Advances in nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides in agriculture : a smart delivery system for crop improvement

__Advances in Nano-fertilizers and Nano-pesticides in Agriculture: A Smart Delivery System for Crop Improvement__ explores the use of nanotechnology for the controlled delivery of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers that improve the safety of products while also increasing the efficiency of food production and decreased environmental pollution. The development of nanodevices such as smart delivery systems to target specific sites, as well as nanocarriers for chemical controlled release are currently important aspects in novel agriculture and require a strong foundation of understanding, not only the technology, but also the resulting impacts. Advances in Nano-Fertilizers and Nano-Pesticides in Agriculture Copyright Dedication Contents List of contributors About the editors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Nano-biopesticides: Present concepts and future perspectives in integrated pest management 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Nanobiopesticides 1.2.1 Emulsions/nanoemulsion 1.2.2 Nanoparticles 1.2.3 Polimeric microparticles 1.3 Biogenic nanoparticles in agricultural applications 1.4 Microorganisms based nanobiopesticides 1.5 Botanical pesticide based nanoproducts 1.6 Concluding remarks and future prospects Acknowledgments References 2 Recent advances in nano-encapsulation technologies for controlled release of biostimulants and antimicrobial agents 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nanoencapsulation 2.3 Lipid-based nanoencapsulation technologies 2.3.1 Nanoliposomes 2.3.2 Nanoemulsions 2.3.3 Solid-lipid nanoparticles 2.3.4 Nano-structured lipid carriers (NLCs) 2.4 Encapsulation techniques based on biologically-derived natural and synthetic nanocarriers 2.4.1 Polysaccharide-based carriers 2.4.1.1 Cellulose 2.4.1.2 Starch 2.4.1.3 Guar gum 2.4.1.4 Pectin 2.4.1.5 Alginate 2.4.1.6 Chitosan 2.4.1.7 Cyclodextrins 2.4.1.8 Carbohydrate combinations 2.4.2 Protein based encapsulation materials 2.4.2.1 Animal based proteins 2.4.2.2 Plant-based proteins 2.4.3 Lipid-based carriers 2.5 Nanoencapsulation based on specialized equipment 2.5.1 Electrospinning 2.5.2 Electrospraying and nanosprayers 2.6 Complex coacervation 2.7 Controlled release mechanism 2.8 Conclusion and future perspective References 3 Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides: Future of plant protection 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Formulation of nano-scale materials for enhanced agriculture activities 3.2.1 Silver nanoparticles 3.2.2 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles 3.2.3 Zinc oxide nanoparticles 3.2.4 Encapsulated nanoparticles 3.2.4.1 Polymer based nanoencapsulation 3.2.4.2 Nanospheres 3.2.4.3 Micelles 3.2.4.4 Nanogels 3.2.5 Lipid modified nanostructures 3.2.5.1 Solid-lipid conjugated nanoparticles 3.2.5.2 Nanoliposomes 3.2.6 Inorganic porous nanomaterials 3.2.6.1 Porous silica nanoparticles 3.3 Nanoscale pesticide complex 3.3.1 Nanoemulsion References 4 Biopolymer based nanofertilizers applications in abiotic stress (drought and salinity) control 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nano-fertilizer application in abiotic stress (drought and salinity) control 4.2.1 Nano-fertilizers 4.2.2 Synthesis of nanoparticles/nanofertilizer 4.2.2.1 Nitrogen (N) 4.2.2.2 Phosphorus (P) 4.2.2.3 Zinc (Zn) 4.2.2.4 Iron (Fe) 4.2.2.5 Carbon-based nanomaterials 4.3 Biopolymers 4.3.1 Chitosan based nano carrier 4.3.2 Alginate based nanocarrier 4.3.3 Cellulose based nanocarrier 4.4 Advantages of nanofertilizers 4.4.1 Higher nutrient utilization efficiency over conventional fertilizers 4.4.2 Nanofertilizers improves yield and quality of different types of crops 4.4.3 Use of nanofertilizers in coping with abiotic stress 4.5 Nanofertilizer products on the market 4.6 Conclusion and future directions References 5 Advances in nano-based delivery systems of micronutrients for a greener agriculture 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Challenges in micronutrient fertilization practices 5.3 Nanotechnology applied to plant nutrition 5.4 Nanoparticles for micronutrient delivery 5.4.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 5.4.1.1 Synthesis methods 5.4.1.2 Zn-based nanoparticles 5.4.1.3 Cu-based nanoparticles 5.4.1.4 Fe-based nanoparticles 5.4.1.5 Mn-based nanoparticles 5.4.1.6 Mo-based nanoparticles 5.4.1.7 Cerium and titanium-based nanoparticles 5.4.2 Encapsulation of micronutrients into polymeric nanomaterials 5.4.2.1 Polymeric nanoparticles 5.4.2.2 Carbon-based and hybrid nanomaterials 5.4.3 Non-metal nanoparticles 5.