Adventure Of The Large Hadron Collider, The: From The Big Bang To The Higgs Boson

An introduction to the world of quarks and leptons, and of their interactions governed by fundamental symmetries of nature, as well as an introduction to the connection that exists between worlds of the infinitesimally small and the infinitely large.The book begins with a simple presentation of the theoretical framework, the so-called Standard Model, which evolved gradually since the 1960s. The key experiments establishing it as the theory of elementary particle physics, but also its missing pieces and conceptual weaknesses are introduced. The book proceeds with the extraordinary story of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN — the largest purely scientific project ever realized. Conception, design and construction by worldwide collaborations of the detectors of size and complexity without precedent in scientific history are discussed. The book then offers the reader a state-of-the art (2020) appreciation of the depth and breadth of the physics exploration performed by the LHC experiments: the study of new forms of matter, the understanding of symmetry-breaking phenomena at the fundamental level, the exciting searches for new physics such as dark matter, additional space dimensions, new symmetries, and more. The adventure of the LHC culminated in the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 (Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013). The last chapter of this book describes the plans for the LHC during the next 15 years of exploitation and improvement, and the possible evolution of the field and future collider projects under consideration.The authors are researchers from CERN, CEA and CNRS (France), and deeply engaged in the LHC program: D Denegri in the CMS experiment, C Guyot, A Hoecker and L Roos in the ATLAS experiment. Some of them are involved since the inception of the project. They give a lively and accessible inside view of this amazing scientific and human adventure. Motivation for particle accelerator development Energy revolution: from static fields to cavity resonators The world's first colliders: Adone, VEP Lepton colliders and the Zoo of elementary particles in the 70s: PETRA, SPEAR, PEP The LEP e+ e- ring at the energy frontier of circular lepton colliders SLAC: the highest energy linear collider B-factories The Cosmotron ('53) and the Bevatron ('54): the first GeV The PS ('59) and AGS ('60): first strong focusing proton synchrotrons ISR: the world's first proton collider (appr. '65; 1st collisions '71) The SPS ('76): the first proton-antiproton collider; stochastic cooling; discovery of neutral currents and the W and Z bosons The antiproton accumulator and collector rings and the discovery of the W&Z intermediate bosons Fermilab antiproton sourcem recycler ring and main injector Production of antiprotons at CERN and the unique rf manipulations in the PSB & PS Tevatron: the world's first fully superconducting collider; discovery of the Top and Bottom quark Neutrino production and spallation sources: Kamiokande (cosmic rays), NuMi and MINOS (FERMILAB) - Soudan mine); n-TOF and NA64 at SPS; ISIS (Rutherford Laboratory) HERA: the world's first and only proton electron collider Circular light sources XFEL light sources SSC; ISABELLE ('78 groundbreaking)-> CBA ('81) -> cancelled ('83) GSI: heavy ion facility ISOLDE and Rex: a rare isotope facility LEAR and AD antiproton facilities: production of anti-Hydrogen B-factories: the luminosity frontier: KEK-B upgrade projects RHIC: the first dedicated heavy ion collider; bunched beam cooling for ions The LHC project: the energy frontier of high energy particle physics The LHC ion program The LHC upgrade plans: increasing the performance of the LHC The LHC injector complex upgrade: existing challenges and upgrade plans HE-LHC: the quest for increasing the energy of the LHC Electron-ion collider eRHIC (coherent electron cooling, energy recovery linac) LHeC: the option of a TeV scale Lepton Hadron collider using the LHC infrastructure ILC and CLIC: design of a high energy lepton collider Circular lepton colliders as an option for a Higgs factory: the highest energy circular lepton collider HIE ISOLDE FAIR project at GSI ELENA anti proton facility CNGS: Neutrino appearance physics European Spallation Source Neutrino factory proton driver and target design The quest for power: high power proton drivers in the XXI century Plasma acceleration Energy recovery linacs FFAGS: front end for neutrino factories and medical accelerators Fast cooling and Muon acceleration and the prospect of Muon colliders HITGSI: SIS a medical treatment facility Medaustron: the Austrian cancer treatment facility Industrial projects (Siemens in Kiel and Marburg, IBA) Other options for Hadron treatment facilities (e.g. LEIR at CERN etc). 'This brief book offers an interesting, fun, and widely accessible first-person tour of CERN, the European Center for Nuclear Research, the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. The facilities at CERN include the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 27-kilometer particle accelerator that straddles the border between Switzerland and France. The LHC was famously used to discover the Higgs boson, a long-sought fundamental particle. Physics historian Depambour (University of Paris) is enthusiastic about all aspects of CERN, especially its role as an agent for peace and international cooperation. The book focuses mainly on the physical layout of the CERN campus and its experimental facilities, but Depambour also includes an introduction to the standard model of particle physics and a history of the search for the Higgs boson. Supporting illustrations and interviews help convey the atmosphere and culture of CERN. The book can be read and enjoyed by virtually anyone interested in modern science, starting with students currently in high school. It will also be welcome as a useful orientation for undergraduates and graduate students whose research interests might eventually take them to CERN. