Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications. Volume 3: Syngas Products and Usages 3

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications: Syngas Products and Usage considers the applications and usages of syngas for producing different chemical materials such as hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, methane, ammonia, and more. In addition, power generation in fuel cells, or in combination with heat from syngas, as well as iron reduction with economic and environmental challenges for syngas utilization are described in detail. Introduces syngas characteristics and its properties. Describes various methods and technologies for producing syngas. Discusses syngas production from different roots and feedstocks. Cover Half Title Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications. Volume 3: Syngas Products and Usages Copyright Table of Contents Contributors About the Editors Preface Reviewer Acknowledgments Section I: Chemicals Production from Syngas 1. Introduction to syngas products and applications 1. Introduction 2. Chemicals from synthesis gas 2.1 Hydrogen 2.2 Methanol production 2.3 Ammonia production 2.4 Fischer-Tropsch chemicals 2.5 Ethanol and mixed alcohols 2.6 Dimethyl ether 2.7 Methane 3. Energy production from synthesis gas 3.1 Cogeneration 3.2 Trigeneration 4. Conclusion Abbreviations and symbols References 2. Hydrogen production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Desulfurization 3. Syngas production from hydrocarbons reforming 3.1 Steam reforming 3.2 Partial oxidation method 3.3 Autothermal reforming method 4. Water-gas shift technology 5. Hydrogen purification methods 5.1 Hydrogen recovery and purification by pressure swing adsorption process 5.2 Hydrogen purification using membrane technology 5.3 Syngas redox process to produce hydrogen from syngas 6. Conclusion Abbreviations and symbols References 3. Ammonia production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Typical ammonia plant layout 3. Syngas and hydrogen production technologies 3.1 Desulfurizer 3.2 Prereformer 3.3 Primary reformer 3.4 Autothermal and secondary reformers 3.5 Water gas shift reactors 3.6 Syngas purification: carbon capture and disposal 3.7 Syngas purification via methanation process 4. Ammonia synthesis and purge gas recovery 5. Utilities plant and waste heat recovery system 6. Stream properties, thermodynamic performance, and environmental impact of the ammonia production plants 7. Improvement opportunities for the ammonia plant and its utility systems 7.1 Chemically recuperated gas expansion systems for syngas production and enhanced carbon capture 7.2 Dual pressure ammonia production systems 7.3 Biomass-based ammonia production for decarbonizing the fertilizers sector 8. Capital and operating costs of conventional and alternative ammonia plants 9. Conclusion References 4. Methane production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Chemical methanation of syngas 2.1 Chemical mechanism, process conditions, and catalysts 2.2 Catalytic methanation concepts: design and facilities 2.3 Catalytic methanation kinetic models 3. Biological conversion of syngas into methane 3.1 Biological mechanism and process conditions 3.2 Biological methanation concepts 3.3 Biological methanation kinetic models 4. Conclusion Abbreviations and symbols References 5. Methanol production from syngas Introduction 1.1 History 2. Methanol applications 3. Methanol production 3.1 Methanol production from syngas 3.2 Direct methanol synthesis from CO2 3.3 Biomass as energy-feedstock for methanol synthesis 3.4 Methanol production from a feedstock other than syngas 3.5 Existing technologies 3.5.1 Gas-phase technologies 3.5.2 Liquid phase technologies 3.5.3 Membrane reactors 3.5.4 One-step technologies 4. Conclusion Abbreviations and symbols References 6. Ethanol production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Characteristics of ethanol vs gasoline and fossil fuels 3. Catalytic conversion of syngas to ethanol 3.1 Direct catalytic conversion of syngas to ethanol 3.2 Indirect catalytic conversion of syngas to ethanol 3.2.1 Methonol route 3.2.2 DME route 4. Bioconversion of syngas to ethanol 4.1 Biocatalysts and syngas bioconversion pathway 4.2 Parameters affecting ethanol production from syngas 4.2.1 pH and redox potential 4.2.2 Trace metals in the fermentation medium 4.2.3 Other compounds of the fermentation medium 4.2.4 Substrate and product toxicity 4.2.5 Bioreactors 4.2.6 Biocatalytic vs catalytic processes 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 7. Mixed higher alcohols production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Catalyst