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 6 Regulatory requirements for nanopesticides and nanofertilizers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanotechnology in agriculture 6.3 Nanoagrochemicals really “nano” 6.4 Risk–assessment and regulatory framework for nanoproducts 6.5 Scenario in India 6.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 7 Phytofabrication of nanoparticles through plant as nanofactories 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Modes for the synthesis of nanoparticles 7.2.1 Bottom-up approach 7.2.1.1 Advantages 7.2.1.2 Disadvantages 7.2.2 Top-down approach 7.2.2.1 Advantages 7.2.2.2 Disadvantages 7.3 Nanotechnology in crop protection 7.4 Nanoparticles in growth and development of plants 7.5 Nanotechnology in pathogen control 7.6 Nanoparticles in management of disease 7.6.1 Chitosan 7.6.2 Silver nanoparticles 7.6.3 Copper nanoparticles 7.6.4 Zinc nanoparticles 7.7 Nanotechnology in management of pest 7.8 Plant-mediated synthesis of metallic nanoparticles 7.8.1 Angiosperms 7.8.2 Pros and cons of biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles 7.8.3 Chemical method 7.8.4 Synthesis of nanoparticles through biological methods and their toxicity issue 7.9 Environmental issues 7.9.1 Effect of pH 7.9.2 Effect of different temperature 7.9.3 Effect of different concentration of plant extract 7.10 Conclusion References 8 Nanoparticles for improving and augmenting plant functions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nanoparticles – effective elicitors of plant secondary metabolites 8.3 Beneficial effects of nanoparticles on plants exposed to abiotic stresses 8.3.1 Water deficit stress 8.3.2 Salinity stress 8.3.3 Stress induced by flooding and waterlogging 8.3.4 Stress induced by soil acidity 8.3.5 Stress induced by harmful radiation 8.3.6 Stress induced by high temperature 8.3.7 Stress induced by cold and chilling 8.3.8 Toxic metal stress 8.3.8.1 Effects of metal and metal oxide NPs 8.3.8.2 Effects of silicon and silica NPs 8.3.8.3 Effects of carbon-based NPs 8.4 Nanoparticles in biohybrids for photocurrent generation 8.4.1 Biohybrids containing photosystems 8.4.2 Biohybrids containing chloroplasts, thylakoids or cytochrome c 8.5 Plants with extended function 8.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 9 Interaction, fate and risks associated with nanomaterials as fertilizers and pesticides 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Application of nanomaterials 9.2.1 Nanomaterial as fertilizer 9.2.2 Nanomaterial as pesticide 9.3 Importance of nanomaterial in agriculture 9.4 Fate of nanomaterial 9.5 Risk associated with application of nanomaterials References Further reading 10 Nanotechnology: A potential approach for abiotic stress management 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Role of nano particle on alleviating the abiotic stress 10.2.1 Salinity stress 10.2.2 Flooding stress 10.2.3 Drought stress 10.2.4 Heat stress 10.2.5 Low temperature stress 10.2.6 Metal stress 10.3 Future perspectives References 11 Marketing strategy and environmental safety of nano-biopesticides 11.1 Development and creation of biopesticides 11.1.1 Biopesticide characteristics 11.1.2 Current status of research on biopesticides 11.1.3 Problems with biopesticides 11.1.4 Biopesticide creation requirements 11.1.5 Current status and development trend of new biopesticides 11.2 Nano-biopesticide 11.2.1 Nano-pesticide 11.2.1.1 Nano-microemulsion 11.2.1.2 Nanoparticle 11.2.1.3 Pesticide nanosuspension 11.2.1.4 Nano wettable powder 11.2.1.5 Nano-drug delivery system 11.2.2 Nano-biopesticide marketing and promotion 11.2.2.1 World biopesticide production status 11.2.2.2 Market status of biopesticide in China 11.2.2.3 Problems in the marketing of biopesticides Price problem Product problem Promotional problem Channel problem 11.2.2.4 Nano-biopesticide marketing strategy Reduce costs Improve efficacy Technology promotion Establish a complete sales channel 11.2.3 Environmental safety analysis of nano-biopesticides 11.2.3.1 Toxic mechanism of nanomaterials 11.2.3.2 Ecotoxicology study of nano-pesticides 11.3 Summary and outlook Acknowledgments References 12 Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides: Recent trends, future prospects in agriculture 