Advances in Transportation Geotechnics IV: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics Volume 2 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 165)

Contents About the Editors Rail Track Substructures, Including Transition Zones, and Transportation Geodynamics Substructure Sensing in a Rail Bridge 1 Introduction 2 Description of Electrical Resistivity Tomography 3 Investigation of Substructure Depths 4 Conclusions References Mathematical Modeling of the Short-Term Performance of Railway Track Under Train-Induced Loading 1 Introduction 2 Development of Mathematical Model to Predict the Track Response 3 Verification of the Proposed Model 4 Parametric Study 5 Conclusions References A Deep Investigation into the Mechanisms and Factors Producing Mud Pumping 1 Introduction 2 Rainy Section 3 Phase I Testing 4 Mud Pumping Mechanism 4.1 Rainy Section Specific 4.2 Other Mud Pumping Locations 4.3 Subgrade Pumping 4.4 General 5 Conclusion and Future Work References A Multi-model Approach to Analyse Railway Track-Ground Dynamics and Soil Nonlinearity 1 Introduction 2 Modelling Approaches 3 Modelling Analysis 3.1 Homogenous Half-Space Soils and Homogenous Soil Above Bedrock 3.2 Layered Soils and Low Stiffness Soil Layers 3.3 Track-Soil Nonlinearity 4 Conclusions References Performance of Jointed S&C Bearers 1 Background 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Bearers and Ballast 2.2 Test Preparation 2.3 Instrumentation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary References Asphalt/Ballast Trackbeds for Improved Clearance Beneath Historical Bridges for Electrification Works 1 Introduction/Background 2 Methods 3 Material 4 Instrumentation (LVDTs and Pressure Paper) 5 Parametric Study 6 Test Results and Discussion 6.1 Settlement and Resilient Deflection 6.2 Contact Area 6.3 Asphalt Surface Condition 7 Conclusion References Settlement of Ballasted Track with Large Sleeper Spacing 1 Introduction 2 Sleeper Load Obtained by FEM Analysis 3 Measurement of Sleeper Load at the Site 4 Full-Scale Cyclic Loading Test 4.1 Test Condition 4.2 Test Results 5 Conclusion References Dynamic Response of Subgrade in a Bridge Transition Along the Qinshen High-Speed Rail 1 Introduction 2 Monitoring Program 3 Data Processing and Analysis 4 Conclusions References An Alternative Approach to Track Settlement Prediction 1 Ballast Settlement 2 Southampton Railway Testing Facility 3 Proposed Settlement Model 3.1 Overview 3.2 Governing Differential Equation 3.3 Functions 4 Calibration of the Model 4.1 Resilient Deformation Calibration 4.2 Plastic Deformation Calibration 5 Application of the Model 5.1 Application 1—Change in Load Condition 5.2 Application 2—Comparison Between Different Loading Histories 6 Conclusion References Evaluation of Ballast Particle Degradation Under Micro-Deval Testing Using Photogrammetry 1 Introduction 2 Material and Sample Preparation 3 Three-Dimensional Scanning and Reconstruction of Particles 3.1 Image Capturing—Photographic Session 3.2 Digital Reconstruction of 3D Particle Models 4 Micro-Deval Abrasion Testing 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Results of the Micro-Deval Abrasion Tests 5.2 Evolution in Particle Morphology 6 Conclusions References Importance of Bending Stiffness of Different Track Forms 1 Introduction/Background/Problem Statement 2 Methods 2.1 General Principles 2.2 Support Stiffnesses and Allowance for Rail Pad 2.3 Loading and Boundary Conditions 2.4 Geometry 2.5 Simulations Carried Out 2.6 Loading 2.7 Calculation Outputs 3 Validation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Deflections 5 Summary References Track Geomechanics for Future Railways: Use of Artificial Inclusions 1 Introduction 2 Large-Scale Laboratory Testing 2.1 Use of Under-Ballast Mat for Improved Performance of Ballast 2.2 Use of Scrap Rubber Tyres for Capping Confinement 2.3 A Synthetic Energy-Absorbing Layer for Railway Sub-ballast 3 Discrete Element Modelling for Ballast 4 Selected Case Studies for Research Impact 4.1 New Ballast Gradation for Australian Rail Tracks 4.2 The Use of Geosynthetics with Recycled Ballast 4.3 New Design Software 5 Conclusions References Studying Railway Vibration Projects with a Focus on Environmental Aspects 1 Introduction 2 Data Compilation and Analysis 2.1 Site Investigation 2.2 Measurement Campaigns 2.3 GIS-Data Processing 2.4 Environmental Aspects 2.5 Railway Line Characterization 2.6 Railway Traffic Information 2.7 Underground Utilities Information 3 Approaches 3.1 Prediction Model 3.2 Assessment Against National Directive 4 Case Study and Discussions 4.1 Project Description 4.2 Ground Conditions and Measurements 4.3 Abatement Measures 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Receptance Test Performed on a Laboratory Ballasted Track Section 1 Introduction 2 Receptance Test 3 Laboratory Testing 3.1 Ballasted Track—Description 3.2 Setup of the Receptance Test 3.3 Experimental Results and Analysis 4 Conclusions References Investigation Into the Mechanical Behavior of Track-Bed Materials with Different Grain Size Distributions of Coarse Grains 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Changes of Shear Behavior with Volumetric Content of Coarse Grains 3.2 Effect of Cu on Characteristic Volumetric Content of Coarse Grains 3.3 Effect of Cu on Shear Behavior in the Case of Grain-Grain Contact Structure 3.4 Effect of Cu on Shear Behavior in the Case of Fine-Fine Contact Structure 3.5 Effect of Cu on Young’s Modulus 3.6 Effect of Cu on Poisson’s Ratio and Dilatancy Angle 3.7 Effect of Cu on Cohesion and Friction Angle 4 Conclusions References Stress–Strain Analysis of Heavy Haul Rail Track with Steel Slag Ballast by Laboratory Tests and Numerical Simulations 1 Introduction 2 Laboratory Tests 2.1 Overview 2.2 Resilient Parameters 3 Numerical Simulations 3.1 Finite Element Analyses 3.2 Results 4 Conclusions References Railroad Ballast Movements Pattern Recognition by Using “SmartRock” 1 Introduction 2 Test Preparation 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Instrumentation—“SmartRock” 2.3 Laboratory Test Setup 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effect of Degraded Subgrade Stiffness on Rail Geometry and Train Vibration in High-Speed Railways 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model 2.1 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model (3D FEM) of Ballastless Track 2.2 Validation of FE Model with Field Measurements 2.3 Description of Roadbed Degradation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Mapped Geometry of Ballastless Track Structure 3.2 Dynamic Responses of High-Speed Train 4 Conclusions References Can One Exclude Track and Rolling Stock Stiffness for the Assessment of Dynamic Impact Forces Due to Variations in Track Profile? 