African American Midwifery in the South : Dialogues of Birth, Race, and Memory

Starting at the turn of the century, most African American midwives in the South were gradually excluded from reproductive health care. Gertrude Fraser shows how physicians, public health personnel, and state legislators mounted a campaign ostensibly to improve maternal and infant health, especially in rural areas. They brought traditional midwives under the control of a supervisory body, and eventually eliminated them. In the writings and programs produced by these physicians and public health officials, Fraser finds a universe of ideas about race, gender, the relationship of medicine to society, and the status of the South in the national political and social economies. Fraser also studies this experience through dialogues of memory. She interviews members of a rural Virginia African American community that included not just retired midwives and their descendants, but anyone who lived through this transformation in medical care--especially the women who gave birth at home attended by a midwife. She compares these narrations to those in contemporary medical journals and public health materials, discovering contradictions and ambivalence: was the midwife a figure of shame or pride? How did one distance oneself from what was now considered "superstitious" or "backward" and at the same time acknowledge and show pride in the former unquestioned authority of these beliefs and practices? In an important contribution to African American studies and anthropology, African American Midwifery in the South brings new voices to the discourse on the hidden world of midwives and birthing. Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 10 Prologue......Page 14 I. The Body Politic ......Page 36 1. Introduction......Page 38 2. Midwives and the Body Politic......Page 56 3. Race and Regulation......Page 72 4. Race and Mortality......Page 92 II. Authoritative Knowledge ......Page 118 5. Nurses and Midwives in the Classroom......Page 120 6. The Logic of Prenatal Care......Page 138 III. Memory and Experience ......Page 150 7. On Silence and Memory......Page 152 8. Changed Bodies, Changed Communities......Page 176 9. The Social Context of Midwifery......Page 194 10. Pregnancy and Birthing......Page 226 11. The Postpartum......Page 252 12. Conclusion......Page 270 Notes......Page 278 References......Page 282 Index......Page 296 In An Important Contribution To African American Studies And Anthropology, African American Midwifery In The South Brings New Voices To The Discourse On The Hidden World Of Midwives And Birthing.--book Jacket. Gertrude Jacinta Fraser. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 269-282) And Index.