design for higher alcohol synthesis 2.1 Rh-based catalysts 2.2 Mo-based catalysts 2.3 Modified FT catalysts 2.4 Modified methanol synthesis catalysts 3. Process configurations 4. Reactor configurations 5. Conclusion and future outlook References 8. Acetic acid and co-chemicals production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Pretreatment of syngas for acetic acid production 2.1 Removal of sulfur compounds 2.2 Wet scrubbing 2.3 Separation techniques 2.3.1 Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) 2.3.2 Membrane separation 2.3.3 Cryogenic separation 3. Methods for acetic acid production from syngas 3.1 Biological method 3.2 Chemical method 3.2.1 Direct synthesis of acetic acid and co-chemicals from syngas 3.2.2 Methanol carbonylation for acetic acid 3.2.3 Novel processes for acetic acid production 4. Downstream processes for acetic acid recovery and purification 4.1 Downstream processing of AA produced by chemical route 4.2 Purification of biological effluent 5. Conclusion and future outlook References 9. Diesel, naphtha, gasoline, and wax production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Syngas to liquid fuels 2.1 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis 2.2 Methanol and liquid fuels 2.3 Diesel 2.4 Naphtha 2.5 Gasoline 2.6 Wax 3. Conclusion References 10. Fuel gas from syngas 1. Introduction 2. General aspects of syngas 2.1 Syngas production 2.2 Syngas utilization 3. Syngas to produce fuel gas 3.1 Overview of Fischer-Tropsch process 3.2 Production of fuel gases through F-T reactions: Catalysts and operation conditions 3.3 Fuel gas production from syngas through non-Fischer-Tropsch mechanisms 3.4 Production of fuel gas through F-T or non-F-T mechanism 3.5 DME production 3.6 DME mechanisms 4. Conclusion References 11. Biofuel production from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Syngas conversion into biofuels 2.1 FT process using metal catalysts 2.2 Syngas fermentation 3. Bioethanol production from syngas 4. Biomethanol production from syngas 5. Biohydrogen production from syngas 6. Biobutanol production from syngas 7. Conclusion and future outlook Abbreviations and symbols References Section II: Energy Production from Syngas and other Applications 12. Power generation from syngas 1. Introduction 2. Syngas production pathways 3. Syngas as a fuel for gas turbines 4. Materials for gas turbines for firing syngas fuels 4.1 Alloys for vanes and blades 4.2 Coatings for vanes and blades 4.3 Materials for combustors 4.4 Alloys for discs 5. Chemical looping cycles for power production using syngas as a fuel 6. Conclusion References 13. Combined heat and power application of syngas 1. Introduction 2. CHP systems 2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of CHP technologies 2.2 CHP principles 3. Syngas potential of producing energy 3.1 Applying syngas in CHP systems 4. SOFC-based CHP application 4.1 Development of SOFC 4.2 Advantage of SOFC 5. Gasification process 5.1 Gasifier 5.2 Gasification process and the role of operating parameters 5.3 Gas cleaning 6. The agnion heatpipe-reformer 7. Conclusion and future outlook Abbreviations and symbols References 14. Application of syngas in fuel cell 1. Introduction 2. Fuel cell operation principle 3. Fuel cell types 3.1 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells 3.2 Solid oxide fuel cell 3.3 Alkaline fuel cells 3.4 Phosphoric acid fuel cell 3.5 Direct methanol fuel cell 3.6 Molten carbonate fuel cell 4. Fuel cell applications 4.1 Transportation applications 4.2 Stationary power plant 4.3 Portable applications 4.4 Maritime application 5. Fuels for fuel cells 5.1 Hydrogen fuel for fuel cell 5.2 Methanol fuel for fuel cell 5.3 Dimethyl ether fuel for fuel cell 5.4 Ammonia fuel for fuel cell 5.5 Natural gas fuel for fuel cell 5.6 Syngas fuel for fuel cells 6. Reforming processes for H2 production 6.1 External reforming system 6.2 Internal reforming system 7. Syngas purification methods 7.1 CO cleaning methods 7.1.1 Preferential oxidation 7.1.2 Selective CO methanation 7.1.3 Pressure swing adsorption 7.1.4 Membrane separation 7.2 Desulfurization processes 8. Recent trends, challenges, and future perspectives 9. Conclusion Abbreviations and symbols References 15. Syngas utilization in the iron and steel industry 1. Introduction 2. Possibilities of syngas utilization in iron-making 2.1 Iron-making gases 2.2 Syngas from biomass 2.3 Syngas from gasification of waste plastic 2.4 Power to gas 2.4.1 CO2 electrolysis route 2.4.2 H2O electrolysis and RWGS route 3. Operating diagram of blast furnaces using syngas 3.1 Rist diagram 3.1.1 Reducing gas production (plot in the interval 0< X