Advances in spectroscopy for lasers and sensing: [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on New Developments in Optics and Related Fields, Erice, Sicily, Italy, 6 - 21 June, 2005]

This volume presents the Proceedings of the Institute "New Development in Optics and Related Fields," held in Erice, Sicily, Italy, from the 6th to the 21st of June, 2005. This meeting was organized by the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture. The purpose of this Institute was to provide a comprehensive and coherent treatment of the new techniques and contemporary developments in optics and related fields. Several lectures of the course addressed directly the technologies required for the detection and identification of chemical and biological threats; other lectures considered the possible applications of new techniques and materials to the detection and identification of such threats. Each lecturer developed a coherent section of the program starting at a somewhat fundamental level and ultimately reaching the frontier of knowledge in the field in a systematic and didactic fashion. The formal lectures were complemented and illustrated by additional seminars and discussions. The course was addressed to workers in spectrosco- related fields from universities, laboratories and industries. Senior scientists were encouraged to participate. The Institute provided the participants with an opportunity to present their research work in the form of short seminars or posters. The secretary of the course was Ottavio Forte CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 19 LIST OF PAST INSTITUTES......Page 22 1. Introduction......Page 25 2. Photonic Atom......Page 26 3. Photonic Atom Physics: Hueristics......Page 27 4. Photonic Atom Physics 101......Page 28 5. Photonic Atom Sensor as a Nanoscopic Ruler......Page 30 6. Protein Molecular Weight Sensitivity of a Photonic Atom Sensor......Page 33 7. Specific Detection of Protein......Page 35 8. Discrimination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in DNA......Page 36 9. Future Directions......Page 40 References......Page 41 1. Introduction......Page 43 2. Present Situation of Lasers......Page 44 3. Recent Developments of Spectroscopic Sensors......Page 50 4. Conclusions......Page 52 6. References......Page 55 1. Introduction......Page 57 2. Relaxation in Classical Systems......Page 58 3. Interaction of a Particle with a Bath......Page 64 4. Coherence in Classical Systems......Page 67 5. Relaxation and Decoherence in Quantum Systems......Page 70 6. Exciton Spins in Quantum Dots......Page 80 7. Outlook......Page 82 References......Page 85 1. Introduction......Page 87 2. Spectral Regions of Interest......Page 89 3. Optical Detection Schemes......Page 90 5. References......Page 96 2. Ultraviolet......Page 97 3. Mid Infrared......Page 101 4. Far Infrared......Page 104 5. References......Page 105 1. Introduction......Page 106 3. Crystal Growths......Page 107 5. Yb[sup(3+)] Concentration Quenching Processes......Page 110 6. Proposition of the Laser Crystal Optimization......Page 115 7. Thermal Conductivity Measurements......Page 119 Acknowledgements......Page 123 References......Page 124 2. Waveguides versus Quasi-Optics......Page 126 3. Quasi-Optics......Page 127 4. Exemplar System 1: Null-Balance Transmissometer......Page 131 5. Exemplar System 2: Dispersive Fourier Transform Spectrometer......Page 133 6. Exemplar System 3: Terahertz Pulsed Imaging System......Page 135 7. Terahertz Sources......Page 137 8. Detectors......Page 138 9. Applications......Page 139 References......Page 140 1. Introduction......Page 142 2. Solvent Effects on the Isomerization Efficiency of Retinal......Page 143 3. Excitonic Coupling and Transient Electric Fields within Proteins......Page 146 References......Page 150 1. Introduction......Page 151 2. Spectra and Energy Levels of Localized Systems......Page 153 3. Processes in Localized Systems......Page 166 References......Page 176 2. Available Analytical Techniques......Page 178 3. Available Optical Techniques......Page 180 4. Scientific Background......Page 183 5. Lasers in Optical Techniques......Page 184 7. Detection Techniques......Page 185 9. Electronics......Page 191 11. Environmental Constraints......Page 193 12. Examples: from the Laboratory to the Space......Page 196 13. Costs and Markets......Page 203 15. References......Page 205 2. Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 208 3. Opto-Acoustic Spectroscopy......Page 213 4. Opto-Thermal Spectroscopy......Page 215 5. Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy......Page 217 6. Resonant Two-Photon Ionization......Page 218 7. Comparison of the Different Techniques......Page 220 9. Applications of Laser Spectroscopy......Page 221 10. Conclusion and Acknowledgements......Page 226 References......Page 227 1. Delocalized Systems......Page 228 2. Processes in Delocalized Systems......Page 237 Bibliography......Page 247 1. Introduction......Page 249 2. LIBS Instrumentation......Page 252 3. LIBS Data Analysis Procedure......Page 256 4. Applications to Artwork......Page 265 5. Applications to Environment......Page 268 7. References......Page 272 1. Introduction to Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Structures......Page 275 2. Exciton Formation and Relaxation in ZnSe Quantum Wells......Page 285 3. Non-classical Transport of Excitons in ZnSe Quantum Wells......Page 290 5. References......Page 295 1. Introduction and Historic Remarks......Page 297 2. Growth, Doping, Transport, and Deep Centers......Page 298 3. Band Structure, Excitons, Polaritons, and Dynamics......Page 299 4. High Excitation Phenomena and Lasing......Page 305 References......Page 310 1. Introduction......Page 314 2. Spectrally Resolved Transient Four-Wave Mixing......Page 319 3. Three-Level Systems......Page 328 4. Exciton-Exciton Interaction......Page 335 5. Optical Coherent Control in Semiconductors......Page 337 6. Conclusion......Page 347 References......Page 348 17. DYNAMICS OF UPCONVERSION IN LASER CRYSTALS......Page 351 2. Fabrication Methods......Page 352 3. Applications......Page 361 6. References......Page 365 1. Interference of Light in Films......Page 368 2. Quantum Effects in Films......Page 369 3. Surface Phenomena in Films......Page 374 4. Conclusion......Page 379 References......Page 380 1. Introduction......Page 381 2. Basic Properties of Semiconductors as Laser Media......Page 382 3. Principles of Semiconductor Lasers......Page 386 4. Common Device Structures......Page 393 5. Green and Blue Semiconductor Lasers: Challenges for Basic and Applied Research......Page 397 References......Page 416 1. Introduction......Page 419 2. Ions in Solids......Page 421 3. Judd-Ofelt Theory: Principles......Page 427 4. Judd-Ofelt Theory: Practices......Page 434 5. Beyond the Standard Judd-Ofelt theory......Page 442 6. Appendix......Page 446 References......Page 448 1. Introduction......Page 450 2. Periodic Dielectric Photonic Structures......Page 453 3. Periodic Metallic Photonic Structures......Page 462 6. References......Page 471 23. COOLING AND TRAPPING OF ATOMS......Page 474 1. Introduction......Page 475 2. Non-Linear Propagation of Ultra-Intense Laser Pulses......Page 476 3. The "TERAMOBILE" Project......Page 481 4. White Light Femtosecond Lidar Measurements......Page 483 5. Non-Linear Interactions with Aerosols......Page 487 6. Conclusion......Page 493 8. References......Page 494 1. Introduction......Page 497 2. What one can Extract Directly from the Investigations of the Neutron Transmutation Doping Kinetics of Ge?......Page 500 3. Experiment. Neutron Transmutation Doping by the Strongly Moderated Neutrons......Page 502 4. Separation of the Contributions of Thermal and Resonance Neutrons......Page 503 5. Effect of the Spectrum of Fusion Reactor Neutrons on the yield of the Transmutation Impurities in Germanium......Page 506 6. Spectroscopy of the Gap States in Ge Based on its Neutron Transmutation Doping Kinetics: the Idea......Page 507 7. Spectroscopy of the Gap States in Ge Based on its Neutron Transmutation Doping Kinetics: Application to the Old Problem of the Deep Se States in Ge......Page 508 Acknowledgements......Page 510 References......Page 511 1. Introduction......Page 512 2. From Special to General Relativity......Page 513 3. First Attempts of Unification......Page 518 4. Unification of Electroweak and Strong Interactions......Page 519 5. Inclusion of Gravity in GUT......Page 523 References......Page 525 27. ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF THE HUMAN BODY......Page 526 1. Introduction......Page 527 3. The Search for Evidence of Global Warming......Page 537 4. Milankovitch......Page 538 5. Conclusions......Page 549 UV-LASER IRRADIATION OF AMORPHOUS SIO[sub(2)]: GENERATION AND CONVERSION OF POINT DEFECTS AND POST-IRRADIATION PROCESSES......Page 551 CAVITY RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY AS A DETECTOR IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 552 NEW CRYSTALS OF SARCOSINE COMPLEXES: STRUCTURE, VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND PHASE TRANSITIONS......Page 553 SCATTERING STATE SPECTROSCOPY AS A PROBE OF CHEMICAL REACTION DYNAMICS AND NON-RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER: LI(NP) + M SYSTEM (M = AR, H[sub(2)], N[sub(2)], CH[sub(4)], C[sub(2)]H[sub(4)], C[sub(2)]H[sub(6)], C[sub(3)]H[sub(8)]), (N = 2,3,4)......Page 554 EFFECT OF THE COMPOSITION ON SPECTROSCOPIC AND STRUCTURE OF TM[sup(3+)]:TEO[sub(2)]-PBF[sub(2)] GLASSES......Page 555 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ON ZN-[sub(1-X)]MN[sub(X)]SE EPILAYERS......Page 556 ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS OF METALLIC THIN FILMS......Page 557 INVESTIGATIONS OF A FADOF SYSTEM AS AN EDGE-FILTER RECEIVER FOR A BRILLOUIN-LIDAR FOR REMOTE SENSING OF THE OCEAN TEMPERATURE......Page 558 AVOIDING THERMAL EFFECTS IN Z-SCAN MEASUREMENT BY HIGH REPETITION RATE LASERS......Page 559 TOWARDS CONTROL OF PHOTODYNAMICS BY FEMTOSECOND POLARISATION SHAPING AND COINCIDENCE VELOCITY MAP IMAGING......Page 560 DIPOLE STRENGTHS OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND CAROTENOIDES FROM BACTERIA PROSTECOCHLORIS AESTUARI......Page 561 SPECTROSCOPIC MONITORING OF THE FORMATION OF DISPERSED MANGANESE OXIDE ON ALUMINA SURFACE......Page 562 TRANSIENT LOCAL STRUCTURE OF SOLVATED TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES PROBED BY PICOSECOND TIME-RESOLVED XAFS......Page 563 STRUCTURAL AND LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF EUROPIUM DOPED BA[sub(1-X)]SR[sub(X)]TIO[sub(3)] NANOCRYSTALLITES PREPARED BY DIFFERENT METHODS......Page 564 THE LATTICE RESPONSE OF QUANTUM SOLIDS TO AN IMPULSIVE LOCAL PERTURBATION......Page 565 APPLICATION OF IN-PLANE TRANSPORT IN GAAS-BASED NANOSTRUCTURES FOR BROAD BAND AND SELECTIVE THZ SENSING......Page 566 STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL STUDIES OF ERBIUM DOPED NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON THIN FILMS PRODUCED BY R.F. SPUTTERING......Page 567 MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMAL FEATURES OF A-SI:H AND NC-SI:H THIN FILMS PRODUCED BY R.F. SPUTTERING......Page 568 CAVITY RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY AS A DETECTOR IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 569 OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES USING FEMTOSECOND LASER MICROSTRUCTURED SILICON......Page 570 G......Page 571 P......Page 572 T......Page 573 Z......Page 574 A common sense of time among the elements of a distributed measurement and control system allows the use of new techniques in solving problems with complex synchronization requirements or arising from the interaction of many sensors and actuators. Such a common sense of time may be accomplished using the standard IEEE 1588-2002 to synchronize real-time clocks integral to each component of the system. IEEE 1588 expands the performance capabilities of Ethernet networks so that they become relevant for measurement and control. This monograph embodies the first unified treatment of the associated technology, standards and applications. Readers will gain understanding of the technological context of IEEE 1588 and its role in a variety of application settings. To engineers this monograph provides detailed discussion of the complex features of the standard. Together with the essential material on best practice and implementation issues, these provide invaluable assistance in the design of new applications

This volume presents the Proceedings of "New Development in Optics and Related Fields," held in Italy in June, 2005. This meeting was organized by the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture. The purpose of this Institute was to provide a comprehensive and coherent treatment of the new techniques and contemporary developments in optics and related fields.