Africa and the Formation of the New System of International Relations―Vol. II: Beyond Summit Diplomacy: Cooperation with Africa in the Post-pandemic ... Economic, Social and Political Development)

In light of the growing number of African summits and a new awareness of international interdependence during the COVID-19 pandemic, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of Africa’s international relations (IR). Leading IR scholars from Africa and around the world examine international cooperation with African countries in areas such as health care, education, and peacekeeping and explore how Africa’s role in the system of international relations has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The book is divided into four parts, the first of which explores analyzes the various actors that constitute African agency in the post-pandemic world, while the second focuses on the summits of the major powers regarding cooperation with Africa. The third part covers public health cooperation and regional initiatives in Africa, including issues such as vaccine diplomacy, while the fourth and final part discusses conflicts & political process despite COVID Pandemics. Contents Acronyms African Summitry: Representation of “External Other” in the “Power Transit” Era 1 Summit Fever 2 “Power Transit” Activated Amid COVID 3 Security Decoupling in Africa 4 The End of (African) History Revised 5 Middle Power Moment References African Agency in Post-Pandemic World The Interface Between Article 4(h) of the Constitutive Act and the African People’s Agency: The Role of the AU in Post-Pandemic African Diplomacy 1 Introduction 2 Article 4(h) and African Peoples’ Agency: A Framework for Analysis 3 African Union and Pandemics: A Historical and Contextual Trajectory 3.1 Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC): The Face of AU Health Emergencies 3.2 Establishment of the African Medicines Agency (AMA)—Specialized Agency of the AU 4 Agency and the Role of the AU Post-Pandemic Diplomacy: Analytical Assessment 5 Conclusion References The Global Demographic Change and Africa–Asia Relations: Beyond Big Power Summits 1 Upending Geopolitics 2 The Shift in Global Population Distribution 3 Afrasia as a Benign Community 4 Beyond the Big Power Summits 5 Toward Cultural Triangulation References Post-COVID-19 African Development Challenges in African Think Tanks Studies 1 Introduction 2 The Role of TT in Modern World Politics 3 Characteristics of TTs Formation and Development in SSA 4 African Think Tanks and COVID-19 4.1 Recommendations of SAIIA 5 Conclusion References Cameroon and China Educational Cooperation in the Post-COVID Era: The Case of Chinese Language Teaching and Learning 1 Introduction 2 China’s Education Cooperation with African Countries 3 Confucius Institutes’ Role in Promoting the Chinese Language 4 Chinese Teaching and Learning in Cameroon 5 The Transformation of Educational Cooperation Between Cameroon and China in the Post-COVID Era 5.1 The Introduction of Distance Learning in China 5.2 The Transformation of Educational Cooperation with Cameroon 6 The Effectiveness of Chinese Language Teaching and Learning in the Post-COVID Era in Cameroon 6.1 Online Administrative Meeting 6.2 Teaching Staff in Cameroon 6.3 Online International Conferences 6.4 Cameroonian Secondary Schools’ Chinese Language Teachers Training Program 6.5 Chinese Cultural Activities in the Post-Covid Area in Cameroon 6.6 Chinese Proficiency Test 6.7 Scholarship 7 Conclusion References Promotion Strategies for Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 on Kenya’s Exports 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Originality/Value 1.4 Research Limitations 2 Putting Export Promotion into Context 2.1 Definition 2.2 Export Promotion Strategies 2.3 Export Promotion Organizations 2.4 Kenya Exports Promotion and Branding Agency (KEPROBA) 2.5 Strategies Employed for Export Promotion Amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya 2.6 Leveraging Digital Platforms and Tools 2.7 Generating Publicity for Kenya’s Horticulture Products 2.8 Engaging Diplomatic Missions to Facilitate Market Access for Kenyan Products in Key Markets 2.9 Market Research 3 Conclusion and Policy Implications 3.1 Implications for Policy 3.2 Managerial Implications 3.3 Implications for Research References Intra-African Trade in Services and the AFCFTA 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Data and Descriptive Analysis 4 Empirical Methodology and Results 4.1 Empirical Model and Results 4.2 Baseline Results 4.3 Trade Facilitation and Trade in Services 5 Conclusion Appendix References Trading African Art at Sotheby's: A Story Told by Lions or Hunters? 1 From Exotic Toys to Valuable Objets D’art 2 Framing Contemporary Art of the Continent: A Decolonial or Postcolonial Change? 