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nanopesticides 12.2.1 Polymer based nanopesticides 12.2.2 Solid nanoparticles as nanopesticides 12.2.3 Nanofungicides 12.2.4 Nanoinsecticides 12.2.5 Nanoherbicide 12.2.6 Nanonematicides 12.3 Nanofertilizers 12.3.1 Nanofertilizers for balanced crop nutrition 12.3.2 Nanostructured formulation reduce nutrients loss into soil by leaching and/or leaking 12.3.3 Yield and yield parameters by nanofertilizers 12.3.4 Nanotechnology in seed science 12.4 Risk and safety of nanomaterials in agroproduction and regulations of nanotechnology 12.5 Conclusion References 13 Challenges and perspective for the application of nanomaterials as fertilizers 13.1 Quick overview on mineral nutrition of plants 13.2 Why nanomaterials could increase crop productivity? 13.3 Effects of nanomaterials on plants and soil microbiota 13.3.1 Effects of nanoparticles on plants 13.3.2 Nanoparticles, plants and soil microbial community: a complex interplay 13.4 Can plants absorb and transport entire nanoparticles? 13.5 Nanoparticles versus bulk and ionic forms 13.6 Gaps, obstacles, opportunities and challenges in experimental design 13.7 An experimental case study: uptake of foliar applied micro, nano, and soluble sources of copper and zinc by soybean (G... 13.7.1 Experimental strategy 13.7.1.1 Soil preparation 13.7.1.2 Plant growth conditions and foliar treatments 13.7.1.3 Cu and Zn quantification 13.7.2 Results and discussion 13.7.2.1 Cu and Zn quantification References 14 Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological applications 14.1 Emergence of the biogenic synthesis technique 14.2 Demystifying metallic nanoparticles and their toxicity in plants 14.3 Biogenic metal nanoparticles for agricultural applications 14.4 Issues remaining to be resolved 14.5 Toxicity of biogenic metallic nanoparticles 14.6 Perspectives for the use of biogenic nanoparticles in agriculture Acknowledgments References 15 Smart delivery mechanisms of nanofertilizers and nanocides in crop biotechology 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Nanoparticles for sustainable agriculture 15.3 Bioformulation of nanoparticles by fungi 15.4 Intracellular synthesis of nanoparticles 15.5 Extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles 15.6 Nanoparticles in plant disease management 15.7 Nano-schemes for pests, nutrients and plant hormones 15.8 Nanoparticles delivery appliances in crop biotechnology 15.9 Nanoformulations 15.10 Conclusions 15.11 Future perspectives References 16 Unraveling the mechanism of nanoparticles for controlling plant pathogens and pests 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Why we are interested on nanoparticles? 16.3 Types of nanoparticles 16.3.1 Biopolymer nanoparticle 16.3.1.1 Chitosan 16.3.2 Metallic nanoparticles 16.3.2.1 Silver nanoparticle 16.3.2.2 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle 16.3.2.3 Copper nanoparticle 16.3.2.4 Zinc nanoparticle 16.3.2.5 Nanosilica-silver composite 16.3.2.6 Molybdenum nanoparticle 16.3.2.7 Sulfur nanoparticle 16.3.2.8 Gold nanoparticle 16.4 Molecular mechanisms of action of nanoparticles 16.4.1 Silver nanoparticle as an antibacterial agent 16.4.2 Silver nanoparticle as an antiviral agent 16.4.3 Silver nanoparticle as an antifungal agent 16.4.4 Nanoparticles as carrier 16.5 Disadvantages of nano-particles 16.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 17 Properties, synthesis, characterization and application of hydrogel and magnetic hydrogels: A concise review 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Basic concepts 17.1.2 Hydrogels properties 17.1.2.1 Swelling properties 17.1.2.2 Sorption and controlled desorption of solutes 17.1.2.3 Temperature and pH-sensitive hydrogels 17.1.3 Hydrogel types (natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic) 17.1.4 Magnetic hydrogels (particles and nanoparticles) 17.2 Synthesis and preparation of magnetic hydrogels 17.2.1 Mixing methods 17.3 Properties and characterization 17.3.1 Influence of particles and nanoparticles on hydrophilic properties 17.3.2 Thermal and mechanical properties 17.3.3 Structural (FTIR, XRD and SEM) characterizations 17.4 Applications 17.4.1 Biomedical and tissue engineering 17.4.2 Drug delivery system 17.4.3 Environmental 17.5 Final remarks References 18 Economic considerations and limitations of green synthesis vs chemical synthesis of nanomaterials 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Different methods to synthesize metal nanoparticles 18.1.2 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 18.1.3 Sol-gel method 18.1.4 Chemical vapor synthesis of nanomaterials 18.1.5 Green synthesis 18.1.6 Plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles 18.1.7 Comparative study of chemical physical and biological methods of nanoparticle synthesis 18.1.8 Manganese nanoparticles - properties, applications 18.2 Conclusion References 19 Insecticidal effect of chitosan reduced silver nanocrystals against filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus and cotton b... 