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of Track Quality in EN and AREMA Manual 3 Bezgin and Extended Bezgin Equations Used for the Estimations of Dynamic Impact Forces 4 Dynamic Impact Forces Due to Longitudinal-Level Differences in EN Quality Limits 4.1 Dynamic Impact Force Factors in Ascending Profile 4.2 Dynamic Impact Forces in Descending Track Profile 5 Conclusions References The Influence of Local Irregularities on the Vehicle–Track Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary and Conclusions References Repeatability of Minimum and Maximum Density Testing on Clean and Fouled Ballast 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methods 3.1 Minimum Density 3.2 Maximum Density 4 Results 4.1 Minimum Density Analysis 4.2 Maximum Density Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Measuring Railroad Ballast Modulus of Elasticity Using Light Weight Deflectometer 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References The Effect of Elastic Pads and Mats on the Stress–Strain State of Railway Subgrade 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Ballast Fouling Identification Through Statistical Pattern Recognition Techniques on Ballast Particle Movement 1 Introduction 2 Field Work 3 Statistical Pattern Recognition 4 Analysis Result 5 Conclusion References Study of the Track Dynamics for Optimizing the Railway Superstructure 1 Introduction 1.1 An Empirical Mechanistic Pavement Design 1.2 Railway Formation 2 Case of Study: Railway Superstructure Optimization Using Finite Element Method Systrain 2.1 The Variation of the Railway Elements 3 Results 3.1 Phase 1: Overview of Components Impact on Track Behavior 3.2 Phase 2: Further Evaluation of Some Element Proprieties 4 Conclusion References Update and Case Studies of Geotrack™: A Software for Railway Track and Subgrade Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Software Upgrade Objectives 3 Software Upgrade 3.1 New User Interface 3.2 New Technical Functionality 4 Case Studies 4.1 Track Modulus Analysis 4.2 Earth Pressure at a Bridge Approach 5 Conclusions References Railway Subgrade Characterization Through Repeated Loading Triaxial Testing 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Investigation into Ground Vibration Responses of High-Speed Rail Slab Tracks Considering Train-Track-Soil Interactions 1 Introduction 2 Development of the Numerical Model 2.1 Modeling of the Train and Track 2.2 Modeling of the Soil 2.3 Numerical Solution 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Critical Speed 3.2 Displacement of Soils 3.3 Peak Particle Velocity 3.4 Train-Track Interactions 4 Conclusions References Analysis of Contact Stress at Ballast Bed-Soil Subgrade Interface Under Cyclic Loading Based on Coupled DEM-FEM 1 Introduction 2 DEM-FEM Coupling Method and Simplification Method of Ballast Particle Shape 3 Laboratory Test and DEM-FEM Coupling Model 4 Analysis of Contact Stress Between Ballast and Subgrade 5 Conclusion References Mud Pumping in Ballastless Slab Track of High-Speed Railway and Its Remediation 1 Introduction 2 Mud Pumping in High-Speed Railway 2.1 Mud Pumping in Ballasted High-Speed Railway 2.2 Mud Pumping in Ballastless High-Speed Railway 3 Remediation of Mud Pumping in Ballastless Slab Track of High-Speed Railway 4 Conclusions References Geotechnical and Geophysical Railway Embankment Auscultation 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 Seismic Acquisition and Results 4 Conclusions References Evaluation on the Performance of Asphalt Concrete for the Railway Substructure 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Laboratory Tests 2.1 Materials 2.2 Laboratory Tests 3 Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Substructure 4 Structural Design 4.1 Finite Element Model 4.2 Calculation of Service Life 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Technical Requirements 5.2 Analysis of Service Life 6 Conclusions References Interface Test Study on Asphalt Concrete Full-Section Waterproof Sealing Structure of High-Speed Railway 1 Test Scheme 1.1 Overview 1.2 Full-Scale Push-Slab Test 1.3 Scaled Push-Slab Test 1.4 Engineering Measures Interface Characteristics Test Plan 2 Analysis of Push-Slab Test Results 2.1 Analysis of the Full-Scale Push-Slab Test Results 2.2 Analysis of the Scaled Push-Slab Test Results 2.3 Analysis of Engineering Interface Characteristics Experimental Results 3 Conclusions and Recommendations References The Settlement Characteristics of Ballast Bed Based on Variable Boundary Ballast Box 1 Introduction 2 Discrete Element Modeling 2.1 Modeling Procedure 2.2 Load and Boundary Motion 2.3 DEM Model Calibration and Validation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Longitudinal Force 3.2 Effect of Load Amplitude 3.3 Effect of Load Frequency 3.4 Regression Analysis of Settlement 4 Conclusions References Ballasted Track Maintenance Modelling Using DEM 1 Introduction 2 Modelling via a MBS-DEM Coupling 3 Maintenance Operations Modelling 3.1 Reduction of Ballast Fragmentation Due to Tamping 3.2 Comparison of Crib Compaction with Dynamic Stabilization 4 Conclusions References Dynamic Behavior Modeling of Full-Scale High-Speed Ballasted Track Using Discrete Element Method 1 Introduction 2 Full-Scale High-Speed Rail Tester (ZJU-IHSRT) 3 DEM Simulation 3.1 Model Setup 3.2 Loading Patterns with PID Controller 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Comparisons of Crosstie Vibration Velocities 4.2 Comparisons of Ballast Vibration Velocities 4.3 Individual Ballast Particle Behavior in the DEM Model 5 Conclusions References Steel Slag Aggregate Characteristics Evaluation as Railway Ballast 1 Introduction 2 Material Properties 3 Test Procedure 4 Test Results 4.1 Shear Strength of Fresh Ballast 4.2 Vertical–Horizontal Displacement Curves 5 Conclusion References A Study on the Evolution of Ballast Particle Surface Damage 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Ballast Material 2.2 Ballast Surface Roughness 2.3 Developing Used Ballast Using Micro-Deval 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion 5 Future Works References Investigations into the Critical Speeds in Ballasted and Ballastless Track 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modelling 3 Numerical Analysis 4 Conclusions References Measuring the Contact Stiffness at the Grain Scale of Fresh and Used Granite Ballast 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Basis for Contact Test Loading 3 Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Experiment 3.3 Measurement System 3.4 Theoretical Interpretation 4 Results 4.1 Validation of Test Methods 4.2 Fresh and Used Ballast 4.3 Comparison with Hertzian Contact Model 5 Conclusions References Geosynthetics in Transportation Applications Numerical Study of Deformation Behavior of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutments Subjected to Longitudinal Shaking 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model 2.1 Model Configuration 2.2 Material Model and Properties 2.3 Modeling Procedures 3 Simulation Results 3.1 Facing Displacements 3.2 Abutment Vertical Compressions 3.3 Seismic Joint Widths 4 Conclusions References Coupled Analysis on Frost-Heaving