Advances in Physics and Applications of Optically and Thermally: Stimulated Luminescence (526 Pages)

Intro Contents Preface Chapter 1. Recent Advances in the Theory of Thermoluminescence and Optically Stimulated Luminescence Delocalized Transitions 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Dose dependence 1.2.1. Theory of superlinear dose dependence 1.2.2. Non-monotonic dose dependence 1.2.3. Double-charge traps and centers 1.2.4. Dose-rate dependence 1.3. A model for concentration quenching of TL and OSL 1.4. Heating-rate effects in TL and thermal quenching 1.5. The expected order of kinetics in a series of TL peaks 1.6. Anomalous evaluated trapping parameters from TL curves 1.7. Conclusion 2.4. Monte Carlo simulations of luminescence phenomena in nanodosimetric materials: ground state tunneling2.4.1. Case #1: Concentration of electrons much smaller than concentration of positive ions 2.4.2. Case #2: Equal concentrations of electrons and positive ions at all times 2.5. Monte Carlo simulations of luminescence phenomena in nanodosimetric materials: excited state tunneling 2.6. Conclusions References Chapter 3. Modeling the Effects of Ionization Density in Thermoluminescence Mechanisms and Dosimetry 3.1. Introduction 3.1.1. Ionization density non-uniformity Chapter 4. Thermally Assisted Optically Stimulated Luminescence (TA -- OSL) Contents 16 Preface 6 Chapter 1. Recent Advances in the Theory of Thermoluminescence and Optically Stimulated Luminescence; Delocalized Transitions 18 1.1. Introduction 19 1.2. Dose dependence 25 1.2.1. Theory of superlinear dose dependence 26 1.2.2. Non-monotonic dose dependence 28 1.2.3. Double-charge traps and centers 30 1.2.4. Dose-rate dependence 32 1.3. A model for concentration quenching of TL and OSL 34 1.4. Heating-rate effects in TL and thermal quenching 36 1.5. The expected order of kinetics in a series of TL peaks 41 1.6. Anomalous evaluated trapping parameters from TL curves 46 1.7. Conclusion 48 References 48 Chapter 2. Recent Advances in the Theory of Quantum Tunneling for Luminescence Phenomena 54 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. The macroscopic differential equation approach 56 2.2.1. Ground state tunneling models 57 2.2.2. Irradiation and ground state tunneling 61 2.2.3. Excited state tunneling 66 2.3. The microscopic Monte Carlo approach 69 2.3.1. Monte Carlo under QE conditions 70 2.3.2. Monte Carlo simulations of ground state tunneling 74 2.3.3. Monte Carlo simulations of simultaneous irradiation and tunneling 77 2.3.4. Monte Carlo simulations of tunneling from the excited state 78 2.4. Monte Carlo simulations of luminescence phenomena in nanodosimetric materials: ground state tunneling 81 2.4.1. Case #1: Concentration of electrons much smaller than concentration of positive ions 81 2.4.2. Case #2: Equal concentrations of electrons and positive ions at all times 83 2.5. Monte Carlo simulations of luminescence phenomena in nanodosimetric materials: excited state tunneling 86 2.6. Conclusions 94 References 95 Chapter 3. Modeling the Effects of Ionization Density in Thermoluminescence Mechanisms and Dosimetry 100 3.1. Introduction 101 3.1.1. Ionization density non-uniformity 101 3.1.2. Electron/photon tracks 101 3.1.3. Heavy charged particle tracks 102 3.2. The effects of ionization density on TL characteristics 104 3.2.1. The glow curve 104 3.2.2. Relative TL response of photons and electrons 108 3.2.3. HCP relative efficiencies 110 3.2.3.1. TL-TST calculations 111 3.2.3.2. TST OA calculations 114 3.2.4. F band optical absorption dose response in LiF 116 3.2.4.1. Experimental Measurement of ηHCP,γ 116 3.2.4.2. Comparison of ηTST with ηpγ and ηHeγ 118 3.2.4.3. Conclusions 119 3.3. Selected applications to mixed-field dosimetry 121 3.3.1. α/γ separation using the shape of composite peak 5 121 3.3.2. Proton microdosimetry using peak-height ratios in CaF2:Tm 121 3.4. TL dose response 122 3.5. The Unified Interaction Model 124 3.5.1. TC/LC spatially correlated configurations 124 3.5.2. Mathematical formulation