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Methodology 19.2.1 Chemicals 19.2.2 Mosquitocidal activity of C. quinquefasciatus in the laboratory conditions 19.2.3 Laboratory rearing of mosquito and cotton bollworm 19.2.4 Toxicity test for H. armigera 19.2.5 Egg hatchability test (ovicidal) for C. quinquefasciatus and H. armigera 19.2.6 Antimicrobial activity 19.2.7 Predatory efficiency of Poecilia reticulata 19.2.8 Predation assay - post-treatment with Cs-AgNPS 19.3 Results 19.4 Discussion 19.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflicts of interest References 20 Exploring nanomaterials with rhizobacteria in current agricultural scenario 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria 20.2.1 Types of PGPR 20.2.2 Mechanisms of PGPR 20.3 Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture 20.4 Nanomaterials usage in agriculture 20.4.1 Nanofertilizers 20.4.2 Nanopesticides 20.4.3 Ecotoxicological implications 20.5 Various applications of nanomaterials with PGPR 20.5.1 Abiotic stress tolerance in plants 20.5.2 Nutrient availability for plant uptake 20.5.3 Plant growth regulators 20.5.4 Production of hormones 20.5.5 Production of siderophores 20.5.6 Production of volatile organic compound 20.5.7 Production of antimicrobial enzymes 20.5.8 Role of PGPR as a biofertilizer 20.5.9 Role of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture 20.6 Conclusion References 21 Green nanotechnology: A promising tool for agriculture disease management 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and their bactericidal property 21.2.1 Silver nanoparticles 21.2.2 Gold nanoparticles 21.2.3 Palladium and platinum nanoparticles 21.2.4 Copper and copper oxide nanoparticles 21.2.5 Zinc oxide nanoparticles 21.2.6 Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) 21.2.7 Titanium oxide (TiO2 NPs) 21.2.8 Selenium nanoparticles 21.2.9 Iron, iron oxide and Nickle oxide nanoparticles 21.3 Conclusions and future perspectives References 22 Molecular mechanism of nano-fertilizer in plant growth and development: A recent account 22.1 Introduction 22.2 What are nano-fertilizers and their classes? 22.3 Why nano-fertilizers are better than conventional fertilizers? 22.4 Molecular mechanism of nanoparticles (NPs) or nanofertilizer for plant growth and development 22.4.1 Seed germination 22.4.2 Root and shoot growth and development 22.4.3 Nanoparticles in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis 22.4.4 Stress tolerance 22.4.5 Nanoparticle-enabled smart delivery system (NPESDS) 22.4.6 Uptake and translocation of nano-fertilizers in plants 22.4.7 Crop yield and quality 22.5 Conclusion Acknowledgement Conflict of interest References Further reading 23 Commercial nanoproducts available in world market and its economic viability 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Nanotechnology in agriculture 23.2.1 Nanofertilizers 23.2.2 Nanopesticides 23.2.3 Plant growth regulator 23.2.4 Nanobiopesticides 23.2.5 Remote sensing - nanosensors 23.3 World market: products available and limitations 23.4 Economic viability 23.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Index Advances In Nano-fertilizers And Nano-pesticides In Agriculture Explores The Use Of Nanotechnology As It Provides New Approaches For The Controlled Delivery Of Pesticides, Herbicides And Fertilisers To Improve Safety Of Products With Increasing The Efficiency Of Food Production And Decreased Environmental Pollution. The Development Of Nanodevices Such As Smart Delivery Systems To Target Specific Sites, As Well As Nanocarriers For Chemical Controlled Release Are Currently Important Aspects In Novel Agriculture And Require A Strong Foundation Of Understanding Not Only The Technology But The Resulting Impacts. Fills Key Knowledge- Gaps Of Bio-nanotechnology, How They Interact With Plant Cells And Their Biological Consequences Focused On The Agro-nanotechnology Which Can Be Utilized For Developing Healthy Seeds Explores The Possibilities Of Macronutrient Nano-based Fertilizers