Advances in Maternal-Fetal Biomedicine: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pregnancy Pathologies (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1428)

This edited volumeaims to describe physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie human maternal-fetal interactions. The book emphasizes the structure and development of the fetoplacental unit, the endocrine and nutritional regulation of fetal development, nitric oxide signalling, solute carriers function and ion channels regulation in healthy pregnancies and diseases, like preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and maternal obesity, among others. Also, we highlight novel mechanisms associated with language impairment in children, the use of serotonin inhibitors or cannabis during pregnancy, and maternal conditions' potential impact on cerebrovascular development in newborns and infants. The cellular and molecular understanding of maternal-fetal physiology and pathophysiology will allow the readers to understand the impact of diseases or conditions that are highly prevalent in pregnant women. About This Book Contents About the Editor 1: Feto-placental Unit: From Development to Function 1.1 Development of the Placenta 1.1.1 The Origin of Trophoblast 1.1.2 Lacunar Stage 1.1.3 Villous Stage 1.1.4 Cell Types of Human Placenta 1.1.4.1 Trophoblastic Cell Linage 1.1.4.2 Non-trophoblastic Cell Lineage 1.2 Placenta During the Final Embryonic Stage and the Fetal Period 1.2.1 Fetal Annexes 1.2.1.1 Umbilical Cord 1.2.1.2 Extraembryonic Membranes 1.2.2 Amniotic Fluid 1.2.2.1 Amniotic Fluid Pathologies 1.2.3 Placental Pathologies 1.2.3.1 Abnormally Invasive Placenta 1.2.3.2 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease 1.2.3.3 Infectious Processes 1.3 Maternal-Fetal-Placental Unit 1.3.1 Oxygen 1.3.2 Influence of Placental Architecture on Oxygen Transport 1.3.3 Oxygen-Induced Molecular Control of Placental Architecture/Performance 1.3.3.1 Hypoxia-Induced Factor (HIF) 1.3.3.2 HIF Is Necessary for Placental Development 1.3.3.3 HIF Controls the Placental Cell Fate 1.3.3.4 HIF Requirement for Angiogenesis in the Placenta 1.4 Placental Transport 1.4.1 Endocytosis and Exocytosis 1.4.2 Channels 1.4.2.1 Transporters 1.5 Conclusion References 2: Role of Hormones During Gestation and Early Development: Pathways Involved in Developmental Programming 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Steroids 2.2.1 Androgens 2.2.2 Estrogens 2.2.3 Progesterone 2.3 Thyroid Hormones 2.4 Insulin-Like Growth Factors System 2.5 Developmental Programming 2.5.1 Androgens and Estrogens in Developmental Programming 2.5.1.1 PCOS as a Case 2.5.2 THs in Developmental Programming 2.5.3 IGFs and Developmental Programming 2.5.4 Adipokines and Hormonal Regulation: Contribution of Adipose Tissue to Developmental Programming Effects 2.6 Epigenetic and Developmental Programming 2.6.1 Epigenetic Regulation During Gestation 2.6.2 Milk MicroRNAs in Lactation 2.7 Conclusions References 3: Physiological and Pathophysiological Role of Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels (BKCa) in HUVECs and Placenta 3.1 Placental Function 3.2 Fetoplacental Circulation 3.3 Regulation of Placental Circulation by Potassium Channels 3.4 The Large Conductance Potassium Channels (BKCa) 3.5 The Expression and Activity of BKCa in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) 3.6 Potential Roles of BKCa in Placental Pathologies 3.7 Concluding Remarks References 4: Metabolic Interaction Between Folate, Vitamin B12, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Maternal and Fetal Folates and Vitamin B12 Requirements During Gestation 4.3 Biological Functions of Folate and Vitamin B12 4.4 Folate and Vitamin B12 Imbalance During Pregnancy 4.5 DHA in Pregnancy and Biological Functions 4.6 Interaction Between Folate, Vitamin B12, DHA, and Maternal Obesity References 5: Evidence of Nitric Oxide Impairment During Hypertensive Pregnancies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Hypertension on Pregnancy 5.2.1 Gestational Hypertension 5.2.2 Preeclampsia 5.2.3 Chronic Hypertension 5.2.4 Chronic Hypertension with Preeclampsia 5.3 Maternal Cardiovascular Adaptations During a Normal Pregnancy 5.4 NO Pathway During Pregnancy 5.4.1 Systemic Vasculature 5.4.2 Uterine Artery/Spiral Arteries 5.4.3 Implantation 5.4.4 Placenta 5.5 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and NO Bioavailability During Hypertension 5.6 Treatment Targeting NO Pathway During Pathway 5.7 Conclusion References 6: Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia and L-Arginine/L-Citrulline Supplementation as a Potential Strategy to Improve Birth Outcomes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia 6.3 Alterations in Trophoblastic Invasion and Placental Ischaemia/Hypoxia 6.4 Proangiogenic and Antiangiogenic Factors 6.5 Role of Nitric Oxide in Preeclampsia 6.6 L-Arginine Supplementation in Preeclampsia 6.7 L-Citrulline Supplementation in Pregnancy 6.8 Conclusions and Perspectives References 7: Maternal and Fetal Expression of ATP-Binding Cassette and Solute Carrier Transporters Involved in the Brain Disposition of Drugs 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Expression of ABC and SLC Transporters in Biological Barriers Limits the Passage of Drugs to the Brain 7.2.1 Blood-Brain Barrier 7.2.2 Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier 7.3 Expression Profile of ABC and SLC Transporters in the Maternal and Fetal Blood-Brain and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers 7.3.1 