Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry (Volume 6-1) (Advances, Volume 6-1)

Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry reviews the most current practices in both ophthalmology and optometry. A distinguished editorial board, headed by Dr. Myron Yanoff, identifies key areas of major progress and controversy and invites expert ophthalmologists and optometrists to contribute original articles devoted to these topics. Broken into sections, this sixth volume in the series covers topics within each of the following categories: Optometry, Cataracts, Pediatrics, Ophthalmic Pathology & Ocular Oncology, Vitreoretinal Disease, Glaucoma, Neuro-ophthalmology, Oculoplastics, and Uveitis. Outline placeholder Optometry Optical Coherence Technology in Glaucoma Diagnosis An Update on Neurodegenerative Disease for Eye Care Providers Neuroanatomical Structures in Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Management of Strabismus Pediatric Prenatal Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma Current Management of Pediatric Glaucoma Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Pediatric Uveitis Update on Intravitreal Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma Ophthalmic Pathology & Ocular Oncology Applications of Plaque Brachytherapy in Posterior Segment Tumors: A Clinical Review Intraocular Tumors—Advances in Ophthalmic Pathology Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland Cataract & Refractive Surgery Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery Vitreoretinal Disease Artificial Intelligence in Retina Retina in the Age of COVID-19 Diagnostic and Treatment Update on Sickle Cell Retinopathy Glaucoma Glaucoma Surgery: Which Surgery to Pick for Your Patient? Ocular Blood Flow as It Relates to Race and Disease on Glaucoma Neuro-ophthalmology Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease: A Clinician Perspective Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Novel Coronavirus Cornea and External Diseases Advances in Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgery Update in the Management of Keratoconus Update on Refractive Surgery Oculoplastics Xanthelasma Palpebrarum: An Oculoplastic Viewpoint of Optimal Treatment Refractive Error Changes Associated with Eyelid Weight Placement Refractive Change after Upper Eyelid Surgery Canalicular Stenosis Secondary to Chemotherapeutic Agents Uveitis Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in White Dot Syndromes Editor-in-Chief Editors Copyright Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease A Clinician Perspective Introduction Is glaucoma a neurodegenerative disease? Sick eye comes with a sick brain Common clinical characteristics between glaucoma and neurodegenerative disease Overlapping pathophysiology between glaucoma and other neurodegenerative disease Neuroinflammation Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction Dysregulation of calcium dependent process Alterations of autophagy machinery Misfolding of proteins Activation of glia Glaucoma and cerebrospinal fluid Looking into the future Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References In Memoriam In Memory of Dr Alan Crandall Preface Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in White Dot Syndromes Introduction Overview Cross-sectional and en face visualizations of the posterior circulation Birdshot chorioretinopathy Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome Punctate inner choroiditis Serpiginous choroiditis Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy Multifocal choroiditis Relevance and future avenues Summary Clinics care points References Canalicular Stenosis Secondary to Chemotherapeutic Agents Introduction Chemotherapeutic agents known to cause canalicular stenosis 5-Fluorouracil Mitomycin-C Docetaxel Significance of epiphora secondary to canalicular abnormality Management of canalicular stenosis Summary Clinics care points Acknowledgments References Refractive Change after Upper Eyelid Surgery Introduction Preoperative changes Postoperative changes Clinical relevance Clinics care points Acknowledgments References Refractive Error Changes Associated with Eyelid Weight Placement Key points Introduction Significance Efficacy of upper eyelid weight placement Causes of lagophthalmos Operative technique Complications of upper eyelid loading Refractive error changes Gold weight implant Key points Outline placeholder Platinum implant Key points Outline placeholder Platinum segment implant Key points Relevance and future avenues Transition to platinum Cost of platinum versus gold Future avenues Summary Clinics care points Acknowledgments Disclosure References Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland Introduction Significance (in-depth analysis) Signs and symptoms Staging Histopathology Imaging Treatment approach Future avenues Summary Clinics care points References Update on Refractive Surgery Introduction Significance and in-depth analysis of the topic Corneal refractive surgery Surface ablation: photorefractive keratectomy, laser subepithelial keratomileusis, and epipolis laser in-situ keratomileusis Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis Refractive lenticule surgery Intraocular refractive surgery Phakic intraocular lenses Refractive lens exchange Treatment of presbyopia Corneal inlays for treatment of presbyopia Multifocal and extended depth of focus intraocular lenses Current relevance and future avenues to investigate the topic Management of higher-order aberrations: wavefront-optimized, wavefront-guided, and topography-guided laser ablation Advances in refractive lenticule surgery Accommodative intraocular lens Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Update in the Management of Keratoconus Introduction Corneal cross-linking Spectacles and contact lenses Scleral contact lenses Intrastromal corneal ring segments Penetrating keratoplasty Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Advances in Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgery Introduction Significance Lamellar keratoplasty Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty Descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty Relevance and future avenues Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Novel Coronavirus Introduction Article body Neuro-ophthalmic presentations Cranial nerve palsies Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndrome Optic neuritis Intracranial hypertension Other manifestations Management changes Prone positioning Immunosuppression Telehealth Relevance Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Ocular Blood Flow as It Relates to Race and Disease on Glaucoma Introduction Significance Racial disparities in glaucoma Mechanisms behind racial disparities in glaucoma Ocular perfusion pressure Directly measured ocular blood flow biomarkers Current relevance and future avenues to consider or to investigate Summary Clinical care points Funding Financial disclosures References Which Surgery to Pick for Your Patient? Key points Introduction Significance Subconjunctival surgery When not to opt for subconjunctival surgery? Nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery Trabeculectomy XEN Gel Implant (Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA, USA) Preserflo Microshunt (Santen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Osaka, Japan) Tube shunts Cyclodestructive procedures Schlemm canal–based procedures Selective laser trabeculoplasty Schlemm canal–based microinvasive glaucoma surgery Suprachoroidal CyPass (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) MINIject (iSTAR Medical, Isnes, Belgium) iStent Supra (Glaukos, San Clemente, CA, USA) Special considerations Patients with very advanced disease Patients with very high intraocular pressure Patients with angle-closure glaucoma Primary angle closure Primary angle-closure glaucoma Patients with neovascular glaucoma Reoperation after failed glaucoma surgery Current relevance and future avenues Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Diagnostic and Treatment Update on Sickle Cell Retinopathy Introduction Pathophysiology Epidemiology Ocular manifestations Classification system Diagnosis Optical coherence tomography Optical coherence tomography angiography Ultra-wide fluorescein angiography Management Screening Laser Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor Surgical treatment Summary Clinics care points References Retina in the Age of COVID-19 Background Introduction General cleaning and hygiene Personal protective equipment Pandemic restrictions Care in an active pandemic Scheduling visits Precautions for procedures Intravitreal injections Precautions for laser procedures Scheduling follow-up visits Patients with positive screening or testing for COVID-19 Care after immediate pandemic restrictions are lifted Continued screening and scheduling precautions Day of appointment precautions Performing elective surgery Operating room precautions Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Artificial Intelligence in Retina Background and introduction Overview of artificial intelligence Evaluating deep learning algorithms Diabetic retinopathy Age-related macular degeneration Future Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery Introduction Significance and current relevance stent Hydrus microstent Goniotomy-assisted trabeculotomy Trab360 trabeculotomy Trabectome Kahook dual blade Ab interno canaloplasty Visco360 and OMNI XEN gel stent Preserflo Summary Clinics care points Disclosure References Intraocular Tumors—Advances in Ophthalmic Pathology Retinoblastoma Pathology Molecular Pathology Uveal melanoma Pathology Genetics Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma Cytology and immunohistochemistry Molecular features Summary Clinics care points Acknowledgments Disclosure References Applications of Plaque Brachytherapy in Posterior Segment Tumors A Clinical Review Introduction Historical perspective Choroidal hemangioma Management of choroidal hemangioma Management of diffuse choroidal hemangioma Retinal capillary hemangioma Vasoproliferative retinal tumors Retinoblastoma Choroidal melanoma Limitations of plaque brachytherapy Future avenues Methods for dose de-escalation Clinics care points References Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Pediatric Uveitis Introduction Significance Current guidelines Recent advances in treatment Immunosuppressive agents Methotrexate Other immunosuppressant therapies Biologic drugs Anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha Adalimumab Other anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha Non–anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha biologic Tocilizumab Abatacept Other drugs Stopping treatment Present relevance and future avenues to consider or to investigate; how this article may change the approach to the subject ... Clinics care points Disclosure References Current Management of Pediatric Glaucoma Key points Introduction Standardized nomenclature Diagnosis Classification Diagnostic