Depression Effect of Geosynthetics Drainage Material for Road Pavement 1 Introduction 2 Governing Equations 3 Numerical Simulations 3.1 Numerical Model 3.2 Materials Properties 3.3 Simulation Procedure 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Water Content Change in the Pavement 4.2 Influence of Wicking Fabric on Frost Heave 5 Conclusion References Tension Behavior of Bituminous Mixture Samples Reinforced by Fiberglass Geogrids in Different Directions 1 Introduction 2 Specimen Preparation 3 Experimental Device and Analysis Methodologies 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Interface Displacement Gap—Axial Stress Curves for Specimen Type V 4.2 Specimen Type H 4.3 Verification of Geogrid Influence in the Specimen Strength Resistance 5 Conclusions References Application of Wicking Geotextile for Pavement Infrastructure on Expansive Soil 1 Introduction and Background 2 Project Description 3 Design, Construction and Instrumentation 3.1 Design of Test Section 3.2 Construction and Instrumentation 4 Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Deflection Analysis 4.2 Subgrade Moisture Analysis 5 Conclusions References Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Expansive Soil Subgrade with Polypropylene Fiber and Geogrid 1 Introduction 2 Properties of Material 2.1 Expansive Soil 2.2 Polypropylene Fiber 2.3 Geogrid 3 Experimental Program 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Effects of Geogrid Encasement on Behavior of Stone Column-Improved Soft Clay 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Simulation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Encasement Length 3.2 Effect of Geogrid Stiffness 4 Conclusions References Finite Element Analyses of Geocell Reinforced Tracks Over Clayey Subgrade 1 Introduction 2 FEM Modeling 2.1 Material Model 2.2 Meshing and Boundary Conditions 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Vertical Displacements 3.2 Vertical Stresses 4 Conclusions References The Use of Draintube Drainage Geocomposites Under Railway Infrastructures 1 Introduction 2 Multi-linear Drainage Geocomposites 2.1 Geocomposite Description 2.2 Hydraulic Characteristics 2.3 Mechanical Characteristics 3 Drainage Under Embankment on Soft Soils 3.1 Project Description 3.2 Completion of Works 3.3 Monitoring and Results 4 Cut Sections 4.1 Installation 4.2 Monitoring and Results 5 Drainage Improvement Under Railways 5.1 Project Description 5.2 Completion of Works 5.3 Laboratory Study 6 Conclusion References Rapid Pavement Roughness Measurement of Geogrid-Stabilized Roads 1 Introduction 2 Project Location 3 APLT Validation 4 TotalPave System 5 Presentation of Results 6 Summary and Conclusion References Behavior of Asphalt Overlays with Geogrids and Geocomposite Interlayer Systems 1 Introduction and Background 2 Materials 2.1 Binder Tack Coat and Asphalt Concrete 2.2 Geogrids and Geocomposite Interlayers 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Specimen Preparation 3.2 Repeated Load Four-Point Bending Test 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Study of the Strained State of Bored Foundations for Weak Soils by Strengthening the Grillage with Geosynthetic Materials 1 Introduction 2 Engineering and Geological Conditions of the Foundation 3 The Real State of the Construction of the Bridge Supports 4 Geotechnical Modeling of the Work of Stabilization Structures of Bridge Supports 5 Conclusions References Bearing Capacity Test with Small Soil Box Model on Reinforcement of Base Course Using Geotextile 1 Introduction 2 Testing Procedure 2.1 Materials 2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Method 2.3 Experimental Conditions 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of the Type of Geotextiles 3.2 Effect of Geotextile Laying Depths and Lengths 4 Conclusions References The Use of Microporous Membranes to Address Mud Pumping—UK Experience 1 Roadbed Management Prior to Introduction of Geosynthetics 1.1 Subgrade Erosion in the UK 1.2 A Sand Blanket 1.3 Use of Impermeable Membranes 2 Early Research into the Design of Roadbed 2.1 Non-woven Geotextiles 2.2 Biaxial Geogrids 3 The Development of Anti-pumping Geocomposites (APGs) 3.1 Sand/Geotextile Composite 3.2 Microporous Membrane 4 Selection of the Correct Formation Treatment 4.1 The Roadbed Logging Key 4.2 Investigation of Roadbed Condition 5 Design of Roadbed Treatments 6 Conclusion References ASIRI+: French National Research Program on Soil Reinforcement with Rigid Inclusions 1 Introduction 2 Principles of Rigid Inclusions Reinforcement 3 Research Program 4 Experimental Work of Task 3 4.1 Laboratory Tests at Full Scale 4.2 Centrifuge Tests 5 Conclusions References Effect of Natural Reinforcement Aperture Shape on Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Soil 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Investigations 2.1 Soil Used 2.2 Reinforcement 2.3 Experimental Setup and Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Fill Thickness on Unreinforced and Reinforced Base Layer 4 Conclusion References Correlation of Geosynthetic Index Properties to Cyclic Plate Load Test Performance in Flexible Airfield Pavements 1 Introduction 2 Objectives and Scope 3 Tensile Strength 4 Flexural Rigidity 5 Aperture Stability 6 ERDC Puncture Test 7 Junction Strength 8 Correlation to Cyclic Plate Load Test Results 9 Conclusions References Behavior of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast Under Train Traffic Loads 1 Introduction 2 Geogrid Reinforcement Effect Under Different Confining Pressures 2.1 Triaxial Test of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast 2.2 Experimental Procedure 2.3 Results of Triaxial Test 3 Geogrid Reinforcement Effect Under Different Train Traffic Loads 3.1 Model Test of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast Track Subgrade 3.2 Experimental Procedure 3.3 Results of Model Test 4 Conclusions References Near Geogrid Stiffness Quantification in Airport Pavement Base Layers Using Bender Element Field Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Bender Element Field Sensor 2.1 Bender Element 2.2 Bender Element Field Sensor 2.3 Shear Wave Measurement System 3 Sensor Installation Procedure 3.1 Field Test Sections 3.2 Sensor Installation and Test Procedure 4 BE Field Sensor Initial Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Experimental Investigation of the Stabilization Performance of Geogrids for Unpaved Roads with Low Bearing Capacity Subgrade 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used in Experiments 2.1 Subgrade Soil 2.2 Granular Base and Subbase Material 2.3 Geogrid Properties 3 Preparation of Samples 4 Results 4.1 Surface Profile Measurement Results 5 Conclusions References Subsurface Sensing for Transportation Infrastructure Measuring the Performance of Railway Track Through Large-Scale Trackside Sensor Deployments 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Sensors 2.2 Data Processing 3 Studies 3.1 Site 1 3.2 Site 2 4 Summary