Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering: Geotechnics, Transportation, Hydraulics and Natural Resources (Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering)

The book presents the recent advances on testing and experimentation in civil engineering, especially in the branches of geotechnics, transportation, hydraulics, and natural resources. It includes advances in physical modelling, monitoring techniques, data acquisition and analysis, and provides an invaluable contribution for the installation of new civil engineering experimental facilities. The first part of the book covers the latest advances in testing and experimentation in key domains of geotechnics: soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, rock mechanics and rock engineering, and engineering geology. Some of the topics covered include new developments in topographic survey acquisition for applied mapping and in situ geotechnical investigations; laboratory and in situ tests to estimate the relevant parameters needed to model the behaviour of rock masses and land structures; monitoring and inspection techniques designed for offshore wind foundations. The second part of the book highlights the relevance of testing and monitoring in transportation. Full-scale accelerated pavement testing, and instrumentation becomes even more important nowadays when, for sustainability purposes, non-traditional materials are used in road and airfield pavements. Innovation in testing and monitoring pavements and railway tracks is also developed in this part of the book. Intelligent traffic systems are the new traffic management paradigm, and an overview of new solutions is addressed here. Finally, in the third part of the book, trends in the field and laboratory measurements and corresponding data analysis are presented according to the different hydraulic domains addressed in this publication, namely maritime hydraulics, surface water and river hydraulics and urban water. Foreword by António Gomes Correia Foreword by Javier L. Lara Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Geotechnics The Role of Engineering Geology Mapping and GIS-Based Tools in Geotechnical Practice 1 Introduction 2 Concept 3 Classification, Type and Components of Maps 4 Mapping Methods, Techniques and Models 5 Engineering Mapping Applications: Some Examples 6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook References In Situ Geotechnical Investigations 1 Introduction 1.1 Methodology 1.2 Scope of the Investigation 2 Methods of Site Investigation 2.1 Indirect Methods 2.2 Direct Methods 2.3 In Situ Tests 3 Example of Challenging Structures 4 Final Remarks References Laboratory and Field Testing of Rock Masses for Civil Engineering Infrastructures 1 Introduction 2 The Relevance of Testing in Rock Mechanics 3 Laboratory Tests 3.1 Uniaxial Compression 3.2 Triaxial Compression 3.3 Diametral Compression 3.4 Elastic Wave Velocity 3.5 Joint Shear 3.6 Tilt and Pull Tests 3.7 Index Tests 4 Field Tests 4.1 In Situ Stresses 4.2 Permeability 4.3 Deformability 4.4 Shear Strength 5 Concluding Remarks References Testing and Monitoring of Earth Structures 1 Instrumentation of Embankments and Their Foundations 2 Monitoring Soil-Atmosphere Interaction 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Measurement of Soil Suction 2.3 Soil Suction Monitoring in Soil Structures 3 Some Case-Studies 3.1 Embankment Built with Compacted Marls Sensitive to Water 3.2 Massive Expansions in Compacted Embankments Due to Sulphate Attack 3.3 Monitoring Infrastructures and Their Foundations 4 Conclusions References Offshore Wind Foundation Monitoring and Inspection 1 Introduction 2 Overview 2.1 Monitoring 2.2 Economics of Monitoring and Inspections 3 Virtual Sensing for Support Structures 3.1 Ambient Vibration Monitoring 4 Direct Sensing for Support Structures 5 Measuring Regions and Components 6 Fatigue Strains and Cracks 6.1 Strain Gauges 6.2 Crack Detection 7 Bathymetry and Seabed Scour 7.1 Bathymetry Measurements 7.2 Scouring 8 Determination of Corrosion/Wall Thickness 9 Excessive Tilting—Monopiles 10 Transportation 11 Monopiles Design Issues References Transportation Tests and Surveillance on Pavement Surface Characteristics 1 Introduction 2 Pavement Distresses 2.1 Field Surveillance Methods Using Dedicated Survey Vehicles 2.2 Field Surveillance Methods Using Low-Cost and Opportunistic Data 2.3 Data Processing Using Machine and Deep Learning 2.4 Outlook and Conclusions 3 Evenness on Roads 3.1 Measuring Evenness 3.2 Longitudinal Evenness 3.3 Transversal Evenness 3.4 Recent Developments, Connected Cars Big Data and Sensor Fusion 4 Texture 4.1 Field Surveillance Methods 4.2 Laboratory Tests 5 Friction 5.1 Measurement of Skid Resistance 5.2 Advances in Friction Measurement Methods 6 Tyre-Road Noise 6.1 Roadside or Pass-By Tests 6.2 On-Board or on Vehicle Tests 6.3 Laboratory Tests 6.4 Other Tests 7 Rolling Resistance 7.1 Measuring the Rolling Resistance on the Road 7.2 Measuring the Rolling Resistance in the Laboratory 8 Conclusions References Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing and Instrumentation 1 Introduction 2 Advancements in Pavements Instrumentation 2.1 General Principles 2.2 