of the UNIM 126 3.5.2.1. The dependence of f(D) on the values of β 128 3.5.2.2. The dependence of f(D) on the ID behavior of ks (ne-h/nT) 129 3.5.2.3. UNIM simulation of f(D) at photon energies >100 keV and 8 keV 132 3.6. Conduction band/valence band kinetic simulations 134 3.6.1. Recombination stage 136 3.6.2. Results of the simulations 139 3.7. Summary 140 References 141 Chapter 4. Thermally Assisted Optically Stimulated Luminescence (TA – OSL) 148 4.1. Definition of very deep traps — nomenclature 148 4.2. Monitoring the presence of very deep traps 152 4.2.1. Indirect luminescent probes and non – luminescence oriented measurements 152 4.2.2. Direct TL measurements 153 4.2.3. Photo-transferred TL (PTTL) 153 4.3. Thermally Assisted OSL (TA – OSL); the technique 155 4.3.1. Isothermal TA – OSL 156 4.3.2. TA – OSL under linear heating 158 4.3.3. Thermal quenching and correction 159 4.4. TA – OSL decay curve shapes and dependence on the stimulation parameters 160 4.5. Residual TL, PTTL and changes in sensitivity and glow curve shapes 167 4.6. Thermal assistance 171 4.7. Numerical simulations of TA – OSL process using the OTOR model 175 4.8. Stability 179 4.9. Dose response and applications 181 4.10. Conclusion 182 References 183 Chapter 5. Luminescence and Defects in Quartz 190 5.1. Introduction 190 5.2. Experimental techniques 193 5.3. Defects in quartz 198 5.3.1. Intrinsic defects 200 5.3.1.1. Si vacancies 200 5.3.1.2. O vacancies 200 5.3.2. Impurity defects 202 5.3.2.1. Ge centers 202 5.3.2.2. Ti centers 203 5.3.2.3. Al centers 203 5.3.2.4. Fe centers 205 5.3.2.5. P centers 205 5.3.2.6. H+ ions and other interstitial ions 205 5.3.3. Defect dynamics 206 5.4. Luminescence 208 5.5. Defects assignments 214 References 216 Chapter 6. Recent Experiments and Theory of OSL 222 6.1. OSL and crystal lattice vibrations 222 6.2. Optical cross-section dependence on temperature 230 6.3. Effective optical cross-section (EOCS) 234 6.4. OSL excitation spectra and the VES-OSL 235 6.5. Thermally modulated OSL (TM-OSL) 243 6.6. Band shape modulation OSL 249 6.7. Conclusions 253 References 254 Chapter 7. Time-resolved Luminescence: Progress in Development of Theory and Analytical Methods 260 7.1. Introduction 260 7.2. Measurement techniques 262 7.2.1. Time-correlated photon counting 262 7.2.2. Time-tag mode 263 7.2.3. Other methods 265 7.3. Models of time-resolved luminescence 265 7.3.1. Analytical model of time-resolved luminescence 266 7.3.2. A description of pulsed luminescence based on change of the concentration of excited luminescence centers 269 7.4. Luminescence lifetimes 272 7.4.1. The influence of measurement temperature on luminescence lifetimes 272 7.4.2. The influence of annealing temperature on lifetimes in quartz 275 7.5. A simulation approach to description of time-resolved luminescence 277 7.5.1. Analytical expressions for dependence of lifetimes on measurement temperature 279 7.5.2. Simulating the dependence of lifetimes on annealing temperature 281 7.6. Experimental evidence of multiple luminescence centers in heated quartz 283 7.7. The influence of measurement temperature on time-resolved luminescence intensity 284 7.7.1. Dynamic throughput 284 7.7.2. Dynamic throughput and pulse-width 285 7.7.2.1. Case 1: Lifetime greater than the pulse-width (τ > tw) 285 7.7.2.2. Case 2: Lifetime less than the pulse-width (τ < tw) 286 7.7.3. Dynamic throughput and lifetime 287 7.7.4. Analysis of the temperature-dependence of the throughput 288 7.7.4.1. Analysis based on the luminescence intensity 288 7.7.4.2. Analysis of the dynamic throughput in terms of lifetime 289 7.8. Temperature dependence of luminescence intensity integrated over TR-OSL spectra 290 7.8.1. Temperature dependence of the luminescence intensity during pulsed stimulation 290 7.8.2. Temperature dependence of luminescence intensity after pulsed stimulation 291 7.8.2.1. Distinguishing thermal assistance at separate electron traps 291 7.9. Thermal quenching 294 7.9.1. Analysis based on ratio of intensities 294 7.9.2. Analysis based on