techniques Intraocular pressure measurement and current understanding of its role in pediatric glaucoma Ocular biometry Refractive error Ultrasound biomicroscopy Handheld optical coherence tomography Genetic testing Anesthesia Treatment Medical treatment Surgery Modifications in goniotomy Modifications in trabeculotomy Glaucoma drainage devices Cyclophotocoagulation Clinics care points Disclosure References Neuroanatomical Structures in Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Management of Strabismus Introduction Structure and function of human extraocular muscles Sensory receptors in human extraocular muscles Muscle spindles Tendon receptors The role of proprioception in oculomotor control The neural pathway for proprioception The neural substrate for the control of eye movements Binocular vision anomalies Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of strabismus Nonsurgical management of strabismus Optical corrections Neuromuscular stimulation through exercise Surgical management of strabismus Summary and discussion Summary Disclosure Clinics care points References An Update on Neurodegenerative Disease for Eye Care Providers Introduction: neurodegenerative disease and the eye Neurodegenerative disease definition Varied pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases Prevalent visual and ocular associations of neurodegenerative disease Role of eye care providers in neurodegenerative disease Visual and ocular associations of neurodegenerative disease Eyelid function in neurodegenerative disease Eyelid retraction Apraxia of eyelid opening Blepharospasm and reflex blepharospasm associated with bright stimulus Abnormal glabellar blink reflex Spontaneous blink rate Anterior segment findings in neurodegenerative disease Dry eye syndrome Corneal changes Cataracts Anterior chamber Posterior segment findings in neurodegenerative disease Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thinning: association of neurodegenerative disease with glaucoma Retinal deposits in neurodegenerative disease Patterns of axonal loss in neurodegenerative disease Degree of retinal nerve fiber layer loss can help differentiate among neurodegenerative diseases Optical coherence tomography angiography in neurodegenerative disease Afferent visual function in neurodegenerative disease Visual field defects follow retinal and optic nerve changes Occipital visual field maps and higher cortical functioning Homonymous hemianopia can be an early sign of posterior cortical atrophy Contrast sensitivity abnormalities Color vision deficiencies Pupil responses Efferent visual function in neurodegenerative disease Ocular motility abnormalities are prevalent in neurodegenerative disease Pursuits and saccades Ductional limitations Convergence insufficiency Nystagmus Hallucinations in neurodegenerative disease Mechanisms and risk of hallucinations Hallucinations can help to differentiate among neurodegenerative diseases Hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies Hallucinations in Alzheimer disease Visual and ocular side effects of neurodegenerative disease treatments Adverse sequela Associated improvement in neurodegenerative disease manifestations Future avenues: neurodegenerative disease, the eye, and the visual system Expected increase in prevalence of neurodegenerative disease Optimal biomarkers involve eyes and vision Summary: neurodegenerative disease, the eye, and the visual system Eye care providers as screeners of neurodegenerative disease Early identification and neurology referral is key Eye care providers help improve quality of life of patients with neurodegenerative disease Expected surge of research into neurodegenerative disease Clinics care points Disclosure References Optical Coherence Technology in Glaucoma Diagnosis Introduction Optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in glaucoma diagnosis Optical coherence tomography macular analysis in glaucoma diagnosis Optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma diagnosis Clinics care points Disclosure References Contributors Xanthelasma Palpebrarum: An Oculoplastic Viewpoint of Optimal Treatment Introduction Significance (in-depth analysis) Pathophysiology Treatment Surgical excision Laser ablation Chemical compounds Radiofrequency Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy Surgical or laser treatment Discussion The location Nasal upper eyelid Nasal lower eyelid-primary Lesion extending to temporal lower lid Extensive lower lid lesions Nasal bridge Giant xanthelasmas Clinics care points References Update on Intravitreal Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma Introduction Challenges of endophytic retinoblastoma Treatment of intraocular seeding Safety of intravitreal injections in eyes with retinoblastoma Classification of seeding Impact of intravitreal injections on patient management Uses of intravitreal chemotherapy other than for vitreous seeds Dosage Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal melphalan Use of intravitreal topotecan Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal topotecan Stability of melphalan and topotecan Future avenues Summary Clinics care points References Prenatal Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma Introduction Incidence Risk factors Genetics Tumor staging Treatment Prenatal diagnosis Rationale Prenatal genetic testing Prenatal imaging in fetuses at risk for retinoblastoma Protocol for Prenatal Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma Summary Clinics care points References