References Proposition for in Situ Evaluation of Geotechnical and Structural Aspects of a Heavy Haul Track 1 Introduction 2 In Situ Tests Using Devices and Sensors 3 Methodology 3.1 Strain Gauges Installation 3.2 MBTSS Installation 3.3 Pressure Cells Installation 3.4 Displacements Measurement 3.5 Suction Sensor Installation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 In Situ Characterization 4.2 Measurements Performed by Sensors 5 Conclusions References Evaluation Method of Deformation Modulus of Subgrade Soils Considering Drainage Condition 1 Introduction 2 Deformation Moduli of Undrained and Drained Conditions Based on Isotropic Elasticity 3 Measurement of Deformation Moduli by CTX-BE Test 3.1 Outline of CTX-BE Test 3.2 Comparison of CTX-BE Test with Mr Test 4 Index Properties of Sample and Test Conditions of CTX-BE Test 5 Test Results 6 Setting Method for Design Values of Deformation Moduli Considering Drainage Conditions 7 Conclusions References Validation of Photogrammetry-Based Method to Determine the Absolute Volume of Unsaturated Soils 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 2.1 Step 1: Top and Bottom Pedestals Separately 2.2 Step 2: Assembled Model Without Membrane 2.3 Step 3: The Assembled Model with Membrane 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Development of In-Situ Modulus Detector for Transportation Substructure 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 In-Situ Modulus Detector 2.2 Material 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Penetration Performance 3.2 Dynamic Response 4 Conclusions References Evaluation of Various Spatial Interpolation Techniques for Generating Synthetic CPT Data Profile 1 Introduction 2 Spatial Interpolation Techniques 3 Evaluation Criteria 4 Description of CPT Sites 5 Subsurface Geotechnical Characterization 6 Evaluation of Spatial Interpolation Methods 7 Conclusions References Disturbance Deformation of Ground Induced by a Large-Area Piling: A Field Test 1 Introduction 2 Research Background 3 Field Test 3.1 Test Program Design 3.2 Monitoring Instrument 4 Test Results and Analysis 4.1 Horizontal Ground Displacements 4.2 Vertical Displacement of Ground Surface 4.3 Effects of Pre-Drilled Hole on Soil Displacement 4.4 Lateral Disturbance Influence Range 5 Conclusions References Simulating Water Balance of Road Embankment Lysimeters 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims and Objectives 2 The Numerical Model 2.1 Model Geometry 2.2 Hydraulic Parameters of Embankment Materials 2.3 Boundary Conditions 2.4 Initial Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Electrical Resistivity Changes in Wet and Dry Side of Optimum Moisture Content for Soils with Low to High Fines Content 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Characterizing the Effect of Fines Content on the Small Strain Shear Modulus of Sand-Silt Mixtures During Hydraulic Hysteresis 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Tested Materials 2.2 Experimental Setup 2.3 Specimen Preparation 2.4 Test Procedure 3 Results and Analysis 3.1 Effect of Fines Content on Soil Water Retention Curve 3.2 Effect of Fines Content on Small Strain Shear Modulus (Gmax) 3.3 A New Model for Prediction of the Small Strain Shear Modulus of Sand-Silt Mixtures 4 Conclusion References Features of a Large-Scale Survey of Highways with Georadar 1 Introduction 2 The Effect of Antenna Height Drift 3 The Effect of Pavement Temperature 4 The Effect of Moisture Content 5 Conclusion References Bender Element Field Sensors for Base Course Stiffness Measurements in Airport Pavements 1 Introduction 2 Development of Bender Element Field Sensor 2.1 Bender Element 2.2 Bender Element Field Sensor 2.3 Shear Wave Measurement System 3 Field Application of BE Field Sensors 3.1 Material Properties 3.2 Field Test Sections 3.3 BE Field Sensor Installation Procedure 4 Experimental Results and Discussion 5 Summary and Conclusions References Monitoring and Modeling of Soil Thermal and Hydraulic Behavior Beneath a Granular-Surfaced Roadway 1 Introduction 1.1 Freeze–thaw Processes Under Granular Roads 1.2 SHAW Model 2 Field Instrumentation and Data Collection 3 Laboratory Testing of Soil Properties 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Risk Evaluation of Unbound Pavement Layers to Extreme Weather Events Using Remote Sensing 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture Data 2.2 Preliminary Risk Assessment 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary and Conclusions References Riprap Stockpile Size and Shape Analyses Using Computer Vision 1 Introduction 2 Objective and Methodology 3 Stockpile Aggregate Imaging System 3.1 Image Acquisition Procedure 3.2 Image Segmentation Kernel 3.3 Morphological Analysis Module 4 Stockpile Analysis Results and Discussion 4.1 Stockpile Description 4.2 Segmentation and Morphological Analysis Results 4.3 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Statistical Analysis of the Influence of Ballast Fouling on Penetrometer and Geoendoscope Data 1 Introduction 2 Lightweight Dynamic Penetrometer and Geoendoscope Test 3 Ballast Fouling Characterization 4 Laboratory Test and Data Collection 4.1 Samples Construction 4.2 Tests Performed and Cases Studied 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Fouling Index Effects on Dynamic Cone Resistance 5.2 Fouling Index Effects on Geoendoscope Images Features 5.3 Fouling Index Characterization with Data Fusion 6 Conclusion References A Back-Analysis Technique for Condition Assessment of Ballasted Railway Tracks 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Finite Element Analysis of the FWD Test 2.2 Finite Element Analysis Results and Validation 2.3 Development of a Hybrid ANN-ACOR Back-Analysis Technique and Results 3 Conclusion References Retaining Walls Numerical Simulation of Compaction Load on Stress-Deformation Behavior of Soil Geosynthetic Composite Mass 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modeling 2.1 Test Characteristics and Material Used 2.2 Numerical Modeling 2.3 Compaction Simulation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Compaction-Induced Stresses (CIS) 3.2 Stress and Strength of Reinforcement 3.3 Volumetric Strain of SGC Mass 4 Conclusions References Geotechnical Centrifuge and Full-Scale Laboratory Testing for Performance Evaluation of Conventional and High-Speed Railway Track Structures 1 Introduction 2 GRS Structures 3 GRAFT II Testing by Heriot-Watt University 3.1 Track Test Setup and Loading 3.2 Experimental Results for Ballasted and Concrete Slab Tracks 4 Centrifuge Testing by the University of Dundee 4.1 GRS-RW Construction 4.2 Track Setup 4.3 Early Centrifuge Results 5 Discussion of the Results References Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Internal Stability of Back-to-Back Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls Supporting the Rail Embankment System 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Analysis 2.1 Geometry 2.2 Modeling 3 Results