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.'CHOICEWhat lies within CERN's entrails? What is the path followed by the particles that are accelerated before they collide? What does the ATLAS detector look like? Does research at CERN find applications in everyday life?From the accelerator control room to the huge Computing Centre, via the auditorium where the discovery of the Higgs boson was announced in July 2012, I invite you to experience for one day an immersion in the world of research in particle physics! Discovering emblematic installations at CERN, walking through the places where people spend every working day, meeting with researchers in various fields, descending into the ATLAS cavern... Our visit, whose path will mimic that of the particles during their journey, will be full of anecdotes and surprises.Follow me for a guided tour of CERN, the largest scientific collaboration in the world! Introduction to the HL-LHC project / L. Rossi and O. Brüning -- The physics landscape of the High Luminosity LHC / M. Mangano -- The HL-LHC machine / I. Bejar, O. Brüning, P. Fessia, L. Rossi, R. Tomas and M. Zerlauth -- The HL-LHC accelerator physics challenges / S. Fartoukh and F. Zimmermann -- Interface with experimental detector in the high luminosity run / H. Burkhardt -- Superconducting magnet technology for the upgrade / E. Todesco, G. Ambrosio, P. Ferracin, J.M. Rifflet, G.L. Sabbi, M. Segreti, T. Nakamoto, R. Van Weekderen and Q. Xu -- Crab cavity development / E. Jensen and R. Calaga -- Powering the hi-luminosity triplets / A. Ballarino and J.P. Burnet -- Cryogenics for HL-LHC / L. Tavian, K. Brodzinski, S. Claudet, G. Ferlin, U. Wagner, R. Van Weelderen -- The "environmental" challenges: impact of radiation on machine components / M. Brugger, F. Cerutti and L.S. Esposito -- Radiation protection considerations / C. Adorisio, S. Roesler, C. Urscheler and H. Vincke -- Machine protection with a 700 MJ beam / T. Baer, R. Schmidt, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann and M. Zerlauth -- Cleaning insertions and collimation challenges / S. Redaelli, R.B. Appleby, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, J.M. Jowett, A. Lechner and R. Losito -- Long-range beam-beam compensation using wires / F. Zimmermann and H. Schmickler -- Impedance and component heating / E. Métral, F. Caspers, N. Mounet, T. Pieloni and B. Salvant -- Challenges and plans for the proton injectors / R. Garoby -- New injectors: the Linac4 project and the new H-source / J. Lettry and M. Vretenar -- Challenges and plans for the ion injectors / D. Manglunki -- Challenges and plans for injection and beam dump / M. Barnes, B. Goddard, V. Mertens and J. Uythoven -- Beam instrumentation and diagnostics for the LHC upgrade / E. Bravin, B. Dehning, R. Jones and T. Lefevre -- Heavy-ion operation of HL-LHC / J.M. Jowett, M. Schaumann and R. Versteegen -- Implications for operations / G. Arduini, M. Lamont, T. Pieloni and G. Rumolo Introduction to the HL-LHC project / L. Rossi and O. Brüning The physics landscape of the High Luminosity LHC / M. Mangano The HL-LHC machine / I. Bejar, O. Brüning, P. Fessia, L. Rossi, R. Tomas and M. Zerlauth The HL-LHC accelerator physics challenges / S. Fartoukh and F. Zimmermann Interface with experimental detector in the high luminosity run / H. Burkhardt Superconducting magnet technology for the upgrade / E. Todesco, G. Ambrosio, P. Ferracin, J.M. Rifflet, G.L. Sabbi, M. Segreti, T. Nakamoto, R. Van Weekderen and Q. Xu Crab cavity development / E. Jensen and R. Calaga Powering the hi-luminosity triplets / A. Ballarino and J.P. Burnet Cryogenics for HL-LHC / L. Tavian, K. Brodzinski, S. Claudet, G. Ferlin, U. Wagner, R. Van Weelderen The "environmental" challenges: impact of radiation on machine components / M. Brugger, F. Cerutti and L. S. Esposito Radiation protection considerations / C. Adorisio, S. Roesler, C. Urscheler and H. Vincke Machine protection with a 700 MJ beam / T. Baer, R. Schmidt, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann and M. Zerlauth Cleaning insertions and collimation challenges / S. Redaelli, R.B. Appleby, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, J.M. Jowett, A. Lechner and R. Losito Long-range beam-beam compensation using wires / F. Zimmermann and H. Schmickler Impedance and component heating / E. Métral, F. Caspers, N. Mounet, T. Pieloni and B. Salvant Challenges and plans for the proton injectors / R. Garoby New injectors: the Linac4 project and the new H-source / J. Lettry and M. Vretenar Challenges and plans for the ion injectors / D. Manglunki Challenges and plans for injection and beam dump / M. Barnes, B. Goddard, V. Mertens and J. Uythoven Beam instrumentation and diagnostics for the LHC upgrade / E. Bravin, B. Dehning, R. Jones and T. Lefevre Heavy-ion operation of HL-LHC / J.M. Jowett, M. Schaumann and R. Versteegen Implications for operations / G. Arduini, M. Lamont, T. Pieloni and G. Rumolo. "This book is written by the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC), to document and reflect on its more than 