افغانستان در جنگ: از دودمان درانی قرن ۱۸ تا قرن ۲۱

Covering wars and conflicts of Afghanistan from the modern founding of the country in the 1700s to the contemporary struggle with the Taliban, this single-volume reference analyzes the causes and results of Afghanistan's wars and examines leading political and military figures, weapons, and tactics. • Provides readers with a thorough background on the wars of Afghanistan that allows them to understand the influence of past conflicts on current strife • Enables a more complete appreciation of the ethnic and religious complexities that fuel the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan • Examines how past Afghan conflicts contributed to the rise of terrorism and figures such as Osama bin Laden • Presents an accessible explanation of the "Great Game" for power and influence by imperial Russia and Great Britain in the 1800s and the impact of this contest on Afghanistan About the Author Tom Lansford, PhD, is professor of political science at the University of Southern Mississippi, Long Beach, MS. Tags: United States, History, Afghan War, Military Science, Middle East, Engineering, Engineering & Transportation, Military Cover page Halftitle page Title page Copyright page Contents Guide to Related Topics List of Primary Documents Preface Introduction Chronology A Afghan Army, History, Forces, and Tactics Afghan Civil War (1989–2001) Afghan War (2001–) Afghanistan, Border Disputes Afghanistan, Climate and Geography Afghanistan, Ethnic Groups Afghanistan, Nationalism Afghan-Pakistani Border Raids (2002–) Afghan-Sikh Wars (Durrani-Sikh Wars) (1748–1837) Afghan-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1931) Afghan-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (1921) Afridi (Khyberee) Tribe Airborne Units and Tactics Aircraft, Types and Tactics Al Qaeda Ali Masjid, Battle of (1878) Amin, Hafizullah (1929–1979) Andropov, Yuri (1914–1984) Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1809) Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1905) Anglo-Afghan War: First (1839–1842) Anglo-Afghan War: Second (1878–1880) Anglo-Afghan War: Third (1919) Anglo-Marri Wars (1840, 1880, and 1917–1918) Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 Antiaircraft Missiles Arghandab, Battle of (1987) Armored Vehicles Artillery, Cannons, and Mortars Auchinleck, Sir Claude (1884–1981) Auckland, Sir George Eden, Earl of (1784–1849) Avitabile, Paolo (1791–1850) B Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Organization) Bagram Air Base Bala Hissar Barakzai Barno, David W. (1954–) Bearden, Milton (1940–) Berntsen, Gary (1958–) Bhutto, Benazir (1953–2007) Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (1928–1979) Bin Laden, Osama (1957–2011) Blair, Tony (1953–) Blood, General Sir Bindon (1842–1940) Bolan Pass Bonn Agreement (2001) Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–1982) British Cantonment, Kabul British Colonial Army, Forces and Tactics Browne, Sir Samuel (Sam) (1824–1901) Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1928–) Buddhas of Bamiyan Burnes, Sir Alexander (“Sekundar”) (1805–1841) Bush, George H. W. (1924–) Bush, George W. (1946–) C Carter, Jimmy (1924–) Carter Doctrine Cavagnari, Major Sir Pierre L. N .(1841–1879) Cavalry and Cavalry Tactics Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chamberlain, Sir Neville Bowles (1820–1902) Chernenko, Konstantin (1911–1985) Churchill, Sir Winston (1874–1965) Civil Military Operations Civilian Casualties Clinton, Bill (1946–) Coalition, Forces and Tactics (2001–) Cold War (1947–1989) Communications in Military Operations Cordovez, Diego (1935–2014) Cruise Missile Strikes on Afghanistan and Sudan (1998) D Damghan, Battle of (1729) Dargai Heights, Battle of (1897) Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–1881) Dobbins, James (1942–) Dost Mohammad (1793–1863) Dostum, Abdul Rashid (1954–) Drone Strikes Dubs, Adolf “Spike” (1920–1979) Durand, Sir Henry Mortimer (1850–1924) Durand Line Durrani, Ahmad Shah (ca. 1722–1772) Durrani, Mahmud Shah (1769–1829) Durrani, Shuja Shah (1785–1842) Durrani, Timur Shah (ca. 1748–1793) Durrani, Zaman Shah (ca. 1770–1844) Durrani Empire (1747–1818) E Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1779–1859) Elphinstone, William George Keith (1782–1842) Embassy Bombings (1998) F Franks, Tommy (1945–) Frontier Corps G Gailani, Pir Sayyid Ahmad (1932–) Gandamak, Battle of (1842) Gandamak, Treaty of (1879) Gates, Robert Michael (1943–) Geneva Accords (1988) Ghani, Mohammad Ashraf (1949–) Ghazni, Battle of (1839) Ghilzai Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931–) Great