and Conclusions 3.1 Displacement of the Wall 3.2 Axial Force of Geogrid References Contents About the Editors Rail Track Substructures, Including Transition Zones, and Transportation Geodynamics Substructure Sensing in a Rail Bridge 1 Introduction 2 Description of Electrical Resistivity Tomography 3 Investigation of Substructure Depths 4 Conclusions References Mathematical Modeling of the Short-Term Performance of Railway Track Under Train-Induced Loading 1 Introduction 2 Development of Mathematical Model to Predict the Track Response 3 Verification of the Proposed Model 4 Parametric Study 5 Conclusions References A Deep Investigation into the Mechanisms and Factors Producing Mud Pumping 1 Introduction 2 Rainy Section 3 Phase I Testing 4 Mud Pumping Mechanism 4.1 Rainy Section Specific 4.2 Other Mud Pumping Locations 4.3 Subgrade Pumping 4.4 General 5 Conclusion and Future Work References A Multi-model Approach to Analyse Railway Track-Ground Dynamics and Soil Nonlinearity 1 Introduction 2 Modelling Approaches 3 Modelling Analysis 3.1 Homogenous Half-Space Soils and Homogenous Soil Above Bedrock 3.2 Layered Soils and Low Stiffness Soil Layers 3.3 Track-Soil Nonlinearity 4 Conclusions References Performance of Jointed S&C Bearers 1 Background 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Bearers and Ballast 2.2 Test Preparation 2.3 Instrumentation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary References Asphalt/Ballast Trackbeds for Improved Clearance Beneath Historical Bridges for Electrification Works 1 Introduction/Background 2 Methods 3 Material 4 Instrumentation (LVDTs and Pressure Paper) 5 Parametric Study 6 Test Results and Discussion 6.1 Settlement and Resilient Deflection 6.2 Contact Area 6.3 Asphalt Surface Condition 7 Conclusion References Settlement of Ballasted Track with Large Sleeper Spacing 1 Introduction 2 Sleeper Load Obtained by FEM Analysis 3 Measurement of Sleeper Load at the Site 4 Full-Scale Cyclic Loading Test 4.1 Test Condition 4.2 Test Results 5 Conclusion References Dynamic Response of Subgrade in a Bridge Transition Along the Qinshen High-Speed Rail 1 Introduction 2 Monitoring Program 3 Data Processing and Analysis 4 Conclusions References An Alternative Approach to Track Settlement Prediction 1 Ballast Settlement 2 Southampton Railway Testing Facility 3 Proposed Settlement Model 3.1 Overview 3.2 Governing Differential Equation 3.3 Functions 4 Calibration of the Model 4.1 Resilient Deformation Calibration 4.2 Plastic Deformation Calibration 5 Application of the Model 5.1 Application 1—Change in Load Condition 5.2 Application 2—Comparison Between Different Loading Histories 6 Conclusion References Evaluation of Ballast Particle Degradation Under Micro-Deval Testing Using Photogrammetry 1 Introduction 2 Material and Sample Preparation 3 Three-Dimensional Scanning and Reconstruction of Particles 3.1 Image Capturing—Photographic Session 3.2 Digital Reconstruction of 3D Particle Models 4 Micro-Deval Abrasion Testing 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Results of the Micro-Deval Abrasion Tests 5.2 Evolution in Particle Morphology 6 Conclusions References Importance of Bending Stiffness of Different Track Forms 1 Introduction/Background/Problem Statement 2 Methods 2.1 General Principles 2.2 Support Stiffnesses and Allowance for Rail Pad 2.3 Loading and Boundary Conditions 2.4 Geometry 2.5 Simulations Carried Out 2.6 Loading 2.7 Calculation Outputs 3 Validation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Deflections 5 Summary References Track Geomechanics for Future Railways: Use of Artificial Inclusions 1 Introduction 2 Large-Scale Laboratory Testing 2.1 Use of Under-Ballast Mat for Improved Performance of Ballast 2.2 Use of Scrap Rubber Tyres for Capping Confinement 2.3 A Synthetic Energy-Absorbing Layer for Railway Sub-ballast 3 Discrete Element Modelling for Ballast 4 Selected Case Studies for Research Impact 4.1 New Ballast Gradation for Australian Rail Tracks 4.2 The Use of Geosynthetics with Recycled Ballast 4.3 New Design Software 5 Conclusions References Studying Railway Vibration Projects with a Focus on Environmental Aspects 1 Introduction 2 Data Compilation and Analysis 2.1 Site Investigation 2.2 Measurement Campaigns 2.3 GIS-Data Processing 2.4 Environmental Aspects 2.5 Railway Line Characterization 2.6 Railway Traffic Information 2.7 Underground Utilities Information 3 Approaches 3.1 Prediction Model 3.2 Assessment Against National Directive 4 Case Study and Discussions 4.1 Project Description 4.2 Ground Conditions and Measurements 4.3 Abatement Measures 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Receptance Test Performed on a Laboratory Ballasted Track Section 1 Introduction 2 Receptance Test 3 Laboratory Testing 3.1 Ballasted Track—Description 3.2 Setup of the Receptance Test 3.3 Experimental Results and Analysis 4 Conclusions References Investigation Into the Mechanical Behavior of Track-Bed Materials with Different Grain Size Distributions of Coarse Grains 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Changes of Shear Behavior with Volumetric Content of Coarse Grains 3.2 Effect of Cu on Characteristic Volumetric Content of Coarse Grains 3.3 Effect of Cu on Shear Behavior in the Case of Grain-Grain Contact Structure 3.4 Effect of Cu on Shear Behavior in the Case of Fine-Fine Contact Structure 3.5 Effect of Cu on Young’s Modulus 3.6 Effect of Cu on Poisson’s Ratio and Dilatancy Angle 3.7 Effect of Cu on Cohesion and Friction Angle 4 Conclusions References Stress–Strain Analysis of Heavy Haul Rail Track with Steel Slag Ballast by Laboratory Tests and Numerical Simulations 1 Introduction 2 Laboratory Tests 2.1 Overview 2.2 Resilient Parameters 3 Numerical Simulations 3.1 Finite Element Analyses 3.2 Results 4 Conclusions References Railroad Ballast Movements Pattern Recognition by Using “SmartRock” 1 Introduction 2 Test Preparation 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Instrumentation—“SmartRock” 2.3 Laboratory Test Setup 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effect of Degraded Subgrade Stiffness on Rail Geometry and Train Vibration in High-Speed Railways 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model 2.1 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model (3D FEM) of Ballastless Track 2.2 Validation of FE Model with Field Measurements 2.3 Description of Roadbed Degradation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Mapped Geometry of Ballastless Track Structure 3.2 Dynamic Responses of High-Speed Train 4 Conclusions References Can One Exclude Track and Rolling Stock Stiffness for the Assessment of Dynamic Impact Forces Due to Variations in Track Profile? 