the African American Community: Where Do We Go from Here?....Pages 311-316 Back Matter....Pages 317-323 Among U. S. racial and ethnic minority populations, African American communities are the most disproportionately impacted and affected by HIV/AIDS (CDC, 2009; CDC, 2008). The chapters in this volume seek to explore factors that contribute to this disparity as well as methods for intervening and positively impacting the e- demic in the U. S. The book is divided into two sections. The first section includes chapters that explore specific contextual and structural factors related to HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention in African Americans. The second section is composed of chapters that address the latest in intervention strategies, including best-evidence and promising-evidence based behavioral interventions, program evaluation, cost effectiveness analyses and HIV testing and counseling. As background for the book, the Introduction provides a summary of the context and importance of other infectious disease rates, (i. e. , sexually transmitted diseases [STDs] and tubercu- sis), to HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment in African Americans and a brief introductory discussion on the major contextual factors related to the acquisition and transmission of STDs/HIV. Contextual Chapters Johnson & Dean author the first chapter in this section, which discusses the history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among African Americans. Specifically, this ch- ter provides a definition for and description of the US surveillance systems used to track HIV/AIDS and presents data on HIV or AIDS cases diagnosed between 2002 and 2006 and reported to CDC as of June 30, 2007. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is burgeoning among African American men and women. Despite comprising only 13 percent of the population, 50 percent of new HIV diagnoses in 2004 were among African Americans. Among women and men who have sex with men (MSM), African Americans are grossly disproportionately affected by this epidemic, and this trend shows no sign of abating. This book seeks to explore some of the contextual factors that contribute to this disparity as well as ways to intervene to slow the growth of the epidemic in the U.S. This volume will focus on the history and context of HIV/AIDS in African Americans and interventions targeting specific subpopulations including adolescents, heterosexual men and women, men who have sex with men, incarcerated populations, and injection drug users. Context chapters will focus on specific contextual and structural issues related to HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention in African Americans including disparities in incarceration, racism, economic issues and substance abuse. Intervention chapters will focus on best-evidence and promising-evidence based interventions targeting HIV prevention in African Americans. These chapters will address the latest in intervention strategies, program evaluation, cost effectiveness and qualitative research methods and will include risk reduction, risk assessment, and testing and counseling