Game, The Gromov, Boris (1943–) Gromyko, Andrei (1909–1989) Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility Gul, Hamid (1936–2015) Gulabzoy, Sayyed Mohammad (1951–) Gulnabad, Battle of (1722) H Haig, Alexander (1924–2010) Haq, Abdul (1958–2001) Haqqani, Jalaluddin (1939–2014?) Haqqani Network Harkay ul-Mujahideen (HuM) Harlan, Josiah (1799–1871) Hazara Uprisings (1888–1901) Hazaras Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin (1947–) Helmand Valley Helmand Valley Project Herat, Siege of (1837–1838) Herat, Uprising (1979) Hostages and Kidnapping Hotak, Mir Wais (1673–1715) Hotaki Empire (1709–1738) Humanitarian Aid Operations I Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) India, Relations with Afghanistan Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) Directorate of Pakistan International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) Iran (Persia), Relations with Afghanistan Iraq War (2003–) Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Harakat-i Islami-yi Afghanistan) Islamic Party (Hezb-e Islami) Islamic Revolutionary Movement (Harakati Inqilabi Islami) Islamic Society (JIA) (Jamiat-e Islami) Islamic State (ISIS, ISIL, DAESH) Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen (Ittehad-e Islami Mujahideeni Afghanistan) Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan) J Jagdalak Pass Jalalabad, Battle of (1989) Jalalabad, Siege of (1842) Jamrud, Battle of (1837) K Kabul, Retreat from (1842) Kabul, Siege of (1996) Kabulov, Zamir (1954–) Kalakani, Habibullah (Bacha-iSaqao) (ca. 1891–1929) Kandahar, Battle of (1880) Karmal, Babrak (1929–1996) Karzai, Hamid (1957–) Kazemi, Syed Mustafa (1959–2007) Khalis, Mohammad Yunus (1919–2006) Khan, Abdur Rahman (ca. 1844–1901) Khan, Amanullah (1892–1960) Khan, Habibullah (1872–1919) Khan, Jan Mohammed (d. 2011) Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar (1890–1988) Khan, Mir Masjidi (d. 1841) Khan, Mohammad Akbar (1816–1845) Khan, Mohammad Hashim (1885–1953) Khan, Mohammad Ismail (1946–) Khan, Mohammad Yakub (ca. 1849–1923) Khan, Mohammed Daoud 1909–1978 Khan, Nasrullah (1874–1920) Khan, Shah Mahmud (1888–1959) Khan, Sher Ali (ca. 1825–1879) Khistmand, Sultan Ali (1935–) Khost, Sieges of (1980–1989) Khost Rebellion (1924–1925) Khyber, Mir Akbar (1925–1978) Khyber Pass L Landmines Lockhart, Sir William (1841–1900) Loya Jirga Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer, First Earl of Lytton (1831–1891) M Macnaghten, Sir William Hay (1793–1841) Madrasahs Maiwand, Battle of (1880) Malakand Field Force (1897) Maratha Empire (1674–1818) Marja, Battle of (2010) Massoud, Ahmed Shah (1953–2001) Mazari, Abdul Ali (1947–1995) McChrystal, Stanley (1954–) McNeill, Dan K. (1946–) Metcalfe, Charles (1785–1846) Mohan Lal (1812–1877) Mohaqeq, Mohammed (1955–) Mohmand Campaigns Mojaddedi, Sibghatullah (1926–2016) Moorcroft, William (1767–1825) Mughal Empire (1526–1857) Muhsini, Ayatollah Asef (1936–) Mujahideen Musharraf, Pervez (1943–) N Najibullah, Mohammed (1947–1996) Narcoterrorism Nation Building and Economic Development in Afghanistan (2001–) National Fatherland Front (Jabha-yi Milli-yi Padarwatan) National Front of Afghanistan (Jabhe Melli) National Islamic Front of Afghanistan (Mahaz-i Milli Islami) National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Jumbish-i Milli Islami Afghanistan) National Liberation Front (Jabha-i Najat-i Milli) Nawaz Sharif, Muhammad (1949–) 9/11, War on Terror, and Afghanistan (2001–) Nongovernmental Organizations and Private Volunteer Organizations North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Northern Alliance Nott, Sir William (1782–1845) Nur, Atta Mohammad (1965–) O Obama, Barack (1961–) Omar, Mullah Mohammed (1959–2013) Operation Anaconda (2002) Operation Enduring Freedom (2001–2014) Operation Storm 333 (1979) Operations Red Wings I, II, and Whalers (2005) Opium Poppy Production P Pakistan, Relations with Afghanistan Panipat, Battle of (1761) Panjdeh Crisis (1885) Panjshir Campaigns (1980–1985) Pashtunization Pashtuns (Pushtuns) Pashtunwali (Pukhtunwali) Peiwar Kotal, Battle of (1878) People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) Peshawar, Treaty of (1855) Peshawar Accords (1992) Petraeus, David (1952–) Pollock, Sir George (1786–1872) Popalzai Pottinger, Eldred (1811–1843) Pottinger, Sir Henry (1789–1856) Precision-Guided Weapons Psychological Operations in Afghanistan Q Qala-i-Jangi, Battle of (2001) Qizil-Bash R Rabbani, Burhanuddin (1940–2011) Rabbani, Mullah Muhammed (1955–2001) Raj, British (1858–1947) Ranjit Singh, Maharaja (1780–1839) Rawalpindi, Treaty