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of Track Quality in EN and AREMA Manual 3 Bezgin and Extended Bezgin Equations Used for the Estimations of Dynamic Impact Forces 4 Dynamic Impact Forces Due to Longitudinal-Level Differences in EN Quality Limits 4.1 Dynamic Impact Force Factors in Ascending Profile 4.2 Dynamic Impact Forces in Descending Track Profile 5 Conclusions References The Influence of Local Irregularities on the Vehicle–Track Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary and Conclusions References Repeatability of Minimum and Maximum Density Testing on Clean and Fouled Ballast 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methods 3.1 Minimum Density 3.2 Maximum Density 4 Results 4.1 Minimum Density Analysis 4.2 Maximum Density Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Measuring Railroad Ballast Modulus of Elasticity Using Light Weight Deflectometer 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References The Effect of Elastic Pads and Mats on the Stress–Strain State of Railway Subgrade 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Ballast Fouling Identification Through Statistical Pattern Recognition Techniques on Ballast Particle Movement 1 Introduction 2 Field Work 3 Statistical Pattern Recognition 4 Analysis Result 5 Conclusion References Study of the Track Dynamics for Optimizing the Railway Superstructure 1 Introduction 1.1 An Empirical Mechanistic Pavement Design 1.2 Railway Formation 2 Case of Study: Railway Superstructure Optimization Using Finite Element Method Systrain 2.1 The Variation of the Railway Elements 3 Results 3.1 Phase 1: Overview of Components Impact on Track Behavior 3.2 Phase 2: Further Evaluation of Some Element Proprieties 4 Conclusion References Update and Case Studies of GeotrackTM: A Software for Railway Track and Subgrade Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Software Upgrade Objectives 3 Software Upgrade 3.1 New User Interface 3.2 New Technical Functionality 4 Case Studies 4.1 Track Modulus Analysis 4.2 Earth Pressure at a Bridge Approach 5 Conclusions References Railway Subgrade Characterization Through Repeated Loading Triaxial Testing 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Investigation into Ground Vibration Responses of High-Speed Rail Slab Tracks Considering Train-Track-Soil Interactions 1 Introduction 2 Development of the Numerical Model 2.1 Modeling of the Train and Track 2.2 Modeling of the Soil 2.3 Numerical Solution 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Critical Speed 3.2 Displacement of Soils 3.3 Peak Particle Velocity 3.4 Train-Track Interactions 4 Conclusions References Analysis of Contact Stress at Ballast Bed-Soil Subgrade Interface Under Cyclic Loading Based on Coupled DEM-FEM 1 Introduction 2 DEM-FEM Coupling Method and Simplification Method of Ballast Particle Shape 3 Laboratory Test and DEM-FEM Coupling Model 4 Analysis of Contact Stress Between Ballast and Subgrade 5 Conclusion References Mud Pumping in Ballastless Slab Track of High-Speed Railway and Its Remediation 1 Introduction 2 Mud Pumping in High-Speed Railway 2.1 Mud Pumping in Ballasted High-Speed Railway 2.2 Mud Pumping in Ballastless High-Speed Railway 3 Remediation of Mud Pumping in Ballastless Slab Track of High-Speed Railway 4 Conclusions References Geotechnical and Geophysical Railway Embankment Auscultation 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 Seismic Acquisition and Results 4 Conclusions References Evaluation on the Performance of Asphalt Concrete for the Railway Substructure 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Laboratory Tests 2.1 Materials 2.2 Laboratory Tests 3 Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Substructure 4 Structural Design 4.1 Finite Element Model 4.2 Calculation of Service Life 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Technical Requirements 5.2 Analysis of Service Life 6 Conclusions References Interface Test Study on Asphalt Concrete Full-Section Waterproof Sealing Structure of High-Speed Railway 1 Test Scheme 1.1 Overview 1.2 Full-Scale Push-Slab Test 1.3 Scaled Push-Slab Test 1.4 Engineering Measures Interface Characteristics Test Plan 2 Analysis of Push-Slab Test Results 2.1 Analysis of the Full-Scale Push-Slab Test Results 2.2 Analysis of the Scaled Push-Slab Test Results 2.3 Analysis of Engineering Interface Characteristics Experimental Results 3 Conclusions and Recommendations References The Settlement Characteristics of Ballast Bed Based on Variable Boundary Ballast Box 1 Introduction 2 Discrete Element Modeling 2.1 Modeling Procedure 2.2 Load and Boundary Motion 2.3 DEM Model Calibration and Validation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Longitudinal Force 3.2 Effect of Load Amplitude 3.3 Effect of Load Frequency 3.4 Regression Analysis of Settlement 4 Conclusions References Ballasted Track Maintenance Modelling Using DEM 1 Introduction 2 Modelling via a MBS-DEM Coupling 3 Maintenance Operations Modelling 3.1 Reduction of Ballast Fragmentation Due to Tamping 3.2 Comparison of Crib Compaction with Dynamic Stabilization 4 Conclusions References Dynamic Behavior Modeling of Full-Scale High-Speed Ballasted Track Using Discrete Element Method 1 Introduction 2 Full-Scale High-Speed Rail Tester (ZJU-IHSRT) 3 DEM Simulation 3.1 Model Setup 3.2 Loading Patterns with PID Controller 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Comparisons of Crosstie Vibration Velocities 4.2 Comparisons of Ballast Vibration Velocities 4.3 Individual Ballast Particle Behavior in the DEM Model 5 Conclusions References Steel Slag Aggregate Characteristics Evaluation as Railway Ballast 1 Introduction 2 Material Properties 3 Test Procedure 4 Test Results 4.1 Shear Strength of Fresh Ballast 4.2 Vertical–Horizontal Displacement Curves 5 Conclusion References A Study on the Evolution of Ballast Particle Surface Damage 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Ballast Material 2.2 Ballast Surface Roughness 2.3 Developing Used Ballast Using Micro-Deval 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion 5 Future Works References Investigations into the Critical Speeds in Ballasted and Ballastless Track 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modelling 3 Numerical Analysis 4 Conclusions References Measuring the Contact Stiffness at the Grain Scale of Fresh and Used Granite Ballast 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Basis for Contact Test Loading 3 Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Experiment 3.3 Measurement System 3.4 Theoretical Interpretation 4 Results 4.1 Validation of Test Methods 4.2 Fresh and Used Ballast 4.3 Comparison with Hertzian Contact Model 5 Conclusions References Geosynthetics in Transportation Applications Numerical Study of Deformation Behavior of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutments Subjected to Longitudinal Shaking 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model 2.1 Model Configuration 2.2 Material Model and Properties 2.3 Modeling Procedures 3 Simulation Results 3.1 Facing Displacements 3.2 Abutment Vertical Compressions 3.3 Seismic Joint Widths 4 Conclusions References Coupled Analysis on Frost-Heaving Depression Effect of Geosynthetics Drainage Material for Road Pavement 1 Introduction 