25 years of history. It covers all aspects of this global science project at the forefront of particle physics. The historical part recalls first the early stages of discussions in the community leading to the formation of the collaboration in 1992. In a unique approach, the second part documents the evolution from early detector concepts to the final instrument, covering the technical, financial and human aspects. This includes the phases of construction of detector components in the various institutes around the world as well as their installation and commissioning in the underground cavern at CERN. An important part is devoted to the operation of the whole experiment. The book highlights the capabilities and physics accomplishments so far, including the Higgs boson discovery (jointly announced with CMS). It features the various aspects of a broad spectrum of activities needed to arrive at the physics results. The book includes also an outlook to the detector upgrade activities preparing the experiment for the high-luminosity LHC phase of the next decades. Last but not least, it reveals the human aspects of the large ATLAS community working together pursuing common physics goals. The book is aimed at a broad readership with interest in large science projects and their history, as well as in the human endeavour of a worldwide collaboration"-- Provided by publisher This book provides a broad introduction to the physics and technology of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This new configuration of the LHC is one of the major accelerator projects for the next 20 years and will give new life to the LHC after its first 15-year operation. Not only will it allow more precise measurements of the Higgs boson and of any new particles that might be discovered in the next LHC run, but also extend the mass limit reach for detecting new particles. The HL-LHC is based on the innovative accelerator magnet technologies capable of generating 11-13 Tesla fields, with effectiveness enhanced by use of the new Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing scheme, and other state-of-the-art accelerator technologies, such as superconducting compact RF crab cavities, advanced collimation concepts, and novel power technology based on high temperature superconducting links.The book consists of a series of chapters touching on all issues of technology and design, and each chapter can be read independently. The first few chapters give a summary of the whole project, of the physics motivation and of the accelerator challenges. The subsequent chapters cover the novel technologies, the new configurations of LHC and of its injectors as well as the expected operational implications. Altogether, the book brings the reader to the heart of technologies for the leading edge accelerator and gives insights into next generation hadron colliders. Depambour offers a first person tour of CERN, the largest scientific collaboration in the world. From the accelerator control room to the huge Computing Centre, via the auditorium where the discovery of the Higgs boson was announced in July 2012, he invites readers to immerse themselves in the world of research in particle physics. Discovering emblematic installations at CERN, walking through the places where people spend every working day, meeting with researchers in various fields, descending into the ATLAS cavern ... this guided visit, whose path will mimic that of the particles during their journey, is full of anecdotes and surprises. The book is aimed at both informed scientists and the general public, and especially those who know CERN only by name and who are curious to know more about the research being conducted there. --Adapted from publisher description What lies within CERN\x27s entrails? What is the path followed by the particles that are accelerated before they collide? What does the ATLAS detector look like? Does research at CERN find applications in everyday life? From the accelerator control room to the huge Computing Centre, via the auditorium where the discovery of the Higgs boson was announced in July 2012, I invite you to experience for one day an immersion in the world of research in particle physics! Discovering emblematic installations at CERN, walking through the places where people spend every working day, meeting with researchers in various fields, descending into the ATLAS cavern ... Our visit, whose path will mimic that of the particles during their journey, will be full of anecdotes and surprises. "The past 100 years of accelerator-based research have led the field from first insights into the structure of atoms to the development and confirmation of the Standard Model of physics. Accelerators have been a key tool in developing our understanding of the elementary particles and the forces that govern their interactions. This book describes the past 100 years of accelerator development with a special focus on the technological advancements in the field, the connection of the various accelerator projects to key developments and discoveries in the Standard Model, how accelerator technologies open the door to other applications in medicine and industry, and finally presents an outlook of future accelerator projects for the coming decades."--Provided by publisher This book provides a broad introduction to the physics and technology of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This new configuration of the LHC is one of the major accelerator projects for the next 15 years and will give new life to the LHC after its first 15-year operation.