Strain, Deformation, and Pressure Measurements 2.3 Assessment of Environmental Conditions 3 Advances on Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing 4 Case Studies 4.1 Use of Recycled Aggregates for Pavement Unbound Granular Layers 4.2 Utilization of Quarry By-Products in Pavement Foundation Layers 5 Final Remarks and Future Challenges References Monitoring of Pavement Structural Characteristics 1 Introduction 2 Continuous Load Testing 3 Continuous Pavement Geometry and Characteristics Assessment 4 Integrated Approach of Continuous Monitoring 5 Traffic Considerations 6 Building Information Modelling Tool for Pavement Monitoring. Examples of Application 7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References Intelligent Traffic Monitoring Systems 1 Introduction 2 Fundamental Approaches for Traffic Data Analysis 2.1 Geographical Information Systems 2.2 Artificial Intelligence 2.3 Graph Theory 3 Traffic Monitoring Technologies 3.1 Closed-Circuit Television 3.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 3.3 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 3.4 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) 3.5 Vehicle Classification Systems 4 Intelligent Traffic Systems 4.1 Real Time Signal Control 4.2 Traffic Load Prediction and Computation 4.3 Vehicle Tracking 4.4 Vehicle Routing Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) 5 Final Remarks References Testing and Monitoring in Railway Tracks 1 Introduction 2 Aspects of the Characterization of Materials 2.1 Advances in Ballast Particle Morphology 2.2 Ballast Mechanical Behavior Under Cyclic Loading 3 Railway Track Characterization and Monitoring 3.1 Surface Wave Method in Testing the Railway Platform 3.2 Evaluating Track Stiffness with a Light Weight Deflectometer 3.3 Receptance Tests on the Track 3.4 Evaluating Track Stiffness with the Portancemètre 3.5 Evaluating Track Support Conditions with the Ground Penetrating Radar 3.6 Monitoring Dynamic Track Behavior Under Railway Traffic 4 On Board Monitoring with In-Service Railway Vehicles 4.1 Non-dedicated Equipment 4.2 Dedicated Equipment 5 Final Remarks References Hydraulics and Natural Resources Laboratory Tests on Wind-Wave Generation, Interaction and Breaking Processes 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Facilities 2.1 Wind-Wave Flumes 2.2 Other Facilities 2.3 Measurement Equipment 2.4 Simultaneous Scaling of Wind-Wave Experiments 3 Data Analysis Techniques 4 Recent Advances on Wind-Wave Interaction 4.1 Long Waves Plus Reflected Long Waves and Short Wind-Generated Waves 4.2 Effects of Currents on Short Wind-Waves 5 Recent Advances on Wave Breaking Flow Measurements and Breaker Types 5.1 Momentum Balance 5.2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance 5.3 Cross-Shore Variability and Vorticity Dynamics 5.4 Turbulent Stress Invariant Analysis and Relation with the Dissipation Tensor 6 Conclusions 7 Present and Future Challenges References Advances in Wave Run-Up Measurement Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Description of Wave Run-Up Measurement Techniques 3 Video Monitoring Technique 3.1 History of Video Monitoring Technique 3.2 Timestack Images 3.3 Advances in Wave Run-Up Measurements from Timestacks 4 Perspectives on Future Advances References Recent Advances in Instrumentation and Monitoring Techniques Applied to Dam Breach Experiments 1 Introduction 2 Relevance of Using Recent Instrumentation and Improved Measuring Methods in Dam Breach Experiments 3 Experimental Facility and Instrumental Layout 4 Instrumentation and Measuring Methods 4.1 Water Levels and Inflow 4.2 Characterization of the Surface Flow Velocimetry 4.3 Characterization of the Breach Morphology and Scouring 4.4 Application Examples of the Developed Measuring Methods in Solving Specific Problems of Dam Breach Experiments 5 Final Remarks References Bridging the Water Gap Between Neighboring Countries Through Hydrometeorological Data Monitoring and Sharing 1 Historical Framework 1.1 On the Origin of Fountains 1.2 Infiltration and Groundwater Components 2 The Instrumentation Rise 2.1 Spatial Representativeness of Estimates 2.2 The Need for Networking 2.3 The Electronics Revolution 3 Transboundary Cooperation on the Tagus Flood Management 3.1 Preliminary Context 3.2 Coordinated Flood Management 3.3 Challenges Coming from Collected Data 4 Conclusion References Quality of Measurement in Urban Water Services: A Metrological Perspective 1 Measurement in Urban Water Systems 2 Good Measurement Practices 3 Measurement Traceability 3.1 Basic Concepts 3.2 Calibration Key Role to Assure Measurement Quality 3.3 Metrological Traceability 3.4 Data Traceability 4 Measurement Uncertainty 4.1 Concept of Measurement Uncertainty 4.2 Measurement Representation by Mathematical Models 4.3 Measurement Uncertainty Related to the Measurement Model 4.4 The GUM Law of Propagation of Uncertainty 4.5 Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty Related with Input Quantities 4.6 Identify the Sources of Uncertainty 4.7 Select the PDF for Each Source of Error and Quantify Its Contribution 4.8 Expanded Measurement Uncertainty 4.9 Approaches for Added Accuracy and Complex Problems 5 Perspectives of Future Developments References