of (1919) Reagan, Ronald W. (1911–2004) Reagan Doctrine Richards, Sir David (1952–) Rifles, Light Arms, and Machine Guns Roberts, Sir Abraham (1784–1873) Roberts, Sir Frederick Sleigh (Lord) (1832–1914) Rodionov, Igor (1936–2014) Roos-Keppel, George Olaf (1866–1921) Rumsfeld, Donald (1932–) Russia (Soviet Union), Relations with Afghanistan Rutskoi, Alexander (1947–) S Saidullah (“Mullah Mastun”) (d. 1917) Sale, Florentia (1790–1853) Sale, Sir Robert Henry (“Fighting Bob”) (1782–1845) Saragarhi, Battle of (1897) Sarandoy Saur Revolution (1978–1979) Sayaf, Abdurab Rasul (1949–) Schroen, Gary (1941–) Security Firms and Defense Contractors Shah, Mohammed Nadir (1883–1933) Shah, Mullah Ahmed (1970–2008) Shah, Nadir (1698–1747) Sherpur, Battle of (1879) Shevardnadze, Eduard (1928–2014) Shultz, George (1920–) Shutargardan Pass Sokolov, Sergey (1911–2012) Soviet Invasion and Occupation of Afghanistan (1979–1989) Soviet Union, Forces and Tactics Special Operations Forces State Information Service (KhAD) (Khidamat-i Ittilaat-i Dawlati) Stewart, Sir Donald (1824–1900) Stoddart, Charles (1806–1842) T Takur Ghar, Battle of (2002) Taliban Taliban, Forces and Tactics Taliban Insurgency Tanai, Shahnawaz (1950–) Taraki, Nur Muhammad (1917–1979) Tarzi, Mahmud (1865–1933) Tarzi, Soraya (1899–1968) Terrorism Tirah Campaign (1897–1898) Tomsen, Peter (1940–) Tora Bora, Battle of (2001) Transport and Logistics U United Kingdom (Great Britain), Relations with Afghanistan United Nations Assistance Mission for Afghanistan United States, Forces and Tactics (2001–) United States, Relations with Afghanistan Urgun, Siege of (1983–1984) Ustinov, Dmitry Fedorovich (1908–1984) V Varennikov, Valentin (1923–2009) Victory Organization (Sazman-iNasr) Vitkevich, Ivan Viktorovich (1806–1839) W Wahhabism Wanat, Battle of (2008) Warburton, Sir Robert (1842–1899) Wardak, Abdul Rahim (1945–) Warlords Wilson, Charles Nesbitt (1933–2010) Women, Role in Combat World War I and Afghanistan (1914–1918) World War I and Afghanistan, Turko-German Missions (1914–1918) World War II and Afghanistan (1939–1945) Y Yazov, Dmitry Timofeyevich (1924–) Z Zahir Shah, Mohammed (1914–2007) Zawahiri, Ayman al- (1951–) Zhawar, Battles of (1985–1986) Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad (1924–1988) Recommended Resources About the Editor and Contributors Index Covering wars and conflicts of Afghanistan from the modern founding of the country in the 1700s to the contemporary struggle with the Taliban, this single-volume reference analyzes the causes and results of Afghanistan's wars and examines leading political and military figures, weapons, and tactics. Afghanistan has been embroiled in war and conflict throughout the latter part of the 20th century as well as the current millennium, but due to its location at the crossroads of Central Asia, Afghanistan has also endured repeated conquests throughout its turbulent earlier times. Examining Afghanistan's long military history through this book will enable readers to grasp the wider sociopolitical history of the country; appreciate the impact of these wars on Southwest Asia and superpowers such as Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States; and understand why Afghanistan remains a controversial battleground today. The alphabetically organized entries examine the major wars and conflicts of Afghanistan from the modern founding of the country during the Durrani Dynasty in the 1700s through the contemporary struggle with the Taliban. The book spotlights the role of key individuals in starting, pursuing, or ending conflicts, as well as their broader contributions to—or negative impact on—Afghanistan and the international arena. The work also presents essays that examine key subtopics such as weapons, tactics, ethnic groups, religion, and foreign relations. This allows the reader—whether a student, scholar, or member of a nonacademic audience—to examine a topic in depth and see how the event, figure, or movement fits into the broader history of Afghanistan. Provides readers with a thorough background on the wars of Afghanistan that allows them to understand the influence of past conflicts on current strife Enables a more complete appreciation of the ethnic and religious complexities that fuel the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan Examines how past Afghan conflicts contributed to the rise of terrorism and figures such as Osama bin Laden Presents an accessible explanation of the "Great Game" for power and influence by imperial Russia and Great Britain in the 1800s and the impact of this contest on Afghanistan