temperature-dependence of TR-OSL intensity 296 7.10. Conclusion 298 References 299 Chapter 8. Thermoluminescent Dosimetry of Cosmic Radiation in Space 302 8.1. Introduction 302 8.2. Influence of cosmic radiation spectrum on the response of TLDs 303 8.2.1. Cosmic radiation field at low-earth orbit 304 8.2.2. TL efficiency to high-energy ions of TLD types used for space dosimetry 306 8.2.3. TL efficiency to cosmic radiation spectrum 313 8.2.4. Convolution of TLD and track etch detector results 315 8.3. Review of TLD applications for cosmic radiation dosimetry 317 8.3.1. Dose monitoring for the radiation protection of astronauts 317 8.3.2. Phantom measurements in orbit 319 8.3.3. Dosimetry for astrobiological experiments 324 8.3.4. Cosmic radiation in the atmosphere 325 8.4. Concluding remarks 326 References 326 Chapter 9. Luminescence Measurements for Retrospective Dosimetry 336 9.1. Introduction 336 9.1.1. Short historical overview of luminescence techniques in dating and dosimetry 336 9.1.2. The role of luminescence measurements among different dosimetric techniques 337 9.1.3. Materials available for dose reconstruction using luminescence measurements 337 9.1.4. Requirements for dose reconstruction techniques using luminescence materials 338 9.2. Luminescence dose reconstruction months (years) after an accident (retrospective OSL/TL dosimetry) 339 9.2.1. Peculiarities of retrospective luminescence dosimetry techniques 339 9.2.2. Retrospective TL dosimetry with different materials 340 9.2.2.1. Red bricks 340 9.2.2.2. Ceramics 341 9.2.2.3. Other materials 341 9.2.3. Retrospective OSL dosimetry with different materials 342 9.2.3.1. Red bricks 342 9.2.3.2. Ceramics 343 9.2.3.3. Other materials 343 9.2.4. Application of the retrospective luminescence dosimetry for past accidents 344 9.2.4.1. A-bomb dose reconstruction in Japan 344 9.2.4.2. Chernobyl NPP accident 344 9.2.4.3. Techa river residents 346 9.2.4.4. Semipalatinsk nuclear test site 347 9.2.5. Future directions for retrospective luminescence dosimetry 348 9.3. Luminescence dose reconstruction days/weeks after an accident (emergency OSL/TL dosimetry) 350 9.3.1. Peculiarities of emergency luminescence dosimetry techniques 351 9.3.2. Emergency OSL dosimetry with different materials 352 9.3.2.1. Surface-mount resistors from phones and other personal electronic devices 352 9.3.2.2. Integrated circuits from phones and other personal electronic devices 358 9.3.2.3. Other electronic components 359 9.3.2.4. Display and protective glasses from mobile phones 360 9.3.2.5. Plastic and paper cards 365 9.3.2.6. Banknotes 366 9.3.2.7. Other materials 367 9.4. Conclusions 370 References 371 Chapter 10. TL/OSL Dating 380 10.1. Introduction 380 10.2. De measurement procedures 386 10.2.1. Multiple-aliquot technique 386 10.2.2. Single-aliquot technique 389 10.2.2.1. Single-aliquot additive-dose method 389 10.2.2.2. Single-aliquot regenerative-dose method 391 10.2.3. Single-grain technique 393 10.3. Recent advances 395 10.3.1. Post-IR IRSL dating of feldspars 395 10.3.1.1. Two-step pIRIR procedure 396 10.3.1.2. Multi-step pIRIR procedure 398 10.3.2. IR-RF dating of feldspars 400 10.3.3. TT-OSL dating on quartz 401 10.3.4. VSL dating of quartz 404 10.3.5. Pulsed-IRSL dating of feldspars 406 References 408 Chapter 11. Fundamentals of Luminescence Photo- and Thermochronometry 416 11.1. Introduction 417 11.1.1. Earth surface dynamics 417 11.1.2. Basics of luminescence photo- and thermochronometry 419 11.1.3. Scope of this chapter 420 11.2. Systems under constant environmental conditions 421 11.2.1. General solution 421 11.2.2. Secular equilibrium 422 11.2.3. Partial retention 424 11.2.4. Apparent age 426 11.2.5. Relating apparent age to time and constant environmental conditions 427 11.3. Systems under variable environmental conditions 433 11.3.1. Periodic fluctuations of environmental conditions 433 11.3.2. Monotonic change of environmental conditions 436 11.3.3. System closure, opening, and resetting 438 11.4. Beyond a single, first-order system 442 