Transporter Expression in the Fetal Blood-Brain Interfaces 7.3.1.1 Blood-Brain Barrier 7.3.1.2 Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier 7.3.2 Transporter Expression in the Maternal Blood-Brain Interfaces 7.4 Regulation of ABC and SLC Transporter Expression in the Maternal and Fetal Brain 7.4.1 Effect of Endogenous Mediators on the Expression of Brain ABC and SLC Transporters 7.4.2 Effect of Pathological Conditions on the Expression of Transporters During Pregnancy 7.4.3 Effect of Therapeutic Drugs on the Expression of Brain ABC and SLC Transporters During Pregnancy 7.5 ABC and SLC Transporter-Mediated Disposition of Drugs in the Maternal and Fetal Brain 7.5.1 Opioids 7.5.2 Inhalable Corticosteroids 7.5.3 Anti-HIV Drugs 7.5.4 Anticancer Drugs 7.5.5 Other Drug Substrates 7.6 Concluding Remarks References 8: Development of the Placenta and Brain Are Affected by Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure During Critical Periods 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ontogeny of the Serotonin System 8.3 Sources of 5-HT Acting on Fetal Tissues 8.3.1 Maternal 5-HT Source 8.3.2 Placental Source of 5-HT 8.3.3 Fetal Source of 5-HT 8.4 Critical Periods of Perinatal SSRI Exposition: Effects on the Placental Transfers and Brain Development 8.5 Perinatal SSRI Exposure: Impact on Neural Networks and Their Functions 8.6 Brain Effects of Postnatal SSRI Exposure 8.7 Concluding Remarks References 9: Effects of Prenatal Cannabinoids Exposure upon Placenta and Development of Respiratory Neural Circuits 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Cannabis Impact in Pregnancy Outcomes 9.3 Phyto- and Endocannabinoids 9.4 The Endocannabinoid System in the Brain 9.4.1 Cannabinoid 1 Receptor (CB1r) 9.4.2 CB2r in the Brain 9.4.3 Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis and Degradation of Endocannabinoids 9.5 Endocannabinoid System in the Placenta 9.6 Endocannabinoid System Functions 9.6.1 Endocannabinoid System in Neural Process 9.6.2 Endocannabinoid System in Embryo Neurodevelopment 9.6.3 Endocannabinoid System and Placental Development 9.7 Placental Susceptibility to Cannabinoids 9.7.1 Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids upon Placenta 9.7.2 Maternal-Fetal Transfer and Cannabinoids 9.8 Embryonic Susceptibility to Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis 9.8.1 Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Embryo-Fetal Survival 9.8.2 Respiratory Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis 9.8.2.1 The Respiratory Pattern Generator 9.8.2.2 Neuromodulation of the Respiratory Network 9.8.2.3 Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems 9.8.2.4 Cannabinoid Exposure and Respiratory Function 9.8.2.5 Dopamine, Serotonin, and Prenatal Cannabinoid Exposure 9.8.2.6 Cannabinoids, Dopamine, Serotonin, and Embryonic CNS Respiratory Disruption 9.8.2.7 Cannabinoids Stimulate Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors 9.9 Concluding Remarks References 10: Impact of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Placental Function and Respiratory Neural Network Development 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Cholinergic Expression and Its Roles in the Placenta 10.3 Gestational Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine Exposure, and Placenta 10.4 Effects of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Fetus and Newborn 10.5 The Postnatal Breathing Dysfunction and Risk of SIDS: A Consequence of Prenatal Exposure to Smoke or Nicotine 10.6 How Can Prenatal Nicotine Affect Neural Circuits, Functions, and Ontogenies? 10.7 Summary References 11: Language Impairment in Children of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes, Preeclampsia, and Preterm Delivery: Current Hypothesis and Potential Underlying Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Gestational Diabetes and Language Disorder 11.2.1 Affected Language Skills Associated with GDM 11.2.2 Potential Mechanisms 11.2.2.1 Structural Brain Alterations 11.2.2.2 Metabolic and Pro-inflammatory Underlying Mechanisms 11.3 Preeclampsia and Language Impairment 11.3.1 Evidence of Possible Pathophysiology 11.4 Preterm Delivery and Language Impairment 11.4.1 Language Skills in Children of Preterm Delivery 11.4.2 Evidence of Possible Pathophysiology 11.5 Concluding Remarks References 12: COVID-19 on Pregnancy Outcomes, Mental Health and Placenta: Focus in Latin America 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Impact of COVID-19 on Maternal Mortality Rate in Latin America 12.3 The Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy 12.4 COVID-19 in Pregnancy and Inequality 12.5 The Impact of COVID-19 on Pregnancy Outcomes 12.6 The Impact of COVID-19 on Perinatal Mental Health 12.7 Placental Alterations in COVID-19 12.8 Final Remarks References 13: The Placental Function Beyond Pregnancy: Insights from Latin America 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Placenta-Brain Communication 13.3 The Paternal Contribution to Placental Development 13.4 Potentially Harmful Effects of Pollution in the Placental Function 13.4.1 Effects of Air Pollution on Placental Function 13.4.2 Specific Effects of Heavy Metals on Placental Function 13.5 Exposition to Plastic-Derived Endocrine Disruptors 13.6 Concluding Remarks References Correction to: Advances in Maternal-Fetal Biomedicine Correction to: M. Gonzalez-Ortiz (ed.), Advances in Maternal-Fetal Biomedicine, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1428, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0 Index