2 Governing Equations 3 Numerical Simulations 3.1 Numerical Model 3.2 Materials Properties 3.3 Simulation Procedure 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Water Content Change in the Pavement 4.2 Influence of Wicking Fabric on Frost Heave 5 Conclusion References Tension Behavior of Bituminous Mixture Samples Reinforced by Fiberglass Geogrids in Different Directions 1 Introduction 2 Specimen Preparation 3 Experimental Device and Analysis Methodologies 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Interface Displacement Gap—Axial Stress Curves for Specimen Type V 4.2 Specimen Type H 4.3 Verification of Geogrid Influence in the Specimen Strength Resistance 5 Conclusions References Application of Wicking Geotextile for Pavement Infrastructure on Expansive Soil 1 Introduction and Background 2 Project Description 3 Design, Construction and Instrumentation 3.1 Design of Test Section 3.2 Construction and Instrumentation 4 Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Deflection Analysis 4.2 Subgrade Moisture Analysis 5 Conclusions References Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Expansive Soil Subgrade with Polypropylene Fiber and Geogrid 1 Introduction 2 Properties of Material 2.1 Expansive Soil 2.2 Polypropylene Fiber 2.3 Geogrid 3 Experimental Program 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Effects of Geogrid Encasement on Behavior of Stone Column-Improved Soft Clay 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Simulation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Encasement Length 3.2 Effect of Geogrid Stiffness 4 Conclusions References Finite Element Analyses of Geocell Reinforced Tracks Over Clayey Subgrade 1 Introduction 2 FEM Modeling 2.1 Material Model 2.2 Meshing and Boundary Conditions 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Vertical Displacements 3.2 Vertical Stresses 4 Conclusions References The Use of Draintube Drainage Geocomposites Under Railway Infrastructures 1 Introduction 2 Multi-linear Drainage Geocomposites 2.1 Geocomposite Description 2.2 Hydraulic Characteristics 2.3 Mechanical Characteristics 3 Drainage Under Embankment on Soft Soils 3.1 Project Description 3.2 Completion of Works 3.3 Monitoring and Results 4 Cut Sections 4.1 Installation 4.2 Monitoring and Results 5 Drainage Improvement Under Railways 5.1 Project Description 5.2 Completion of Works 5.3 Laboratory Study 6 Conclusion References Rapid Pavement Roughness Measurement of Geogrid-Stabilized Roads 1 Introduction 2 Project Location 3 APLT Validation 4 TotalPave System 5 Presentation of Results 6 Summary and Conclusion References Behavior of Asphalt Overlays with Geogrids and Geocomposite Interlayer Systems 1 Introduction and Background 2 Materials 2.1 Binder Tack Coat and Asphalt Concrete 2.2 Geogrids and Geocomposite Interlayers 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Specimen Preparation 3.2 Repeated Load Four-Point Bending Test 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Study of the Strained State of Bored Foundations for Weak Soils by Strengthening the Grillage with Geosynthetic Materials 1 Introduction 2 Engineering and Geological Conditions of the Foundation 3 The Real State of the Construction of the Bridge Supports 4 Geotechnical Modeling of the Work of Stabilization Structures of Bridge Supports 5 Conclusions References Bearing Capacity Test with Small Soil Box Model on Reinforcement of Base Course Using Geotextile 1 Introduction 2 Testing Procedure 2.1 Materials 2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Method 2.3 Experimental Conditions 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of the Type of Geotextiles 3.2 Effect of Geotextile Laying Depths and Lengths 4 Conclusions References The Use of Microporous Membranes to Address Mud Pumping—UK Experience 1 Roadbed Management Prior to Introduction of Geosynthetics 1.1 Subgrade Erosion in the UK 1.2 A Sand Blanket 1.3 Use of Impermeable Membranes 2 Early Research into the Design of Roadbed 2.1 Non-woven Geotextiles 2.2 Biaxial Geogrids 3 The Development of Anti-pumping Geocomposites (APGs) 3.1 Sand/Geotextile Composite 3.2 Microporous Membrane 4 Selection of the Correct Formation Treatment 4.1 The Roadbed Logging Key 4.2 Investigation of Roadbed Condition 5 Design of Roadbed Treatments 6 Conclusion References ASIRI+: French National Research Program on Soil Reinforcement with Rigid Inclusions 1 Introduction 2 Principles of Rigid Inclusions Reinforcement 3 Research Program 4 Experimental Work of Task 3 4.1 Laboratory Tests at Full Scale 4.2 Centrifuge Tests 5 Conclusions References Effect of Natural Reinforcement Aperture Shape on Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Soil 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Investigations 2.1 Soil Used 2.2 Reinforcement 2.3 Experimental Setup and Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Fill Thickness on Unreinforced and Reinforced Base Layer 4 Conclusion References Correlation of Geosynthetic Index Properties to Cyclic Plate Load Test Performance in Flexible Airfield Pavements 1 Introduction 2 Objectives and Scope 3 Tensile Strength 4 Flexural Rigidity 5 Aperture Stability 6 ERDC Puncture Test 7 Junction Strength 8 Correlation to Cyclic Plate Load Test Results 9 Conclusions References Behavior of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast Under Train Traffic Loads 1 Introduction 2 Geogrid Reinforcement Effect Under Different Confining Pressures 2.1 Triaxial Test of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast 2.2 Experimental Procedure 2.3 Results of Triaxial Test 3 Geogrid Reinforcement Effect Under Different Train Traffic Loads 3.1 Model Test of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast Track Subgrade 3.2 Experimental Procedure 3.3 Results of Model Test 4 Conclusions References Near Geogrid Stiffness Quantification in Airport Pavement Base Layers Using Bender Element Field Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Bender Element Field Sensor 2.1 Bender Element 2.2 Bender Element Field Sensor 2.3 Shear Wave Measurement System 3 Sensor Installation Procedure 3.1 Field Test Sections 3.2 Sensor Installation and Test Procedure 4 BE Field Sensor Initial Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Experimental Investigation of the Stabilization Performance of Geogrids for Unpaved Roads with Low Bearing Capacity Subgrade 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used in Experiments 2.1 Subgrade Soil 2.2 Granular Base and Subbase Material 2.3 Geogrid Properties 3 Preparation of Samples 4 Results 4.1 Surface Profile Measurement Results 5 Conclusions References Subsurface Sensing for Transportation Infrastructure Measuring the Performance of Railway Track Through Large-Scale Trackside Sensor Deployments 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Sensors 2.2 Data Processing 3 Studies 3.1 Site 1 3.2 Site 2 4 Summary References Proposition for in Situ Evaluation of Geotechnical and Structural Aspects