11.4.1. Non-first-order kinetics 442 11.4.2. Athermal loss 444 11.4.3. Inversion of multi-signal systems 446 11.5. Summary and outlook 450 Acknowledgements 450 References 451 Chapter 12. Medical Applications of Luminescent Materials 456 12.1. Introduction 456 12.2. Crystal growth for TLD and OSLD 459 12.3. Precision and accuracy of luminescence signal 460 12.4. Dosimeter handling and treatment 460 12.4.1. General handling guidelines for TLDs 461 12.4.1.1. TLD annealing techniques 461 12.4.1.2. TLD sorting procedure 463 12.4.1.3. Fading 464 12.4.2. Handling guidelines for OSLD 464 12.4.2.1. OSLD bleaching techniques 465 12.4.2.2. OSLD sorting procedure 467 12.4.2.3. Fading 467 12.5. Reader 468 12.5.1. TLD readers 468 12.5.1.1. Planchet reader 468 12.5.1.2. Nitrogen gas reader 469 12.5.1.3. The time-temperature profile 470 12.5.1.4. PMT sensitivity and linearity 471 12.5.2. OSLD readers 472 12.5.2.1. Types of OSLD readers 473 12.5.2.2. Count rate 473 12.6. Best practice recommendations 474 12.6.1. Best practice for TL dosimetry 474 12.6.1.1. TLD reader and linearity 474 12.6.1.2. TLD calibration 476 12.6.2. Best practice for OSLD 478 12.6.2.1. OSLD reader considerations 478 12.6.2.2. Calibration OSLDs 478 12.6.3. Energy dependence for TLD and OSLD 480 12.7. Clinical use considerations 482 12.7.1. Field size limitations 483 12.7.2. Out-of-field measurements 484 12.7.3. Surface dose measurements 485 12.7.4. Brachytherapy/low energy measurements 486 12.7.5. Additional Precision-enhancing techniques 487 12.8. Uncertainty analysis for TL and OSL readings 488 12.9. Conclusion 492 Acknowledgments 492 References 492 Author Index 498 Subject Index 514 "In this volume, international leading experts in the study of thermally and optically luminescence give an up-to-date, comprehensive coverage of the theoretical and experimental aspects of these subjects, as well as their applications. The theory of thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) are discussed in detail including mainly solid state models of localized and delocalized transitions. These models cover the effects occurring during the excitation by irradiation and the read-out by heating or by exposure to light. The methods described consist of analytical mathematical considerations as well as numerical simulations. The main application of these effects, namely radiation dosimetry, includes personal and environmental dosimetry, as well as retrospective dosimetry and the dosimetry of cosmic radiation and space missions. Also discussed in detail are archaeological and geological dating, the use of luminescence dosimetry in medical physics as well as general applications in geosciences, other model subjects such as time-resolved luminescence and thermally assisted OSL, and the sister-subject of thermoluminescence in photosynthetic materials."-- Publisher's website In this volume, international leading experts in the study of thermally and optically stimulated luminescence give an up-to-date, comprehensive coverage of the theoretical and experimental aspects of these subjects, as well as their applications.The theory of thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) are discussed in detail including mainly solid state models of localized and delocalized transitions. These models cover the effects occurring during the excitation by irradiation and the read-out by heating or by exposure to light. The methods described consist of analytical mathematical considerations as well as numerical simulations.The main application of these effects, namely radiation dosimetry, includes personal and environmental dosimetry, as well as retrospective dosimetry and the dosimetry of cosmic radiation and space missions. Also discussed in detail are archaeological and geological dating, the use of luminescence dosimetry in medical physics as well as general applications in geosciences, other model subjects such as time-resolved luminescence and thermally assisted OSL, and the sister-subject of thermoluminescence in photosynthetic materials.