3 Conclusion References Great Powers Summits on Cooperation with Africa Diplomacy on Regional and Inter-Regional Levels: What Works, Why and for Whom? 1 Introduction 2 Theory and Concepts: The Regime-Boosting Effect of International Summitry 2.1 Fragile Statehood, Autocratic Rule and Regime-Boosting 2.2 Summitry and Its Regime-Boosting Effects 3 Methodology 4 SADC Summitry: Instrument and Platform for Sovereignty-Boosting 4.1 SADC and Zimbabwe 4.2 SADC Summits in the News: Results and Interpretation 5 EU–Africa Summits: Reference Point for Anti-Western Agitation and Stage for Sovereignty-Boosting 5.1 EU–Africa Summitry and Zimbabwe 5.2 EU–Africa Summits in the News: Results and Interpretation 6 Conclusion References The EU and Turkey’s Development Aid Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Unpacking the Similarities and Differences 1 Introduction 2 Assessment of the Motivations of Turkey’s and EU’s Aid Policies in SSA 2.1 The Motivations of the EU 2.2 Turkey’s Motivations 3 A Comparative Assessment of Turkey’s and EU’s Aid Modalities, Sectoral, and Geographical Distribution 3.1 SSA’s Place in Turkey’s and EU’s Total ODA 3.2 Sector Distribution of the EU’s and Turkey’s Aid to SSA 3.3 Aid Channels: Between Bilateral, Multi/bi, and Multilateral ODA 3.4 Aid Types and Modalities 3.5 Aid Delivery Channels 3.6 Geographical Distribution 4 Conclusion References TICAD and FOCAC Summit Diplomacy: Similarities and Differences 1 Introduction 2 Japanese Policy Towards Africa 3 Chinese Policy Towards Africa 4 The Identity of TICAD and FOCAC 4.1 The Three Pillars of TICAD 7 4.2 The Nine Pillars of FOCAC 8 (Xi Jinping 2021) 4.3 Similarities and Differences of TICAD and FOCAC 5 The Mechanism of Tokyo’s and Beijing’s Activities on the Continent 6 Conclusion References Beyond Summitry: The Role of Hard and Soft Power in Turkey’s Africa Strategy 1 Introduction 2 Turkey’s Soft Power Push in Africa: To What End? 3 Is Turkey a Security Provider in Africa? Arms, Military Training and Bases 4 Concluding Remarks References Decoding of Turkey’s Last Two Decades in Africa 1 Introduction 2 Rise of Turkey in Africa: From Past to Future 3 Some Parameters of Turkey–Africa Relations 3.1 Summits, Forums, and Diplomacy 3.2 Trade and Development 3.3 Soft Power, Education, and Civil Society 3.4 Security and Military Cooperation 4 Conclusion References Healthcare Cooperation and Regional Initiatives in Africa Resource Flows in D R Congo Public Health and Healthcare in the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 The Backdrop of Successfully-Vanquished Diseases 3 The Paradox of Persisting Well-Known Diseases 4 Diseases of Rising Impact 5 The Coronavirus (COVID-19) 6 Paradoxes, Institutional Legitimacy and Implications for Pandemic Management References China in Fight Against COVID-19 and Its Consequences for Africa 1 Introduction 2 COVID-19 Came to Africa 3 Beijing Came to the Rescue 4 The Impact of Pandemic on the African Economy 5 The UN and African Union’s Call to Support Africa and China’s Response 6 Problems with African Migrants in China 7 A Problem of African Vaccination 8 Conclusion References EU Efforts to Increase the Pandemic Preparedness on a Global Scale Before the COVID-19 Outbreak 1 Introduction 2 EU Initiative “Team Europe” to Counter the Pandemic—Focus on Africa 2.1 Vaccine Dilemma in the EU-Africa Relations 2.2 EU Initiatives to Stimulate Socio-Economic Recovery in Africa 2.3 EU Major Frameworks to Help Africa Fight COVID-19 2.4 EU’s Humanitarian Assistance to Africa During the Pandemic 3 G7 Summit of 2021—Discussions on the Vaccine Patent Waivers 4 EU-AU Summit and “Global Gateway” Initiative—Emphasis on Healthcare Cooperation with Africa 5 Conclusion References India-Africa: Development Cooperation in Healthcare 1 Introduction 2 India’s Development Cooperation Scheme 3 India–Africa Development Cooperation in Healthcare 4 Plan of Action of India-Africa Development Cooperation Initiatives 5 Why India is Banking on Health Diplomacy in Africa 6 Conclusion References Conflicts and Political Process Despite COVID Pandemics Managing Conflict and Political Processes Despite COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 The Pandemic—General Effect on Conflict and the Terrain of Conflict 3 Managing Conflicts Amid the New Normal of COVID 4 Conclusion References The African Union—United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID): Mission Accomplished? 1 Introduction 2 The Conflict in Darfur 3 The December Revolution in Sudan and the End of UNAMID’s Mandate 4 UNAMID: The Background 5 Peacekeeping in Darfur: The Triangular Area of Tension Model Analysis 6 Conclusion References The EU Peacekeeping Strategy in Mali: Challenges and Prospects 1 Introduction 2 The EU’s Role in Peacekeeping in Mali 3 France’s Role in Resolving the Malian Crisis 4 Research Methodology 5 Analysis of Graphical Data of the Study 6 Conclusion References Land Conflicts in Côte D’Ivoire in 1990s as a Premise for the Civil War 1 Introduction 2 Ethnic Context of Agricultural Development 3 Political Consequences of Economic Crisis 4 Ethnicity and Land Issue in the Civil War 5 Conclusion References The Oromo Revolution: How Have Interethnic Relations Changed in Ethiopia? 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Access of Ethnic Groups to Material Resources 4 Transforming Control Over Violence 5 Disputes Settling Mechanisms 6 Political Stability Through Access to Global Flows 7 Conclusion References Conflict Development and African Union Security Management Capacity Challenges 1 Geopolitical Context 2 African Union: Prognosis for Action 3 Conclusion References