of a Heavy Haul Track 1 Introduction 2 In Situ Tests Using Devices and Sensors 3 Methodology 3.1 Strain Gauges Installation 3.2 MBTSS Installation 3.3 Pressure Cells Installation 3.4 Displacements Measurement 3.5 Suction Sensor Installation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 In Situ Characterization 4.2 Measurements Performed by Sensors 5 Conclusions References Evaluation Method of Deformation Modulus of Subgrade Soils Considering Drainage Condition 1 Introduction 2 Deformation Moduli of Undrained and Drained Conditions Based on Isotropic Elasticity 3 Measurement of Deformation Moduli by CTX-BE Test 3.1 Outline of CTX-BE Test 3.2 Comparison of CTX-BE Test with Mr Test 4 Index Properties of Sample and Test Conditions of CTX-BE Test 5 Test Results 6 Setting Method for Design Values of Deformation Moduli Considering Drainage Conditions 7 Conclusions References Validation of Photogrammetry-Based Method to Determine the Absolute Volume of Unsaturated Soils 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 2.1 Step 1: Top and Bottom Pedestals Separately 2.2 Step 2: Assembled Model Without Membrane 2.3 Step 3: The Assembled Model with Membrane 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Development of In-Situ Modulus Detector for Transportation Substructure 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 In-Situ Modulus Detector 2.2 Material 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Penetration Performance 3.2 Dynamic Response 4 Conclusions References Evaluation of Various Spatial Interpolation Techniques for Generating Synthetic CPT Data Profile 1 Introduction 2 Spatial Interpolation Techniques 3 Evaluation Criteria 4 Description of CPT Sites 5 Subsurface Geotechnical Characterization 6 Evaluation of Spatial Interpolation Methods 7 Conclusions References Disturbance Deformation of Ground Induced by a Large-Area Piling: A Field Test 1 Introduction 2 Research Background 3 Field Test 3.1 Test Program Design 3.2 Monitoring Instrument 4 Test Results and Analysis 4.1 Horizontal Ground Displacements 4.2 Vertical Displacement of Ground Surface 4.3 Effects of Pre-Drilled Hole on Soil Displacement 4.4 Lateral Disturbance Influence Range 5 Conclusions References Simulating Water Balance of Road Embankment Lysimeters 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims and Objectives 2 The Numerical Model 2.1 Model Geometry 2.2 Hydraulic Parameters of Embankment Materials 2.3 Boundary Conditions 2.4 Initial Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Electrical Resistivity Changes in Wet and Dry Side of Optimum Moisture Content for Soils with Low to High Fines Content 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Characterizing the Effect of Fines Content on the Small Strain Shear Modulus of Sand-Silt Mixtures During Hydraulic Hysteresis 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Tested Materials 2.2 Experimental Setup 2.3 Specimen Preparation 2.4 Test Procedure 3 Results and Analysis 3.1 Effect of Fines Content on Soil Water Retention Curve 3.2 Effect of Fines Content on Small Strain Shear Modulus (Gmax) 3.3 A New Model for Prediction of the Small Strain Shear Modulus of Sand-Silt Mixtures 4 Conclusion References Features of a Large-Scale Survey of Highways with Georadar 1 Introduction 2 The Effect of Antenna Height Drift 3 The Effect of Pavement Temperature 4 The Effect of Moisture Content 5 Conclusion References Bender Element Field Sensors for Base Course Stiffness Measurements in Airport Pavements 1 Introduction 2 Development of Bender Element Field Sensor 2.1 Bender Element 2.2 Bender Element Field Sensor 2.3 Shear Wave Measurement System 3 Field Application of BE Field Sensors 3.1 Material Properties 3.2 Field Test Sections 3.3 BE Field Sensor Installation Procedure 4 Experimental Results and Discussion 5 Summary and Conclusions References Monitoring and Modeling of Soil Thermal and Hydraulic Behavior Beneath a Granular-Surfaced Roadway 1 Introduction 1.1 Freeze–thaw Processes Under Granular Roads 1.2 SHAW Model 2 Field Instrumentation and Data Collection 3 Laboratory Testing of Soil Properties 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Risk Evaluation of Unbound Pavement Layers to Extreme Weather Events Using Remote Sensing 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture Data 2.2 Preliminary Risk Assessment 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary and Conclusions References Riprap Stockpile Size and Shape Analyses Using Computer Vision 1 Introduction 2 Objective and Methodology 3 Stockpile Aggregate Imaging System 3.1 Image Acquisition Procedure 3.2 Image Segmentation Kernel 3.3 Morphological Analysis Module 4 Stockpile Analysis Results and Discussion 4.1 Stockpile Description 4.2 Segmentation and Morphological Analysis Results 4.3 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Statistical Analysis of the Influence of Ballast Fouling on Penetrometer and Geoendoscope Data 1 Introduction 2 Lightweight Dynamic Penetrometer and Geoendoscope Test 3 Ballast Fouling Characterization 4 Laboratory Test and Data Collection 4.1 Samples Construction 4.2 Tests Performed and Cases Studied 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Fouling Index Effects on Dynamic Cone Resistance 5.2 Fouling Index Effects on Geoendoscope Images Features 5.3 Fouling Index Characterization with Data Fusion 6 Conclusion References A Back-Analysis Technique for Condition Assessment of Ballasted Railway Tracks 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Finite Element Analysis of the FWD Test 2.2 Finite Element Analysis Results and Validation 2.3 Development of a Hybrid ANN-ACOR Back-Analysis Technique and Results 3 Conclusion References Retaining Walls Numerical Simulation of Compaction Load on Stress-Deformation Behavior of Soil Geosynthetic Composite Mass 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modeling 2.1 Test Characteristics and Material Used 2.2 Numerical Modeling 2.3 Compaction Simulation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Compaction-Induced Stresses (CIS) 3.2 Stress and Strength of Reinforcement 3.3 Volumetric Strain of SGC Mass 4 Conclusions References Geotechnical Centrifuge and Full-Scale Laboratory Testing for Performance Evaluation of Conventional and High-Speed Railway Track Structures 1 Introduction 2 GRS Structures 3 GRAFT II Testing by Heriot-Watt University 3.1 Track Test Setup and Loading 3.2 Experimental Results for Ballasted and Concrete Slab Tracks 4 Centrifuge Testing by the University of Dundee 4.1 GRS-RW Construction 4.2 Track Setup 4.3 Early Centrifuge Results 5 Discussion of the Results References Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Internal Stability of Back-to-Back Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls Supporting the Rail Embankment System 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Analysis 2.1 Geometry 2.2 Modeling 3 Results and Conclusions 3.1 Displacement of the Wall 3.2 Axial Force of Geogrid References